ed with it. The obvious relation of this inftitution to the crea→ tion of the world in fix days, need not be infifted upon: It has no evident reference to any peculiar of the chriftian, mofaical, or patriarchal fyftems. Under any fuppofeable fyftem of a religion founded on the belief of a Creator and Governor of the world, there would be an undoubted neceffity of it, to preferve that religion pure and entire. The fame God who made labour neceflary for the fubfiftence of mankind, might have made continual unremitted labour neceffary. But he has so ordered the frame and economy of the world, that, like his manna in the wilderness, he giveth in fix days fufficient to fupply all the neceffities of feven; leaving to men that seventh portion of their time to rest and rejoice in. They may pervert this gracious purpofe; obeying the calls of their ambition, their avarice, or their pleafures, may toil on the feventh alfo: or they may be fo dull, and incapable of the generous pleasure of rejoicing in the Lord, as to account thanksgiving a toil, and devotion a Jabour. But God meant it otherwife; and the good and the grateful feel the joy of relaxation from the world, and communion with the fource of bleffed nefs.' The learned Author concludes this Differtation with a number of juft and fenfible obfervations on the Law of Marriage, on Polygamy, and on the Practice of Divorces; which laft, being at this time a fashionable subject, may poffibly excite peculiar attention. Hi. ART. VII. Winter Riches; or, a Mifcellany of Rudiments, Directions, A$ 3 s. 6 d. S utility and experimental improvement are, or ought to be, the great ends which agricultural writers have in view, we fhall, without farther preface, or form, proceed directly to the matter contained in the treatise now before us. In chap. I. fect. 1, Mr. Peters prefers the Norfolk turnip, and the red and white tankard turnip, cultivated in the eastern and northern parts of England, to the common red and green turnips, cultivated chiefly in the fouthern and western parts, for three realons, viz. that they are cleaner food for cattle, of a closer texture, and finer grain, as growing much out of the ground. He advifes, as fome writers have lately done, to fow one-fifth of raddish feed with that of the turnip, to preferve the plants from the fly. He recommends that turnips, for winter feed, shall be fowed in the middle of June, the beginning of July, and the beginning of I 4 Ι 14 Auguit, Auguft, and rolled (to destroy the fly) and hoed twice. He advifes alfo to fow on fallows, for fummer feed, from the end of April to the middle of May, and not to hoe them; and he reckons that they will come into feed in the beginning of July. He rightly advifes never to feed turnips on wet ground, nor to pen fheep upon it, or in wet weather; and obferves, that turnips eaten on dry poor land, efpecially if fearified, will greatly improve it. He eftimates that a fheep, weighing 20 lb. per quarter, will ear 20 lb. of turnips in 24 hours, and therefore a man, by weighing a perch, may know how to proportion his crop. He obferves, that Mr. Wynne Baker is the first who has attempted to calculate the quantity of turnips proper for different fpecies of horned cattle; and adds, on this curious fubject, that the beat eats, in 24 hours, about 56 lb. for every cwt, of beef which he carries; and that his flore cattle, cows, and plough oxen, have 72 lb. of turnips, exclufive of ftraw. He afferts alio, on the fame and other authority, that turnips give no difagreeable taile to milk, cream, or butter, although others affert the contrary; and if fatting beats have 7 lb. of hay per day, they eat no fewer turnips. He alfo notes, what is a matter of no fmall confequence, that in Hampshire, horfes are kept all winter with turnips, and a little hay, without oats. He obferves, too, that Mr. Young is the only afferter that turnips do not agree well with hogs. He advises the farmer of ftrong heavy land to throw it into alter nate ridges of four and two feet, with one and three rows of turnips; and calculates that an acre, thus fown, will produce above 77 tons, and maintain 100 fheep above three months. He affirms that rape or cole, thus fown, will produce a weight equal to thefe turnips, and has often produced above 100 tons. This is a noble flore indeed! Chap. II. fect. 1, Mr. Peters gives an account of Mr. Wynne Baker's culture of the turnip-rooted cabbage, and thinks its produce fomewhat above 1 tons to the English acre, five times lefs than what might be produced by an acre, and that