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PART II.

THE DIAGRAMS EXPOUNDED.

CHAPTER I.

THE LAWS OF THE DIAGRAMS, COMPLETE.

The posibility of improvement-Five points embraced in the dis cussion-I. General Principles of the Diagram System-1. General elements in figure, for circumscription-2. General elements in figure, for connection-3. General principle of arrangement for fundamental figures-4. General principle of combination for peculiar figures — II. Specific Laws of the Diagrams; Etymological Classification-1. Law for substantives and verbs proper-2. Law for modifying terms-3. Law for auxiliary terms-4. Law for circumstantial relatives-5. Law for independent terms not predicative-III. Specific Laws of the Diagrams; Logical Classification-Tabular schemesSentence Phrase-1. Law for principal elements-2. Law for principal elements in common relation-3. Law for adjunct elements-4. Law for auxiliary elements--5. Law for independent elements-6. Law for lines of connection-7. Law for line of separation-8. Law for suppressed elements-9. Law for complex terms having double offices-10. Law for complex substantive elements-11. Law for independent terms used substantively.

Ir is the object of this treatise, not merely to sustain the practical teacher in the use of the diagrams as he already has them, but beyond that, to perfect his knowledge and use of them, according to what they should be. Hence, it becomes necessary, notwithstanding they have

already been considered in brief, to examine their laws once more, in detail, and, with sole reference to this higher object.

THE POSSIBILITY OF IMPROVEMENT.

This examination is based upon the practical assumption that, while in their leading idea and fundamental principles and forms, the diagrams have been ably presented in the works referred to; yet it by no means follows that they are not susceptible of important improvements. A careful study of their nature and capabilities, and an extended experience in their use and application, cannot but have revealed defects to be corrected, and supplementary improvements to be desired. Neither personal regard, nor reverence for existing discoveries, forbids us to accept here, as well as elsewhere, the entire possibility and propriety of progress.

FIVE POINTS EMBRACED IN THIS DISCUSSION.

With these facts in view, the general method to be pursued will embrace several specific points; namely, the clearer exposition of their laws; the correction of existing defects in drawing; the extension of their forms according to the advanced demands of the analysis; the development of peculiar forms not clearly indicated by the general laws; and precise directions for graphic practice, designed to secure higher excellence and success in their daily use.

I.-General Principles of the Diagram System. Proceeding, then, first, to the fuller development and exposition of their laws, we present their general or ground principles as follows:

1. GENERAL ELEMENTS IN FIGURE FOR CIRCUMSCRIPTION.

First. The general elements in figure for the circumscription of the various elements, within their proper field, are the flat ellipse and two of its segments; disposed either horizontally or vertically; varied in extension to suit the magnitude of the elements circumscribed; and employed simply, or in consistent combination.*

2. GENERAL ELEMENTS IN FIGURE FOR CONNECTION.

Secondly. The general elements in figure for the connection of the various elements, beyond the natural attachment of the figures just indicated, are the right, vertical line, and the horizontal or oblique waved line (or "line of beauty," so called); either long or short, extended laterally to the left or right, and used either separately or combined, as the case may demand.

3. GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF ARRANGEMENT FOR FUNDAMENTAL

FIGURES.

Thirdly. The general principle of arrangement for the fundamental figures in either propositions or phrases, is determined by the natural order of the verbal elements in the radical form of both, as spoken or written; or beyond that, is simply such a variation of the principle as most nearly secures a similar disposition of similars, a proper subordination of subordinates, or disjunction of independent parts.

* These and the following elements have already been exemplified. See Part I., Chapter I., passim.

4. GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF COMBINATION FOR PECULIAR

FIGURES.

Fourthly. The proper figures, combinations, or connection for all elements peculiar or erratic, while involving specific modifications of the foregoing principles, must never, in any respect, depart from a substantial harmony with them; that is, they may be peculiar, but not contradictory.

IL-Specific Laws of the Diagrams. Etymological Classification.

In accordance with these ground principles, the specific laws of the diagrams as etymologically classified, or classified in accordance with the nature of the "parts of speech" to be included in the figures, are as follows:

1, LAW FOR SUBSTANTIVES AND VERBS PROPER.

First. Substantive and verbal terms used distinctly as such, either alone or (in the case of the latter) in connection with other terms necessary to their logical integrity or absolute significance, must be enclosed in the complete elliptical figure;† or, if they are in any common part compounded, in such combinations of large and small ellipses, as both form complete figures, and repre

* These laws have already been in part presented and exempli. fied. The specific object here entertained, requires their recapitulation and extension in detail.

One error of the diagrams in this direction, as drawn in the books, will be elsewhere noticed.

sent the compound nature involved. This rule applies to nouns, pronouns, and all irregular substantive words, and to verbs in all the modes sentential and phrasal save one, including as one with them, their essential predicate terms. It is exemplified below, in the case of King, Shadows, loves, mark, hand, waxed strong, good, constitutes, duty, I, saw, boy, you, described and whom.

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Examples of peculiar compound or complex forms will be seen in the case of the terms, waxed deadly and chill, and what, in the following diagrams.

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* Errors occur in other points in these diagrams, which will be noticed elsewhere.

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