Ruffians half-clothed half-human, half-baptized, I Leaves deep impress'd the horrors of that hour. "Thou wouldst have deem'd Then the gates closed.. Would I were in my grave That I might lose remembrance ! Roan must have fallen an easy sacrifice, Young warrior! hadst thou seen our meagre limbs "Thus press'd, and shoe on one leg and foot, with the other quite naked. They had targets, short javelins, and a strange sort of knives. Those who were on horseback had no saddles, but rode excellently well on small mountain horses, and were mounted on such paniers as are used by the carriers of corn in parts of France. They were, however, miserably accoutred in comparison with the English, and without any arms that could much hurt the French whenever they might meet them. "These Irish made frequent excursions during the siege over Normandy, and did infinite mischiefs, carrying back to their camps large booties. Those on foot took men, and even children from the cradle, with beds and furniture, and placing them on cows, drove all these things before them, for they were often met thus by the French."- Monstrelet, v. p. 42. 1 "In some corners of Connaught, the people leave the right armes of their infants male unchristened (as they terme it), to the end that at any time afterwards they might give a more deadly and ungracious blow when they strike; which things doe not only show how palpably they are carried away by traditious obscurities, but doe also intimate how full their hearts be of inveterate revenge." The book from which this extract is taken wants the title. The title of the second part is, A Prospect of the most famous Parts of the World. Printed for William Humble, in Pope's Head Place. 1646. 2 "Some writing of this yeelding up of Harfluer, doo in like sort make mention of the distresse whereto the people, then expelled out of their habitations, were driven: insomuch as parents with their children, young maids, and old folke went out of the towne gates with heavie harts (God wot), as put to their present shifts to seek them a new abode." Holinshed, 550. This act of barbarity was perpetrated by Henry, that he "What is man That he can hear the groan of wretchedness They drove them to the walls; . . . it was the depth The mission'd Maid Rose from her seat,. . "The old and the infirm, The mother and her babes!.. and yet no lightning Blasted this man!" "Ay, Lady," Bertram cried, "And when we sent the herald to implore His mercy 7 on the helpless, his stern face "This might people the town with English inhabitants. doth Anglorum prælia report, saieing (not without good ground I believe), as followeth : Tum flentes tenera cum prole parentes Virgineusque chorus veteres liquêre penates: Tum populus cunctus de portis Gallicus exit Moestus, inarmatus, vacuus, miser, æger, inopsque, Utque novas sedes quærat migrare coactus: Oppidulo belli potiuntur jure Britanni!'"- Holinshed. There is a way of telling truth so as to convey falsehood. After the capture of Harfleur, Stowe says, "all the soldiers and inhabitants, both of the towne and towers, were suffered to go freely, unharmed, whither they would." 348. Henry's conduct was the same at Caen: he "commanded all women and children to bee avoyded out of the towne, and so the towne was inhabited of new possessors."- Stowe. 3 Before Henry took possession of Harfleur, he went barefooted to the church to give God thanks. — De Serres. 4 Henry, not satisfied with the reduction of Caen, put several of the inhabitants to death, who had signalized their valour in the defence of their liberty.-H. Clarendon. 5 After the capture of the city" Luca Italico, the vicar generall of the archbishoprike of Rouen, for denouncing the king accursed, was delivered to him and deteined in prison till he died." — Holinshed. Titus Livius. 6 "A great number of poore sillie creatures were put out of the gates, which were by the Englishmen that kept the trenches beaten and driven back again to the same gates, which they found closed and shut against them, and so they laie betweene the wals of the citie and the trenches of the enemies, still crieing for help and releefe for lack whereof great numbers of them dailie died."- Holinshed. 