Mr. Baker is too fanguine a cultivator of this plant, which (according to Mr. Peters) is a great robber of the foil. We have cultivated this plant, but cannot join with Mr. Peters. In fect 2, Mr. Peters condemns Reynolds's turnip cabbage as a dirty root, and a great robber. We have tried this plant, but not long enough to determine its worth. He recommends to fow in Auguft, and prick out in September, the large Dutch cabbage and Siberian bore cole, or Scotch kale, and in March to plant them in alternate rows, diftant three feet, and dunged, and to horfe-hoe them in May or June. He avers, on Mr. W. Baker's authority, that two acres, thus planted, will produce 48 tons, &c. (each cabbage weighing 15 lb.) and maintain five bullocks four months, at 170 lb. weight each every day. He affirms that the kale will throw out fprouts equal to the Dutch cabbage. But experiments feem to evince that the true close Scotch cabbage is much fuperior to this Scotch kale. He justly decries two methods of wintering fallowing, viz. laying the ground level, and ridging fo as only to plough half the land, and recommends a thorough ploughing, and a thorough ridging in both both winter fallowings, to expofe as much furface as poffible to fun, rain, wind, froft, &c. He recommends, what we entirely agree with him in, the laying his horned cattle dry; and he extends the advice to theep and hogs. He recommends rearing the latter on clover, an acre of which, he fays, will keep three fows and twenty-four pigs fix months. He recommends for the winter feed of this last animal, carrots, parfnips, potatoes, Jerufalem artichokes, turnips and cabbages of all forts: and affirms that an acre will produce above 17 tons of carrots. He makes the product of one acre of Jerufalem artichokes 70 or so tons; and in the 9th he fhews, that feven acres, in the above cultures, will yield 396 tons of roots, which will keep 100 fwine fix months, allowing each head 50 lb. daily, at an advance of value from 10s. to 15 s. efpecially if they are boiled with fweet hog wash; for he advises the fummer wafh to be thrown on the dunghill. For horfes, he washes, cuts, and grinds the artichokes in an apple mill, and gives each 8 lb. with two ounces of common falt, and one pint of buck wheat meal, thrice daily, with a bite of hay. He then produces a calculation, by which he fhews that, in keeping 10 horfes 161 days, above 24 l, are faved by keeping them with carrots, &c. rather than oats. But this calculation feems unfair. The expences, however, of keeping an horfe tolerably with oats, is here fhewn to be very great, even to the amount of 22 or 25 quarters, A national object, furely, for reduction ! In chap. III. fect. 1, Mr. Peters recommends, per acre, the fowing of two bushels two pecks, or three bushels of buck-wheat, in March or April, to be plowed in, and two bufhels for feed-crop. He calls Mr. Young uncandid, for not feeding lot 3 of hogs with buckwheat meal instead of whole grain, and prefumes it would have exceeded carrots. We leave Mr. Y. to anfwer this charge. Indeed, Mr. Peters appears to fneer at Mr. Y.'s account of rearing and fattening pigs, when he calls it famous; for he charges Mr. Y. with a chain of 15 experiments, without conclufions; and affirms, that no attempt to fatten pigs with carrots alone fhould be made. Mr. Peters afferts, that by five ploughings, after wheat for barley, feven quarters inftead of three or four are obtained. We agree with him that one man and two horfes will often do as much in barley tilth as one man, one boy, and four horfes ufually do. He advifes never to fow later than March, and thinks that barley fown in October may do well, and will ripen fooner. He recommends vetches, or tares, to be fown in October, with rye for foiling in May; and the Author affirms them to be equal to lucerne for one cutting for cows. Sect. 6 enumerates the feveral kinds of wheat; and having obferved that custom is the chief guide for the time of sowing, Mr. P. maintains that a thin fowing in September will produce more than a thick one in December; and he adds, that early fowing, roots the crop well in light lands, and forwards its ripening in heavy ones. See Mr. Young's Effay on the Management of Hogs. He is 122 an enemy to thick fowing, but rationally fows in the inverse ratio of goodness of foil. In fupport of thin fowing, Mr. Peters refers to an experiment of Mr. Baker's, where wheat, on rye land, gave an increafe of above 950 fold. He thinks that lefs than one bushel, if half be destroyed by birds, may yield above 50 bushels; and