The younger is at the head of the police and of all matters appertaining to the citizens and the guilds. The senior Bürgermeister has 600 florins allowed to him for a couple of public dinners.

The second body in the government consists of the representatives of the citizens, called the Bürgervertretung, numbering 60 members, under the presidency of one of the senior members, who is changed every three years. This body controls the receipts and expenditure. A committee of nine audits the accounts. The representatives are elected for life, and are not paid, with the exception of the nine auditors, who receive 900 florins per annum each. Vacancies are filled up by a committee chosen by ballot of six members of this body, and six members from the 45 or democratic members of the legislative body, which committee chooses the citizens to fill up the vacancies.

The Legislative body (der Gesetsgebende Körper) forms the third portion of the government. It consists of 85 members; 20 of them belong to the Senate, 20 to the Representative body; and the remaining 45 are composed of the Christian citizens of all denominations, taken from the Electoral College, called the 75, which is elected annually from three classes of the community-the first of which comprises the nobles, learned men, the public servants, and those not belonging to the guilds; the second class comprises the merchants and traders; and the third the operatives. The eight dependent villages of the city have also a right to send 11 deputies to this body when matters are to be discussed relating to their interests. The Legislative body has a president, two vice-presidents, and four secretaries. Besides law-making, this body grants taxes and looks to their collection; fixes the military defence; approves state contracts; arranges the budget; and, above all, supervises the economy of the state. The members of the Legislative body are not paid.

The courts for the administration of criminal and civil justice are as follow:

1. The Supreme Court of Appeal (Das Ober-Appellationsgericht) is formed by delegates from the Senates of the four free cities of Lubeck, Bremen, Hamburg, and Frankfort. Its seat is in Lubeck. Frankfort and Hamburg and Bremen two

and Lubeck each send one delegate, each. The presidentship changes yearly.

2. The Appellate and Criminal Court (Das Appellations-und Criminalgericht) takes cognizance of civil matters above the value of 300 florins, appealed from the lower courts, and considers appeals in penal cases. It consists of the four syndics of the Senate, together with two senators, and their president is elected for three years.

3. The City Court (Das Stadtgericht) has the initiatory process in civil matters above the value of 300 florins. It has cognizance, also, of matrimonial affairs, trusts, &c. It acts, also, as an appellate court from the Town and Country Offices. It is presided over by a director, vice-director, and by four councillors. There is a separate city commission for summary decisions relating to freights, exchange, and other mercantile matters.

4. The Guardian and Register Office (Das Curatel-Amt). This office takes cognizance of guardianships, trusts, &c. Two senior senators and one of the third bank administer the duties.

5. The Police Court (Das Polizeigericht) has the usual powers of such an office in the city and its dependencies. It is under the presidency of the junior burgomaster, with whom is associated one judicial senator, two judicial assessors, and two actuaries.

6. The Criminal Examination Office (Das peinliche Verhör Amt) is conducted by a counsellor of criminal law and a judicial actuary. In weighty criminal inquiries the younger burgomaster presides in this office.

7. The City Justice Office (Das Stadt Justiz Amt) is the initiatory court for all civil processes, the amount of which does exceed 300 florins. It is divided into three sections, and the duties are administered by two town bailiffs, one town assessor, and three judicial actuaries.

8. The Land Justice Office (Das Land-Justiz-Amt) is for the territorial dependencies in matters not exceeding the value of 300 florins, and decides when a voluntary jurisdiction is given in contracts, hypothecation, guardianships, partition of property, &c. The officers employed are a.bailiff and two clerks.

9. Office for Mortgages and matters relating to Fixed Property (Die Hypotheken-Transscriptions und Währschafts-Behörde). This office has jurisdiction only respecting immovables. The business is conducted by a mortgage book-keeper and his assistant, under the guidance of the City Court directors.

10. The Fiscalat is the City Exchequer, and has cognizance of many matters, proposals of guardianship, signing and sealing of obligations, permission to bury, the control of public auctions, &c., &c. A fiscal and judicial lawyer manage the office.

11. The Military Levy Commission (Die Aushebungs-Commission) consists of two senators, two deputies of the Commons' chamber, and one officer of the line, aided by two physicians to determine the сараbilities of those called upon to serve. This Commission has the organization of the military levies when called into actual service. About 5000 men are upon the rolls.