7 At this period, a priest of a tolerable age, and of clear un C Assum'd a sterner smile of callous scorn, derstanding, was deputed, by those besieged in Rouen, to the king of France and his council. On his arrival at Paris, he caused to be explained, by an Augustin doctor, named Eustace de la Paville, in presence of the king and his ministers, the miserable situation of the besieged. He took for his text, “Domine, quid faciemus ?” and harangued upon it very ably and eloquently. When he had finished, the priest addressed the king, saying, "Most excellent prince and lord, I am enjoined by the inhabitants of Rouen to make loud complaints against you, and against you duke of Burgundy, who govern the king, for the oppressions they suffer from the English. They make known to you by me, that if, from want of being succoured by you, they are forced to become subjects to the king of England, you will not have in all the world more bitter enemies; and if they can, they will destroy you and your whole congregation." With these or with similar words did this priest address the king and his council. After he had been well received and entertained, and the duke of Burgundy had promised to provide succour for the town of Rouen as speedily as possible, he returned the best way he could to carry this news to the besieged.-Monstrelet, vol. v. p. 54. One of the deputed citizens, "showing himself more rash than wise, more arrogant than learned, took upon him to show wherein the glorie of victorie consisted; advising the king not to show his manhood in famishing a multitude of poore simple and innocent people, but rather suffer such miserable wretches as laie betwixt the walls of the citie and the trenches of his slege, to passe through the camp, that theie might get their living in other places; then if he durst manfullie assault the place, and by force subdue it, he should win both worldlie fame, and merit great meed from the hands of Almightie God, for having compassion of the poore, needie, and indigent people. When this orator had said, the king with a fierce countenance and bold spirit, reproved them for their malapert presumption, in that they should seeme to go about to teach him what belonged to the dutie of a conqueror, and there. fore since it appeared that the same was unknown to them, he declared that the goddesse of battell called Bellona had three hand-maidens, ever of necessitie attending upon her, as Blood, Fire, and Famine, and whereas it laie in his choice to use them all three, he had appointed onelie the meekest maid of those three damsels to punish them of that citie till they were brought to reason. This answer put the French ambassador in a great studie, musing much at his excellent wit and hawtinesse of courage." - Holinshed. While the court resided at Beauvais, four gentlemen and four citizens of Rouen were sent to lay before the king and council their miserable state; they told them that thousands of persons were already dead with hunger within their town; and that from the beginning of October, they had been forced to live on horses, dogs, cats, mice and rats, and other things unfit for human creatures. They had nevertheless driven full twelve thousand poor people, men, women and children, out of the place, the greater part of whom he perished wretchedly in the ditches of the town. That it had been frequently necessary to draw up in baskets new-born children from mothers who had been brought to bed in these ditches, to have them baptized, and they were afterwards returned to their mothers; many, however, had perished without christening A cry of frenzying anguish.' "From that hour On all the busy turmoil of the world --all which things were grievous and pitiful to be related. They then added, “To you our Lord and king, and to you noble duke of Burgundy, the loyal inhabitants of Rouen have before made known their distress; they now again inform yon how much they are suffering for you, to which you have not yet provided any remedy according to your promises. We are sent to you for the last time, to announce to you, on the part of the besieged, that if within a few days they are not relieved, they shall surrender themselves and their town to the English king, and thenceforward renounce all allegiance, faith, and service, which they have sworn to you." The king, duke, and council, courteously replied, that the king's forces were not as yet adequate to raise the siege, which they were exceedingly sorry for; but, with God's pleasure, they should very soon be relieved. The deputies asked by what time; the duke answered, before the fourth day after Christmas. They then returned to their town with difficulty, from the great danger of being taken by the besiegers, and related all that had passed. The besieged now suffered the greatest distress; and it is impossible to recount the miseries of the common people from famine: it was afterwards known that upwards of fifty thousand had perished of hunger. Some, when they saw meat carried through the street, in despair ran to seize it, and so doing. allowed themselves to be severely beaten, and even wounded. During the space of three months no provisions were seen in the markets, but every thing was sold secretly: and what before the siege was worth a farthing, was sold for twenty, thirty, or even forty; but those