From

tain, whence they might discover the Euxine sea. Gymnias (which was the name of his town) he led them through the territory of his enemies, desiring them to waste it with sword and fire. After five days' march they came to a mountain called Teches, being (as I think) a part of the mountains called Moschici, whence their guide shewed them the sea, towards which they bent their course, and passing friendly through the region of the Macrones, (with whom by means of an interpreter, found among themselves, who born in that place had been sold into Greece, they made a good peace,) they arrived in the land of Colchos, wherein stands the city of z Trabizond, called then Trapezus, a colony of the Greeks. The Colchi entertaining them with hostility were requited with the like; for the army having now good leisure to repose themselves among their friends the Trapezuntians, did spoil the country thirty days together, forbearing only the borderers upon Trabizond, at the citizens' request.

SECT. XII.

How the army began at Trabizond to provide a fleet, wherewith to return home by sea; how it came into the territory of Sinope, and there prosecuted the same purpose to effect.

HAVING now found an haven town, the soldiers were desirous to take shipping, and change their tedious landjourneys into an easy navigation. To which purpose Cherisophus, a Lacedæmonian, one of the principal commanders, promised by means of Anaxibius the Lacedæmonian admiral, who was his friend, that he would provide vessels to embark them. Having thus concluded, they likewise took order for the staying of such ships as should pass that way, meaning to use them for their navigation. Lest all this provision should be found insufficient for the transportation of the whole army, Xenophon persuaded the cities adjoining to clear the ways, and make an easy passage for them by land; whereunto the soldiers were utterly unwilling to give ear, being desirous to return by sea; but the

Trabizoud, a colony of the Greeks, situate in the bottom of the Euxine sea.

country, fearing what inconvenience might grow by their long stay, did readily condescend to Xenophon's request. Two ships they borrowed of the Trapezuntians, which they manned and sent to sea; the one of them sailed directly into Greece, forsaking their companions, who had put them in trust to bring ships into the port of Trabizond; the other took merchants and passengers, whose goods were safely kept for the owners, but the vessels were stayed to increase the fleet. After long abode, when victuals began to fail, by reason that all the land of the Colchi near unto the camp was already quite wasted, they were fain to embark their sick men, with the women, children, and such of the baggage as might best be spared, in those few ships which they had already provided. The rest of the army took their way by land to Cerasus, a Greek town, where the fleet likewise arrived. Here the army being mustered was found to consist of eight thousand and six hundred men. From hence they passed through the country of the a Mosynœci, who were divided into factions. The stronger party, despising their friendship, caused them to join with the weaker, whom they left masters of all.

The next place of their abode was bCotyora, a Greek town likewise, and a colony of the Sinopians, as Trapezus and Cerasus were; but the entertainment which here they found was very churlish, having neither an open market afforded to them, nor the sick men that were among them admitted into any house. Hereupon the soldiers entered the town by force, and (committing no outrage) bestowed those which were sick in convenient lodgings, taking into their own hands the custody of the gates. Provision for the army they made by strong hand, partly out of the territory of the Paphlagonians, partly out of the lands belonging to the town. These news were unwelcome to Sinope, whence ambassadors were sent to the camp, who complaining of these dealings, and threatening to join with the Pa

C

Sinope, a port-town in Leucosyria, a colony of the Milesians.

phlagonians, if redress could not otherwise be had, were roundly answered by Xenophon, That mere necessity had enforced the army to teach those of Cotyora good manners in so bad a method; letting them know, that he feared not to deal with them and the Paphlagonian at once, though perhaps the Paphlagonian would be glad to take Sinope itself, to which, if cause were given, they would lend assistance. Upon this answer the ambassadors grew better advised, promising all friendship that the state of Sinope could shew, and commanding the town of Cotyora to relieve the soldiers as well as they might. Further, they promised to assist them with shipping, letting them understand how difficult the passage by land would prove, in regard of the many and great rivers, as Thermodon, Iris, Halys, and Parthenius, which crossed their way. This good counsel, and the fair promises accompanying it, were kindly accepted by the army, which well perceived that the city of Sinope would spare for no cost to be freed from such a neighbourhood. It was therefore decreed, that they would pass the rest of the way by sea, provided, that if there should want such number of vessels as might serve to embark every one man of them, then would they not put from the shore.

