5. LAW FOR INDEPENDENT ELEMENTS.

Fifthly. Figures representative of independent elements, exclamatory, euphonic, or introductory, must be placed at the left, or before, the proposition or phrase which they introduce; those of sentential representatives at the right, or after the proposition or the phrase to which they are responsive; those of emphatic elements or logical adjuncts, below the elements emphasized or modified; all detached. Examples will be seen in the following: see the terms, There, Ah, Yes, Roderic, Hermit, Apostle, herself, that we mistake, for you to, &c., and

6. LAW FOR LINES OF CONNECTION.

Sixthly. Lines of connection are always employed to attach conjunctions to the elements they connect, when the space forbids the direct attachment of the figures themselves; to connect dependent (relative) pronouns to their antecedents; to connect the relative adjective whose to its antecedent; to connect conjunctive adverbs to their antecedents; to connect general auxiliaries to the principal and subordinate propositions; and to connect auxiliary auxiliaries to the general auxiliaries. These lines, with three exceptions, must be drawn vertically from the under side of the upper figure, to the upper side of the lower one.

When subordinate propositions, from their number, or from the intervention of other portions of the diagram, require to be displayed either to the left or right, or both, the upper and lower extremities of the connecting lines must be drawn vertical, the intermediate connection being made by means of the waved line drawn either horizontal or oblique, as the case demands.

In the case of whose and the conjunctive adverbs, the upper part of the line must be drawn vertical; the rest must be a waved line closing with a curve, attached either to the right or left extremity of those elements, as the case may require.

In the case of connected auxiliaries, the connecting lines are to be drawn horizontal and attached. Examples may be found in the following: see But, that, which (suppressed), as, and, whose, where, when and when.

* Incorrect in attaching the connecting line to the under side of whose.

7. LAW FOR THE LINE OF PREDICATIVE SEPARATION.

Seventhly. The line of separation is used only to indicate a grammatical distinction between the several parts of a predicate composed of both verbal and non-verbal elements. It is drawn vertically within the predicate or subsequent figure, attached to its lower line, and between the two kinds of elements, as follows: see waxed strong, is true, is base, tasted sweet, are good, look at, having been scholar, is not, have to go.