VARIATION FOR ADJUNCTS AND PREPOSITIONS, AND COMBINATION FOR COMPOUND ELEMENTS.

This may, in part, be seen by a simple inspection of the following diagram :

in which, as in the case of "the," the adjunct figure is composed of the lower half of the ellipse; or that of the relative term, or preposition "to," the figure for which is but the half of an ellipse placed vertically; or in that of elements in one part compound, and in another manifold, as "is sparkling and bright," the figure for which is formed by uniting properly one half of a large ellipse with the corresponding halves of several smaller ones.

VARIATION IN SIZE AND PROPORTION FOR ELEMENTS IN

COMMON RELATION.

The figure for a single element having several others in a common relation, is obtained by simply varying the dimensions of the curvilineal figure proportionally, as may be seen in the case of " Time," a subject with two predicates, in the following:

or that of "landscape," a principal element with several

adjuncts, in this other :

COMBINATION FOR INCLUDED COMPLEX ELEMENTS.

So, too, the proper figure for a complex element used as a principal element in a sentence or phrase, is a part or the whole of a large ellipse (as may be convenient) enclosing the complex element as already embraced in its own diagram. This is exemplified in the object, "how little mortals know," in the following sentence :

COMBINATION FOR COMPLEX TERMS HAVING DOUBLE RELATIONS.

Or if a simple element, logically complex, and subject to several distinct relations, is to be represented, as in the case of "what," in the sentence below, the figure is framed by simply combining the upper and lower portions of two incomplete ellipses, thus:

And so on to the end, were the requisite cuts at command, the principle might be exemplified, and proved complete in its efficacy and its practical application.

SIMPLICITY OF THEIR LAWS.

The essential simplicity of the general laws determining the construction and use of the diagrams, while affording an additional and striking argument in their favor, has been so far set forth in Chapter II., and is so clearly inferrible from the facts just adduced, that no detailed examination of its nature or claims will be entered upon here. It is sufficient to refer the reader to what has already been shown in those directions, and to urge in general terms, that hardly elsewhere in the whole range of illustrated science, can anything be found more ingeniously and strikingly simple, than are the laws of the diagrams as thus set forth. This position will, however, be more fully established in the final development of their nature and laws, as proposed for a later stage of the discussion.

3.-They are in thorough harmony with analysis.

Thirdly. We urge in favor of the diagrams, that they are in thorough harmony with the analysis of the English sentence. In hardly any direction in science, does a functional analysis reveal so clearly what must be a truly complete circuit of constituent parts, or clements, as in the sentence.

PARALLELISM BETWEEN THE FOUR GRAND CLASSES OF ELEMENTS IN GENERAL ANALYSIS, AND THOSE IN GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS AND THE DIAGRAMS.

Such an analysis must embrace, as will hereafter be distinctly shown, four classes of elements; the essential, the phenomenal, the relative, and the accidental. But these are precisely paralleled in the four classes already assigned to the sentence; namely, principal, adjunct, aux

iliary, and independent elements. But these very distinctions the diagrams seize upon and illustrate, (as has already been shown,) with a naturalness, clearness, and facility, nowhere else equalled.

PARALLELISM BETWEEN THE THREE PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS IN GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS AND IN THE DIAGRAMS.

principal parts in their true.

So, too, as the analysis of the proposition reveals the existence of a subject, predicate, and object; or that of the phrase presents a relative, subsequent, and object; the diagrams of these two general elements, happily and effectively represent all those sphere, order, and relation. Indeed, take them all in all, and it may be affirmed that nowhere else do symbols so purely conventional present so precise and beautiful a correspondence between the representative figure and the illustrated fact. Of both of these positions, the following is, though not completely, yet so finely illustrative, that we cannot forego its introduction here.

Fourthly. The diagrams, not only, as has already been shown, give a clearer view than is otherwise possible, of the peculiar structure and relations of the various elements in the sentence, but they also present the

whole sentence, in its nature and development, as expressive of a complex thought, in the clearest and most comprehensive view practicable.

STRUCTURE OF LONG COMPLEX SENTENCES EXCEEDINGLY DIFFICULT TO COMPREHEND.

To almost any thinking mind, it must be at once apparent, how difficult a work is his, who, taking a long complex sentence, and considering it only under the form of written composition, endeavors to keep all its parts, at the same instant, equally in view, or in view with the same distinct apprehension of all its facts of form, structure, force, relations, and office work. Such an effort would be much like his, who, wishing to grasp a certain field of statistical knowledge, should attempt that work without first systematically tabularizing its facts, so that each shall stand in its own category, and the combined bearing of the whole appear at a glance. But, his table is only a diagram for his statistics; and, precisely what the table does for the statistics, (or far better,) the grammatical diagram does for the sentence. It gives to the practised analyst, a map of his whole field of operations ;—to use a military phrase, it makes him, at a glance, master of the whole chess-table of war,-“L'échiquier d'un guerre." This capacity of the diagrams to present a comprehensive view of sentences has already, though only in the case of those more brief and simple, been somewhat clearly exemplified.*

*It is a matter of regret, that no illustration of their utility as thus applied to long, complex sentences, can be given here. It is impracticable for the simple reason that no cuts of the proper diagrams for such sentences, are at hand.