SECT. XIII.

Of dissension which arose in the army, and how it was embarked. HITHERTO the danger of enemies, and miseries of weather and wants, had kept the company in firm unity, which now began to dissolve and to thaw, by the neighbouring air of Greece warming their heads with private respects to their several ends and purposes. Whilst they who were sent as agents from the camp remained at Sinope, Xenophon, considering the strength and valour of his men, and the opportunity of the coast whereon they lay, thought it would be an honourable work to build a city in those parts, which were soon like to prove great and wealthy, in regard both of their own puissance and of the great repair of the Greeks into that quarter. For this cause he made sacrifice, according to the superstition of his time and coun

try, divining of his success by the entrails of beasts. The soothsayer whom he employed had received a great reward of Cyrus, for conjecturing aright that Artaxerxes would not give battle in ten days; he therefore, having preserved his money carefully, was desirous to be soon at home, that he might freely enjoy his gettings. By him the purpose of Xenophon was divulged, which was interpreted according to the diversity of men's opinions, some approving the motion, but the greater part rejecting it. They of Sinope and Heraclea, being informed of this consultation, were sore afraid, lest the poverty of the soldiers, who had not wherewith to maintain themselves at home, should give success to the project. Which to prevent, they promised to supply the army with a sufficient fleet, and likewise offered money to some of the captains, who thereupon undertook to give the soldiers pay, if they would presently set sail for Greece. One of these captains, being a banished man, desired them to follow him into Troas, another offered to lead them into Cherronesus. Xenophon, who desired only the common good, was pleased greatly with these propositions, and professed openly that he would have them to set forward and hold together in any case, punishing him as a traitor that should forsake the army before such time as they were arrived at their journey's end. Silanus the soothsayer, who had uttered Xenophon's purpose, was hereby stayed from outrunning his fellows, and driven to abide with his wealth. among poor men, longer than stood with his good liking. Also the other captains were much troubled and afraid, when they perceived that ships were prepared sufficient for their navigation, but that the money promised to them, and by them to the soldiers, came not. For the people of Sinope and Heraclea, knowing that the army was now resolved for the voyage, and that Xenophon, whom they feared, had persuaded them to this resolution, thought it the wisest way to furnish them with a navy whilst they were in good readiness to depart, but to keep the money to themselves. The captains therefore, who being disappointed by these towns found themselves in great danger of their men, whom

they had deceived with fair hopes, repented much of their hasty offers, and signifying as much to Xenophon, prayed him to make proposition to the army of taking the ships and sailing to Phasis, where they might seize upon lands, and plant themselves in such wise as should stand best with their good liking. But finding him cold in the business, they began to work the principal of their own followers, hoping by them to draw in all the rest. These news becoming public, bred a suspicion of Xenophon, as if he had won the rest of the captains to his purpose, and meant now to carry the army quite another way from their own home. Wherefore assembling the companies, he gave them satisfaction, and withal complained of some disorders, which he caused them to redress. A general inquisition was likewise made of offences committed since the death of Cyrus, which being punished, all things were in quiet. Shortly after came ambassadors from Corylas, lord of the Paphlagonians, who sending presents desired peace of the Greeks: the ambassadors were friendly entertained, and peace concluded, which needed not to have been sought, for that the Greeks, having now their fleet in a readiness, did soon weigh anchors and set sail for Harmene, the port of Sinope, whither Cherisophus came, bringing with him a few galleys from the admiral Anaxibius, who promised to give the army pay as soon as they came into the parts of Greece.

SECT. XIV.

Another great dissension and distraction of the army. How the mutineers were beaten by the Barbarians, and rescued by Xenophon.

THE nearer that they approached to Greece, the greater was their desire to make provision for themselves, that they might not return home empty-handed. Wherefore trusting well, that if the charge of the army were absolutely committed to one sufficient man, he might the more conveniently procure the good of them all, they determined to make Xenophon sole commander of all, in whose favour as well the captains as the common soldiers were very earnest