12. The Building Office (Das Bau-Amt) regulates buildings, and to its duties are added those of the departments of lighting, supply of water, and inspection of conduits, city promenades and gardens, pavements, and Fire Engine Institution. This office is directed by three senators, and one deputy of the Commons.

13. The Censors' Office (Die Bücherinspection) is under three

senators.

14. The Central Finance Commission (Die Central Finanz-Commission) is composed of five deputies from the Senate, and five from the representatives of the citizens.

15. The Consistory Courts, (Consistorien). The Evangelical Lutheran Consistory consists of two deputies from the Senate, three clergymen, and one judicial Consistory counsellor. The Evangelical Reformed Consistory has two senators, two spiritual Consistory counsellors, and two lay assessors.

16. The Income Tax and Sinking Fund Commission, (Die Einkommensteuer und Schuldentilgungs-Commission). This consists of five

deputies from the Senate, and five from the representatives of the citizens. A section of this body, consisting of two senators and two representatives of the citizens, forms the Dwelling-house and Lodgings' Tax Commission, "Die Wohn und Miethsteuer Commission."

17. The Forest Office (Das Forst Amt) is conducted by two deputies from the Senate and one representative of the citizens, assisted by a forest conservator staff.

18. The Guilds Deputation (Die Innungs-Deputation) has the junior burgomaster as president, assisted by two members of the council of the third order.

19. The Catholic Church and School Commission (Die Katholissche Kirchen-und Schul-Commission) is under two members of the Senate, two ecclesiastics, and one layman.

20. The War Office (Das Kriegszeug Amt) is managed by three deputies from the Senate and one from the representatives of the citizens; over whom the senior burgomaster presides.

21. The Land Office (Das Land Amt). This is distinctive from the City (Justice) Land Office, attending to matters of government and finance of the eight villages dependant upon Frankfort, and overlooking the institutions relating to charities, trades, buildings, police, &c. It is managed by three deputies from the Senate and one representative of the citizens.

22. The Pawn Office (Das Pfand-Amt). Pawnbroking is a government affair in Frankfort, as in China, lending small or large sums upon suitable deposits. It is managed by three deputies from the Senate and two from the representatives of the citizens. No private pawnbroking establishment is permitted.

23. The Police Office (Das Polizei Amt). The junior burgomaster presides over this office, assisted by a senator of the second order and a Counsellor of the third order. The staff of the office consists of an assessor, two actuaries, and two commissaries, &c. This office has an administrative and investigating competency; regulates the cleansing of the streets, fixes the price of every kind of food or necessaries of life, "Lebensbedürfnisse," and inspects the quality of the same in regard to health. For the protection of the living and of property, and for the prevention of disturbances endangering the public weal, there are 48 gens-d'armes, with six sub-officers and a superior officer; also 64 night watchers; and, for the outskirts of the town, 20 armed field-police, under two petty officers.

To the Police Office is joined the Fire Office. The fire-engine establishment is under the superior inspection of the junior burgomaster, who, immediately on a fire breaking out, orders the engines to the spot. The town is divided into 14 quarters, each of which has its engines, which quickly repair to the endangered neighbourhood on the alarm being given from the great watch-tower; and the city militia assemble for the preservation of order.

The Lock Hospital, as well as the Houses of Correction and Labour, are also under the inspection of the police. Since 1809 the Houses of Correction and Labour have been separated from the Orphan House.

For improving the moral and religious feelings of the inmates of these establishments, curates are appointed, and Sunday service is performed in one of the roomy wards; and beyond this, the prisoners can obtain religious books from a collection kept for their use.

The police have daily reports of all strangers who stop in the city made to it by the owners of houses where they take up their residence; the profession, name, rank, residence, &c. being given under severe penalties; and if they stay more than 24 hours, strangers must give up their passports and obtain written permission to remain. All servants, male or female, are obliged to take out books from the police, in which every particular connected with themselves is entered in different ruled columns; also name of master or mistress, date of employment, date of discharge, &c.; and a discharged servant is compelled, within 24 hours, to inform the police of the fact, and show his or her book, with the remarks upon it.

But the duties of the police extend to an infinity of other matters. The butchers, for instance, exercise their avocation each with a particular class of meat. He who sells beef does not sell mutton, and he who sells pork sells neither mutton nor beef. But, independently of these restrictions, each butcher can only sell a limited quantity of meat daily; and if he be so popular as to have a demand for more than his limited proportion, he must take it from some other butcher who has not yet sold his proportion; at least so I was told.