prices were too high for the common people, and hence the great mortality I have mentioned. Monstrelet, vol. v. p. 61. The names of our Edwards and Henries are usually cited together, but it is disgracing the Black Prince and his father to mention them with Henry of Monmouth. He was a hard. hearted man. We have seen what was his conduct to the famished fugitives from Roan. The same circumstance occurred at the siege of Calais, and the difference between the monarchs cannot be better exemplified than in the difference of their conduct upon the same occasion. "When sir John de Vienne perceived that king Edward intended to lie long there, he thought to rid the town of as many useless mouths as he could; and so on a Wednesday, being the 13th of September, he forced out of the town more than seventeen hundred of the poorest and least necessary people, old men, women, and children, and shut the gates upon them: who being demanded, wherefore they came out of the town, answered with great lamentation, that it was because they had nothing to live on. Then king Edward, who was so fierce in battle, showed a truly royal disposition by considering the sad condition of these forlorn wretches; for he not only would not force them back again into the town, whereby they might help to consume the victuals, but he gave them all a dinner and two-pence a-piece, and leave to pass through the army without the least molestation; whereby he so wrought upon the hearts of these poor creatures, that many of them prayed to God for his prosperity.”—Joshua Barnes. 2 Roan was betrayed by its Burgundian governor Bouthellier. During the siege fifty thousand men perished through fatigue, want, and the use of unwholesome provisions. "And happy," cried the delegated Maid, And happy they who in that holy faith Bow meekly to the rod! A little while Shall they endure the proud man's contumely, The injustice of the great: a little while Though shelterless they feel the wintry wind, The wind shall whistle o'er their turf-grown grave, And all be peace below. But woe to those, Woe to the Mighty Ones who send abroad Their ministers of death, and give to Fury The flaming firebrand; these indeed shall live "Roy d'Angleterre fist coupper la teste à Allain Blanchart cappitaine du commun.' -Monstrelet, ff. cxcvii. 2 " There the wicked cease from troubling; and the weary be at rest." -Job, iii. 17. "Cent drapeaux funèbres Etaloient en plein jour de pompeuses ténèbres." 4" When all things necessary were prepared for the conveyance of the dead king into England, his body was laid in a chariot, which was drawn by four great horses: and above the dead corpse, they laid a figure made of boiled hides, or leather representing his person, as near to the semblance of him as could be devised, painted curiously to the similitude of a living creature; upon whose head was set an imperial diadem of gold and precious stones, on his body a purple robe furred with ermine, and in his right hand he held a sceptre royal, and in his left hand a ball of gold, with a cross fixed thereon. And in this manner adorned, was this figure laid in a bed in the said chariot, with his visage uncovered towards the heaven: and the coverture of his bed was red silke beaten with gold; and besides that, when the body should passe through any good towne, a canopy of marvellous great value was borne over the chariot by men of great worship. In this manner, accompanied of the king of Scots and of all princes, lords, and knights of his house, he was brought from Roane to Abville, where the corpse was set in the church of Saint Ulfrane. From Abville he was brought to Hedin, and from thence to Monstrueil, so to Bulloigne, and so to Calice. In all this journey were many men about the chariot clothed all in white, which bare in their hands torches burning: after whome followed all the household servants in blacke, and after them came the princes, lords, and estates of the king's blood, adorned in vestures of mourning; and after all this, from the said corpse the distance of two English myles, followed the queene of England right honourably accompanyed. In this manner they entered Calice.". -Stowe. "At about a league distant followed the queen, with a numerous attendance. From Calais they embarked for Dover, and passing through Canterbury and Rochester, arrived at London on Martinmas-day. "When the funeral approached London, fifteen bishops dressed in pontificalibus, several mitred abbots and church. men, with a multitude of persons of all ranks, came out to meet it. The churchmen chaunted the service for the dead as it passed over London bridge, through Lombard street, to St. Paul's cathedral. Near the car were the relations of the late king, uttering loud lamentations. On the collar of the The