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CHAPTER III.

SUPPLEMENTARY FORMS AND COMBINATIONS.

Logical analysis of the sentence, in its incipiency-Causes of its backward condition-Propriety of attempting improvement in the diagrams-SUPPLEMENTARY FORMS-I. For the subject—(1) Subjects logically compound (2) Two-fold subject, logical identical-II. For the complex relative noun—III. For infinitive phrase adjuncts-(1) Independent phrase method-(2) Method of complex relation-IV. For the predicate-(1) Including nonverbal terms-Substantives in predicate-Adjectives and adverbs in predicate-Prepositions in predicate—Participles in predicate (2) Including phrases and propositions in predicateV. For transitive verbs (1) Transitive relative-(2) Transitive mixed verbs-VI. Complex method for the objective infinitive phrase-VII. For imperative verbs-(1) Ordinary imperative-(2) Hortatory imperative (3) Imperative absolute-VIII. Adjunct forms (1) Independent adjectives (2) Substantive adverbsIX. Mixed auxiliaries—(1) Relative and adjunctive—(2) Adjunctive and predicative-(3) Auxiliary auxiliaries-X. Double connection-XI. Complex elements and double offices—(1) Conjunctive adverb--(2) Abverb, substantive, conjunctive-XII. Compound sentence, parts common-XIII. Sentences with diverse elements in correlation.

LOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SENTENCE IN ITS INCIPIENCY.

No one who has made the analysis of the English sentence under the logical method a subject of close study, can have failed to discover that the work is yet comparatively in its incipient state, especially, so far as the nature and philosophy of convertible, abbreviated, oblique, and idiomatic forms are concerned.

CAUSES OF ITS BACKWARD CONDITION.

While, however, this is much to be regretted, it is neither to be held as an occasion for surprise, nor as a cause for complaint. The field is so extensive, and its facts so varied and intricate, that, to one at all conversant with them, the work of systematically and philosophically investigating that field and unfolding these facts, appears Herculean, if not hopeless. When, now, to this original difficulty in the work itself, you add the facts that its successful prosecution requires at once peculiar linguistic tastes, logical capacity, and scholastic opportunities; and that its path of progress is everywhere beset with difficulties arising from an ignorance, pedantry, and prejudice, without parallel in the direction of any other branch of science, it will readily be seen, that the great result can only be reached by slow and successive advances, and through the steady and co-operative efforts of many minds.

PROPRIETY OF ATTEMPTING IMPROVEMENT IN THE DIAGRAMS.

It is, hence, no disparagement to the works which have come so frequently under our notice in the progress of this discussion, to assume that, in their treatment of the diagrams as the product of applied analysis, they are susceptible of useful and even necessary emendations. These emendations, a careful study of the diagram system, and a somewhat extended experience in its use, have shown to be necessary.

It is proper, then, to call the attention to certain supplementary, or advanced forms and combinations, which more exactly meet the wants of the analysis in some of its peculiar and more difficult applications, and which have quite invariably commended themselves to the judgment of the intelligent learner.

SUPPLEMENTARY OR ADVANCED FORMS.

(1).

I.-For the Subject.

SUBJECTS LOGICALLY COMPOUND.

First. In the analysis of the subject, there are two prominent cases for which improved figures are required. (1) In the example,

The saint, the father, and the husband prays,

we find a three-fold subject which is logically compound, or which in other words is logically and substantially one subject, although grammatically appearing in a triple phase, or form. But, the diagrams as developed present no figure properly symbolizing these facts. The following, while perfectly in harmony with the general principles of the diagrams, and strictly accordant with a common treatment of the predicate, will be found to meet the existing want.

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(2). TWO-FOLD SUBJECT, LOGICALLY IDENTICAL.

(2) Provision has been made in the Grammar, for the proper symbolization of a double object, logically identical, although appearing in both a direct and an indirect phase. See the following example :

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But, the existence of a corresponding subjective case, is not recognized. Where two subjective terms are similarly employed, the indirect subject is treated as an independent substantive, a logical adjunct of the direct subject. Clearly, however, a closer analysis, and a proper harmony in the diagrams, requires the following, as in the sentence,

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in which the subjective form is well-nigh in perfect correspondence with the objective.

II.-For the Complex Relative Noun.

Secondly. In the treatment of the complex, dependent relative what, provision has been most ingeniously made for its proper representation in diagram. But, the fact that nouns, as sometimes partaking of the same complex character, should be similarly represented in diagram, is not recognized. Take, for example,

What money we had was taken away,

and clearly, both from the double relation of money, and the transfer of a complex force to it, from its adjunct what, it should be treated as would what under like cir、 cumstances. Hence, its true diagram is the following:

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III.-For Infinitive Phrase Adjuncts.

Thirdly. Reference has already been made to the treatment of infinitive phrase adjuncts, (see page 92,) without, however, accepting that method as conclusive. Probably, on few points of such frequent occurrence, do thoughtful teachers and pupils find it so difficult to be satisfied, as with reference to the proper treatment of this very element. The difficulty arises, we believe, altogether from such a clinging to the old system of parsing infinitives, as forbids the mind to grasp their exact logical analysis.

In two ways, we think, may a nearer approach to the true construction be made.

(1). INFINITIVE, INDEPENDENT PHRASE METHOD.

(1) The evident correlation existing between participial and infinitive phrases, as seen in these examples,

I ordered his going, and

I ordered him to go,

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