recommends towing under furrow, as little will be loft by birds, and calculates the aving. He advifes to prepare for wheat, by fowing in September ye and black oats, or barley, feeding off this crop, or ploughing it in, and repeating another vegetable crop in Auguft. He contudes this important fection by a quotation from Camillo Tarello, to prove that the hutbandman is the only caufe that wheat yields not so fold. But his reafons teem not conclufive. The Author begins fect. 1, of chap. IV. with quotations from M. Chateauvieux, to prove the efficacy of repeated ploughings, and of ftubble ploughed in; and thence enforces the excellence of his own fyllem of green vegetable manures, which he calls the medium betwixt the dunghill and drill agriculture; and he is very fevere on the drillers. He quotes J. J. Bilberg's Qeconomy of Nature for a proof of the rationality of his vegetable fyttem, and confirms it by the theories of the famous Carthaginian Mago, and of Virgil; alfo of the Flemings, who begun to plough-in living crops, in the opening of the 17th century. He quotes Duhamel against laying dung to hot land, and refers to Pliny as fhewing that we are below the standard of the Romans in the knowledge of marle in this ifland. Indeed it is, according to them, a panacea, cooling hot land, warming cold land, and filling the vacuities in fandy land. Mr. Peters gives fo advantageous an idea of fpurry, cultivated by the Flemings and Hollanders on their pooreft fand, as to make the Reader glad to know that it should be fown 12 lb. to the acre, at two feasons, viz. April or May, and November or December. He recommends, on the experience of the Flemings, to fow the French honeyfuckle in March, and feed it in July and Auguft, and from May the next year, then plough it down in June, and leave it to rot till near the feafon of fowing wheat, In fect. 1, of chap. V. he propofes to give an analysis of the change of green vegetables (turnips, buck-wheat, cole, tares and peas) into putrefied manures, and their powers. He confirms his fyftem by the approved practice of ploughing-in clover, and obferves, that any thick crop enriches the earth, even whilft it flands, by caufing the air about the furface to corrupt and excite à fermentation, alfo by the plants imbibing the air, and other nourishment at its leaves. His account of the change is, that tender, green, fucculent vegetables, acid or alkaline, preffed in an heap, contract heat, gradually, and acquire a putrid, ftercoraccous, cadaverous taste and odour, and turn to a foft, pappy mafs, refembling human excrement in dour, putrefied flesh in tafte.' Hence may be obtained, by ditillation, first, animal falts; fecondly, volatile, alkaline, oily falts; thirdly, volatile, thick, fœtid oil. In thort, putrefaction effects a change in vegetables nearly the fame as their paffing through a found animal animal does. Lofs of the oil in the plant paffing through the animal, is proportioned to the nourishment given.This is certainly a very ingenious defence of vegetable manures as fuperior to dungs. In fect. 2, Mr. Peters ftates the arguments of the oppofite partizans on the queftion, Is the food of plants one or various and declares for the former; as we do. Manuring and fallowing replenish the land with neutral falts, and nitrous particles from the air, which, joining the acids of the earth, caufe new fermentation, and thus produce new food. The 3d fection is deftined to a comparison of the vegetable system with drill husbandry. The Writer had before observed, that the latter fyftem breaks the harmony of giving to and receiving from the earth, as it reftores nothing but stubule. Seed in vegetable system broadcast of wheat 62 lb. 3267 ie. upwards of 40 bushels per year, equal to 3500l. at 10l. per load on 100 acres, for 10 years. Such is the refult of Mr. Peters' comparifon. He allows only 62 lb. of feed in the drill husbandry, product 22 bushels, although Mr. Young makes it 80 lb. feed, and product only 16 bufhels, in Yorkshire. Mr. Peters obferves, that the odoriferous oil is the prefiding Spirit of plants, and therefore only the aqueous part fhould be exuded from plants, and hay lightly dried, and ftacked while the oil continues, and cut while in bloffom. Hence buck-wheat fhould be cut while in bloffom, and herbs deco&ted fhould not be boiled too long. In fect. 1, chap. VI. Mr. Peters enumerates empty ears, parched or forivelled corn, abortive or rickety, fmutted ones, and afcribes all these helly to bad foil and bad tillage. In this indifcriminate account we |