heroes of the wandering minstrel's song: "I saw him," Bertram cried, first horse that drew the car were emblazoned the ancient arms of England; on that of the second, the arms of France and England quartered the same as he bore during his lifetime; on that of the third, the arms of France simply; on that of the fourth horse were painted the arms of the noble king Arthur, whom no one could conquer: they were three crowns or, on a shield azure. "When the funeral service had been royally performed in the cathedral, the body was carried to be interred at Westminster abbey with his ancestors. At this funeral, and in regard to every thing concerning it, greater pomp and expense were made than had been done for two hundred years at the interment of any king of England; and even now as much honour and reverence is daily paid to his tomb, as if it were certain he was a saint in Paradise. "Thus ended the life of king Henry in the flower of his age, for when he died he was but forty years old. He was very wise and able in every business he undertook, and of a determined character. During the seven or eight years he ruled in France, he made greater conquests than any of his predecessors had done: it is true he was so feared by his princes and captains, that none dared to disobey his orders, however nearly related to him, more especially his English subjects. In this state of obedience were his subjects of France and England in general; and the principal cause was, that if any person transgressed his ordinances, he had him instantly punished without favour or mercy."—Monstrelet, vol. v. p. 375. "A noble knight of Picardy used a joking expression to his herald respecting king Heury, which was afterwards often repeated. Sir Sarrasin d'Arly, uncle to the Vidame of Amiens, who might be about sixty years of age, resided in the castle of Achere, which he had had with his wife, sister to the lord d'Offemont, near to Pas in Artois. He was laid up with the gout, but very eager in his inquiries after news of what was going on. One day his poursuivant, named Haurenas, of the same age as himself, and who had long served him, returned from making the usual inquiries; and on sir Sarrasin questioning him and asking him if he had heard any particulars of the death of the king of England, he said that he had, and had even seen his corpse at Abbeville, in the church of St. Ulfran; and then related how he was attired, nearly as has been before described. The knight then asked him on his faith if he had diligently observed him? On his answering that he had, Now, on thy oath, tell me,' added sir Sarrasin, 'if he had his boots on ? No, my lord, by my faith he had not. The knight then cried out, Haurenas, my good friend, never believe me if he has not left them in France!' This expression set the company a laughing, and then they talked of other matters."- Monstrelet, vol. v. p. 377. They on the streamlet's mossy bank reclined JOAN OF ARC. THE THIRD BOOK. FAIR dawn'd the morning, and the early sun Dunois replied, "thinking that my prompt speed I sought to raise new powers, and now return'd Where they were born, and where they wish'd to To that beleaguer'd town shail lead such force, The place being all that they had left to love. So journeying on, That faithful friend of Orleans, the brave chief That the proud English in their fields of blood "I too," Tanneguy reply'd, To reach the o'er-hanging fruit.5 Thou seest me The governor of Vaucouleur appointed deux gentils-ruinous. "In the last year of the victorious Henry V. there hommes to conduct the Maid to Chinon. "Ils eurent peine à se charger de cette commission, à cause qu'il falloit passer au travers du pays ennemi; mais elle leur dit avec fermeté qu'ils ne craignissent rien, et que sûrement eux et elle arriveroient auprès du roi, sans qu'il leur arrivât rien de fâcheux. "Ils partirent, passèrent par l'Auxerrois sans obstacle quoique les Anglois en fussent les maîtres, traversèrent plusieurs rivières à la nage, entrèrent dans les pays de la domination du roi, où les parties ennemies couroient de tous côtés, sans en rencontrer aucune: arrivèrent heureusement à Chinon où le Roi étoit, et lui donnèrent avis de leur arrivée et du sujet qui les amenoit. Tout le monde fut extrêmement surpris d'un si long voyage fait avec tant de bonheur."P. Daniel. 2" Nil Gallia perturbatius, nil spoliatius, nil egentius esset; sed neque cum milite melius agebatur, qui tametsi gaudebat prædâ, interim tamen trucidebatur passim, dum uterque rex civitates suæ factionis principes in fide retinere studeret. Igitur jam cædium satietas utrumque populum ceperat, jamque tot damna utrinque illata erant, ut quisque generatim se oppressum, laceratum, perditum ingemisceret, doloreque summo angeretur, disrumperetur, cruciaretur, ac per id animi quamvis obstinatissimi ad pacem inclinarentur. Simul urgebat ad hoc rerum omnium inopia; passim enim agri devastati inculti❘ manebant, cum præsertim homines pro vitâ tuendâ, non arva colere sed bello servire necessariò cogerentur. Ita tot urgentibus malis, neuter a pace abhorrebat, sed alter ab altero eam aut petere, vel admittere turpe putabat."