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Eighthly. Elements necessary to the grammatical construction in complex forms, and not regularly abbreviated, but simply suppressed, take the proper figure, but have the suppression indicated by the letter x, as seen in the following examples, in the case of to understood before home, to be in the infinitive phrase to be wondrous wise, and which in the second subordinate proposition in the last diagram.

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9. LAW FOR COMPLEX TERMS WITH DOUBLE OFFICES.

Ninthly. Figures for complex terms performing double offices must be drawn so as to conform substantially to the rules for those performing the same offices separately, simply varying the form and position to indicate the combination. This rule applies to complex substantives, either double relative pronouns or equivalent terms, and is exemplified below in the case of what, what, nothing and money.

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10. LAW FOR COMPLEX SUBSTANTIVE ELEMENTS.

Tenthly. Diagrams for complex elements used as principal elements in propositions or phrases, besides being enclosed in the required general figure symbolic of the principal element as a whole, must also be drawn complete in themselves, as if they stood alone or in some subordinate adjunct office. This rule applies to all sub

stantive propositions and phrases, and is exemplified below, in writing letters, his having been a soldier, that I have taken this old man's daughter, and that their northern mountains encompassed the globe.

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11. LAW FOR INDEPENDENT TERMS USED SUBSTANTIVELY.

Eleventhly. Words, ordinarily independent representatives of some proposition or phrase, but used substantively as principal elements in propositions or phrases, must not only be enclosed in the general figure symbolic of such elements, but must also have their own figures drawn complete, the same as if they stood alone; see, in the following, No, no indeed, Amen.

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These rules will be found to be substantially inclusive of all the great principles governing the construction of the diagrams. A proper mastery of them will enable the thoughtful teacher to determine for himself the practical variations in figure or connection, necessary to meet the demands of specific and peculiar cases.

CHAPTER II.

ERRORS IN THE DIAGRAMS AS DRAWN IN THE BOOKS,

EXAMINED.

Errors no reflection upon the author-I. Errors in figure-1. In the use of right lines-2. In figures for adjunct elements-3. In subsequent figures-The argument from dependence on relation, invalid-4. General substantive figures-5. Connecting lines-6. Dotted lines of connection-II. Errors in attachment-1. Adjunct words and phrases-2. Attaching connecting lines-III. Faulty use of supernumerary lines-IV. Errors involving analysis - 1. Line of separation - Proof of the principle as to the line of separation-Tabular analysis of examples-2. Attachment of adjuncts, as to order-Faulty attachment of a general adjunct-3. Attachment, as to grammatical subordination-Proof of the objective relation of the infinitive-4. Attachment of adjuncts of relative and auxiliary terms-Correction and demonstration - Principle of double offices-Consequent diversity of relation and modification—Application to the elements in question.

THE attention of the reader has already been called to the fact that some of the diagrams in the works herein referred to, are incorrectly drawn. These errors, while they by no means detract from the substantial merits of the system, impair its excellence as developed. The consequence is, they not only interfere with the most successful use of the diagrams, but they sometimes even vitiate the analysis itself. Hence, it becomes necessary to notice them, and to provide for their correction in detail.

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