Women of the town are under the police. They are lodged in certain fixed localities, their numbers regulated, are subject to medical visitations; and when they travel, the poor creatures are obliged to record their profession in their passports in the coarsest terms. The number of illegitimate births will show that these restrictions have little effect upon morals.

Hackney carriages are under the police; and in each carriage is stuck the printed regulated rate of hire, the fare varying with the number of persons carried and the time occupied. The remuneration for the use of waggons, carts, trucks, porters, &c. is all fixed, contingent on weight and distance. Fire-wood is sold by the state, and the charge for its carriage is regulated by the distance it is taken. The men employed to saw the logs into lengths and split them are paid according to the number of lengths they saw; and in case the hatchet is used as well as the saw, in consequence of knots in the wood, the extra remuneration is fixed by the police.

The chimney-sweepers must inspect every chimney periodically, whether the owner of a house desire it or not, and the remuneration is fixed. In short, industry of all kinds, as well as all other matters, come under the cognizance of the police.

24. The United Excise and Exchequer Office (Das Vereinte-Rechenei und Renten-Amt) occupies the time of a numerous staff of accountants, under the direction of seven deputies from the Senate and four from the Representatives of the citizens. It looks to the accounts of the Mint, the land and river tolls, public stables, wood office, the purveyors, the carriers, city weighing department, the wharf cranes, the hay and goods weighing, the city gates accounts (weighing and passes, &c.), the bills of exchange and stamp office, the city salt magazine adminis

tration, the sales by public outcry, the measurers, the exchange brokers and merchandise factors, the corn markets, the gauging institution on the Main, and finally, the malt and meal weighing.

25. The Health Office, or College of Medicine (Das Sanitäts Amt). Matters relating to the practice of medicine and to the public health in the city and dependencies are subject to magisterial control, under the presidency of the younger burgomaster, assisted by four consulting physicians. All the professors of the healing art are subject to this office, namely, 83 physicians, 11 apothecaries, 12 surgeons of the first and 10 of the second class, 7 dentists, 14 midwives in the city and 11 in the suburbs and villages, and 5 veterinary surgeons; so that there is about 1 medical man to every 500 souls; and as the annual average of births is 1187, each midwife averages 85 cases for the city and Sachsenhausen. There are 125 lawyers in the city, so that not only the bodies, but the goods, of the lieges must be well looked after.

26. The City Chamber (Die Stadt-Kammerei) is connected with the Exchequer and the Finances, and is under the direction of two deputies of the Senate and one representative of the citizens.

27. The City Lottery (Die Stadtlotterie) is managed by four senators and four representatives of the citizens. Raising money by lottery is in great favour with governments in Germany. There are two lotteries annually in Frankfort, and shares are obtainable down to the value of a few pence; so that the very mendicant can have a chance. Some of the projects of lotteries of the petty states or principalities would seem to be more ingenious than honest. A loan is raised in small shares (25 florins, for instance), to be paid off in a certain number of years, so much annually; but, instead of interest being annually paid upon each of these shares, the shareholders are entitled to the chance of a prize, a small portion of the interest that government ought to pay being distributed in small prizes. If the shareholder's number comes up without a prize attached to it, the money originally lent to government, possibly years before, is repaid without interest; if the number is drawn with a prize attached to it, the lucky holder may consider it a godsend. Original shares, or numbers remaining undrawn for successive years, advance in saleable value annually, from the greater chance of obtaining a prize. My German cook, who held one of these subscription shares of 25 florins undrawn for several years, could obtain in the money and share market 35 florins for it in 1844; these lottery shares being quoted in the Price Currents, and being negociable like other securities. I presume the Germans are peculiar in finding this lottery system attractive. To the credit of Frankfort, its lottery is not upon this principle.

28. The Foundations' Deputation (Die Stiftungs-Deputation). Charitable foundations are watched over by two deputies from the Senate.

29. The Enquiry Commission (Die Untersuchungs-Commission) looks to the claims and rights of citizenship, sojourners, &c., and is superintended by the junior burgomaster, assisted, if necessary, by two senators of the third bench.

30. The Tolls and Customs Administration (Die Zollverwaltung) is under a director, two counsellors, two secretaries and accountants