-Polydore Virgil. The effect of this contest upon England was scarcely less was not a sufficient number of gentlemen left in England to carry on the business of civil government. "But if the victories of Henry were so fatal to the popu lation of his country, the defeats and disasters of the succeeding reign were still more destructive. In the 25th year of this war, the instructions given to the cardinal of Winchester and other plenipotentiaries appointed to treat about a peace, authorise them to represent to those of France" that there haan been moo men slayne in these wars for the title and claime of the coroune of France, of oon nacion and other, than been at this daye in both landys, and so much christiene blode shed, that it is to grete a sorow and an orrour to think or here it."- Henry. Rymer's Fœdera. 3 Dunois was wounded in the battle of Herrings, or Rouvrai Saint-Denys. 4 Tanneguy du Châtel had saved the life of Charles when Paris was seized by the Burgundians. Lisle Adam, a man noted for ferocity, even in that age, was admitted at midnight into the city with eight hundred horse. The partizans of Burgundy were under arms to assist them, and a dreadful slaughter of the Armagnacs ensued. Du Châtel, then governor of the Bastile, being unable to restrain the tumult, ran to the Louvre, and carried away the Dauphin in his shirt, in order to secure him in his fortress."— Rapin. A banish'd man, Dunois1! so to appease 1 De Serres says, "The king was wonderfully discontented for the departure of Tanneguy de Chastel, whom he called father; a man beloved, and of amiable conditions. But there was no remedy. He had given the chief stroke to John Burgongne. So likewise he protested, without any difficulty, to retire himself whithersoever his master should command him." 2 Richemont caused De Giac to be strangled in his bed, and thrown into the Loire, to punish the negligence that had occasioned him to be defeated by an inferior force at Avranches. The constable had laid siege to St. James de Beuvron, a place strongly garrisoned by the English. He had been promised a convoy of money, which De Giac, who had the management of the treasury, purposely detained to mortify the constable. Richemont openly accused the treasurer, and revenged himself thus violently. After this, he boldly declared that he would serve in the same manner any person whatsoever that should endeavour to engross the king's favour. The Camus of Beaulieu accepted De Giac's place, and was by the constable's means assassinated in the king's presence. The 3 "The duke of Orleans was, on a Wednesday, the feastday of pope St. Clement, assassinated in Paris, about seven o'clock in the evening, on his return from dinner. murder was committed by about eighteen men, who had lodged at an hotel having for sign the image of our Lady, near the Porte Barbette, and who, it was afterwards discovered, had for several days intended this assassination. "On the Wednesday before mentioned, they sent one named Scas de Courteheuze, valet de chambre to the king, and one of their accomplices, to the duke of Orleans, who had gone to visit the queen of France at an hotel which she had lately purchased from Montagu, grand master of the king's household, situated very near the Porte Barbette. She had lain in there of a child, which had died shortly after its birth, and had not then accomplished the days of her purification. "Scas, on his seeing the duke, said, by way of deceiving him, 'My lord, the king sends for you, and you must instantly hasten to him, for he has business of great importance to you and him, which he must communicate to you.' The duke, on hearing this message, was eager to obey the king's orders, although the monarch knew nothing of the matter, and immediately mounted his mule, attended by two esquires on one horse, and four or five valets on foot, who followed behind bearing torches; but his other attendants made no haste to follow him. He had made this visit in a private manner, notwithstanding at this time he had within the city of Paris six hundred knights and esquires of his retinue, and at his expense. "On his arrival at the Porte Barbette, the eighteen men, all well and secretly armed, were waiting for him, and were lying in ambush under shelter of a penthouse. The night was pretty dark, and as they sallied out against him, one cried out, Put him to death!' and gave him such