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Sentences or propositions, with independent elements, either words, phrases, or propositions, attendant.

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These examples, while representing only the more brief and leading kinds, will suffice to illustrate the definition.

General Laws.

The laws, in accordance with which these diagrams are constructed, presented in a simple running statement, and without detail, are as follows:

FIRST LAW. SIMPLE PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS. Figures which are symbolical of principal elements, and single, are drawn upon the same horizontal line, in the natural order of the radical form of the sentence or phrase, and attached, as follows:

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TION.

SECOND LAW. PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS IN COMMON RELASeveral principal elements having a common relation to another, are placed in the same horizontal order, but upon parallel lines, and so arranged and attached as to have a common connection and dependence, thus see the predicates "reaches" and "may reach," as follows:

Knowledge

THIRD LAW.

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COMPLEX PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS. Complex principal elements used as simple ones, are first constructed in diagram according to the general rule, and are then enclosed within a general figure drawn and attached like those of simple elements, as may be seen in the object proposition in the following sentence:

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FOURTH LAW. ADJUNCT ELEMENTS. Adjunct elements, whether words, phrases, or propositions, taking their appropriate figures or diagrams as already indicated, are placed below the elements they modify, as in the following:

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In the first of these, word adjuncts are exemplified; in the second, participial phrase adjuncts chiefly; in the third, both word and sentence adjuncts; and in the fourth, word adjuncts, a prepositional phrase adjunct, and a sentence adjunct.

FIFTH LAW. AUXILIARY ELEMENTS.* Auxiliary elements, that is words (those termed conjunctions) which introduce sentences, or connect words, phrases, or propositions, taking their assigned figure, are placed above the element they introduce, connected; or between those they connect, either attached or connected as the case allows. Thus :

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* These are treated as attendant elements by Prof. Clark; but neither consistently with his diagrams, nor with sound analysis.

in which we have subjective auxiliaries, one expressed and the other understood;

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in which occurs a predicative auxiliary, "and;"

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exemplifying a general auxiliary corrective, "ere ;" and

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which presents, in the word, "that," a general auxiliary, merely introductive.

SIXTH LAW. INDEPENDENT ELEMENTS. Independent elements enclosed in their specified figures or diagrams, are, when purely independent, placed at the left or right of the sentence or proposition to which they belong; or when logical adjuncts, below the elements to which they refer. The latter are exemplified below, in the independent, substantive, logical adjuncts, "Hermit" and "Apostle;"

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and in the independent proposition, logical adjunct, "that we misjudge," in the following:

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Without going farther in this direction, a careful and progressive examination of what has been given, will suffice to show what are the principal laws for the construction of the diagrams, and what is symbolized in the various examples already given, as well as in those yet to be adduced."

* For the frequent use made of the diagrams in this treatise, the excuse is offered, that the object is, not merely to exhibit the facts to the reader, but also to habituate him to the diagrams themselves, so that he may better understand what is urged with regard to them.

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