a blow on the wrist with his battle-axe as severed it from his arm. So "The duke, astonished at this attack, cried out, I am the duke of Orleans!' when the assassins, continuing their blows, answered, You are the person we were looking for.' many rushed on him that he was struck off his mule, and his skull was split that his brains were dashed on the pavement. They turned him over and over, and massacred him that he was very soon completely dead. A young esquire, a German by birth, who had been his page, was murdered with him: seeing his master struck to the ground, he threw himself on his body to protect him, but in vain, and he suffered for his generous courage. The horse which carried the two esquires that preceded the duke, seeing so many armed men advance, He stabs the King's best friends, and then demands, As with a conqueror's imperious tone, The post of honour. Son of that good Duke Whose death my arm avenged3, may all thy days Be happy serve thy country in the field, began to snort, and when he passed them set out on a gallop, so that it was some time before he could be checked. "When the esquires had stopped their horse, they saw their lord's mule following them full gallop: having caught him, they fancied the duke must have fallen, and were bringing it back by the bridle; but on their arrival where their lord lay, they were menaced by the assassins, that if they did not instantly depart they should share his fate. Seeing their lord had been thus basely murdered, they hastened to the hotel of the queen, crying out, Murder!' Those who had killed the duke, in their turn, bawled out,' Fire !' and they had arranged their plan that while some were assassinating the duke, others were to set fire to their lodgings. Some mounted on horseback, and the rest on foot made off as they could, throwing behind them broken glass and sharp points of iron to prevent their being pursued. "Report said that many of them went the back way to the hôtel d'Artois, to their master the duke of Burgundy, who had commanded them to do this deed, as he afterwards publicly confessed, to inform him of the success of their murder; when instantly afterward they withdrew to places of safety. "The chief of these assassins, and the conductor of the business, was one called Rollet d'Auctonville, a Norman, whom the duke of Orleans had a little before deprived of his office of commissioner of taxes, which the king had given to him at the request of the late duke of Burgundy: from that time the said Rollet had been considering how he could revenge himself on the duke of Orleans. His other accomplices were William Courteheuze and Scas Courteheuze, before mentioned, from the country of Guines, John de la Motte, and others, to the amount of eighteen. "Within half an hour the household of the duke of Orleans, hearing of this horrid murder, made loud complaints, and with great crowds of nobles and others hastened to the fatal spot, where they found him lying dead in the street. His knight and esquires, and in general all his dependants, made grievous lamentations, seeing him thus wounded and disfigured. With many groans they raised the body and carried it to the hotel of the lord de Rieux, marshal of France, which was hard by; and shortly afterward the body was covered with a white pall, and conveyed most honourably to the Guillemins, where it lay, as being the nearest church to where the murder had been committed. "Soon afterward the king of Sicily, and many other princes, knights and esquires, having heard of this foul murder of the only brother of the king of France, came with many tears to visit the body. It was put into a leaden coffin, and the monks of the church, with all the late duke's household, watched it all night, saying prayers, and singing psalins over it. On the morrow his servants found the hand which had been cut off, and collected much of the brains that had been scattered over the street, all of which were inclosed in a leaden case and placed by the coffin. "The whole of the princes who were at Paris, except the king and his children, namely, the king of Sicily, the dukes of Berry, Burgundy and Bourbon, the marquis du Pont, the counts de Nevers, de Clermont, de Vendôme, de St. Pol, de Dammartin, the constable of France, and several others, having assembled with a large body of the clergy and nobles, and a multitude of the citizens of Paris, went in a body to the church of the Guillemins. Then the principal officers of the late duke's household took the body and bore it out of the church, with a great number of lighted torches carried by the esquires of the defunct. On each side of the body were in due order, uttering groans and shedding tears, the king of Sicily, the dukes of Berry, Burgundy, and Bourbon, each |