For

is (1) a Conjunction, when it connects words or sentences, and is used in giving a reason; as, "They will never succeed, for they are inattentive."

(2)-a Preposition, when it is followed by a noun or a pronoun in the objective case; as, "Prizes were awarded for good conduct.”

So also is notwithstanding.

66

Since is (1) a Preposition, when followed by a noun in the objective case denoting a portion of time, or a past event; as, "No greater event has happened since the Revolution." (2)—a Conjunction, when it denotes a reason; as, The boy must obey, since his father commands." (3)—an Adverb simply, or a conjunctive adverb, when it denotes time; as, "I have not seen him since."—"Two years have passed since it happened."

That is (1) a Relative Pronoun, when who, whom, or which may be substituted for it; as, 66 Solomon was the wisest man that ever lived."-"All that heard him were astonished."

(2)-a Pronominal Adjective, when it limits or represents

a noun; as, "That event caused joy in all hearts.""This word may be used for that."

(3)—a Conjunction, when it is used to connect sentences; as, "Live well, that you die well."

Then is (1) a Conjunction, when it means in that case, or in consequence; as, "If this is justice, then I want none

of it."

(2)—an Adverb, when it denotes time; as,

then king."

"Alfred was

What is (1) a Relative Pronoun, when thing which or things which may be substituted for it; as, "What he sought, he obtained."

(2) an Interrogative Pronoun, when it is used to ask a question; as, "What caused the accident?"

(3)—a Pronominal Adjective simply, when it limits a noun; as, "What fame Cæsar acquired."

(4)—a Pronominal Adjective and Relative Pronoun at the same time, when it limits a noun, and when that which or those which may be substituted for it; as, “What vessels survived the storm were captured."

(5)—an Adverb, when it means partly; as, “What by fire,

and what by sword, the whole country was laid waste."

(6)—an Interjection, when used as an exclamation express

ing surprise; as, "What! did he commit that crime?" While is (1) a Noun, when it denotes space of time; as, “For a while we thought him innocent."

Yet

(2)—an Adverb, when it denotes during the time that; as, "I will work while you rest."

(3)—a Verb, when it means to spend or pass; as, “He travelled merely to while away the time."

66

is (1)—an Adverb, when it means in addition, thus far, at the present time; as, He adduced yet one more argument to prove his point."

(2)—a Conjunction, when it means notwithstanding, nevertheless; as, "Though the land has become a wilderness, yet industry may reclaim it.”

GENERAL EXERCISES IN PARSING.

The parsing of the following sentences and extracts requires the use of all the preceding models:

Charles Martel conquered the Saracens. Men's minds are swayed by various passions. Time flies. The eagle seized the child in his talons and flew away. When did you come? When the dykes were broken, the water overflowed the country for many miles. Adieu, I will see you soon again.

Improve the moments while they pass. I do not think it worth while to continue the useless search. While he lived his power stood firm: few indeed loved his government; but those who hated it most, hated it less than they feared it. Thus they whiled away many hours beside the brook, until the distant thunder warned them to retrace their steps.

The sun sets in a cloud. The leaves are dyed with the gorgeous tints of autumn. The king sat on his throne. He died by the assassin's blow. The ship lay motionless on the unruffled waters. Winter set in early, and the ground was frozen before Mary could set out her hyacinths along the garden borders. Where have you laid my pencil? It lay just now on the table. Then you must confess that you lied when you told that tale. I have lain awake the whole night.

Unless thou make haste, the opportunity will soon be lost. If reason were taken away, where were man's superiority? Happiness is found solely neither with the rich nor with the poor. I will speak daggers to her, but

use none. Whom did you see? Either condition is better than anxious suspense. Whose books are these? Neither fulfilled the expectations of his friends. Ye are my friends, if ye do whatsoever I command you. We will part in peace, since we must part.

What joy filled all hearts when the news of the victory was announced! Man has earned his bread by the sweat of his brow since the Fall. After the wind had changed, a fleet of forty sail came into port. The army was compelled either to retreat or to surrender. Two men-of-war were wrecked near Cape Hatteras. He misapplied what little reason he had. It shall be declared to-morrow which pupil has obtained the prize. Both ladies were young, and one was beautiful. What is moving on yonder summit? What by genius, and what by study, Newton's mind sounded the profoundest depths of wisdom.

Whatever property he had at first, I know that now all is squandered. Into the sheet of water reflecting the flushed sky in the foreground of the living picture, a knot of urchins were casting stones, and watching the expanding of the rippling circles.

We all have two educations, one of which we receive from others; and the other, and the more valuable, that which we give to ourselves. It is this latter which fixes our grade in society, and eventually our actual condition in this life, and the color of our fate hereafter. All the professors in the world can not make us wise or good men without our own co-operation; and if such we are determined to be, the want of them will not prevail.

That government would be thought hard which should tax its people onetenth part of their time to be employed in its service; but idleness taxes many of us much more, if we reckon all that is spent in absolute sloth, or in doing nothing, with that which is spent in idle employments, or in amusements which amount to nothing. Sloth, by bringing on diseases, absolutely shortens life. Sloth, like rust, consumes faster than labor wears, while the key often used is always bright.

I see before me the gladiator lie:

He leans upon his hand; his manly brow
Consents to death, but conquers agony,
And his drooped head sinks gradually low:
And through his side the last drops, ebbing slow
From the red gash, fall heavy, one by one,

Like the first of a thunder-shower; and now

The arena swims around him; he is gone,

Ere ceased the inhuman shout which hailed the wretch who won.

9*

PART THIRD.

SYNTAX.

SYNTAX treats of sentences, and teaches how to construct them from words.

A Sentence is two or more words (one of which must be a finite verb) so combined as to make complete sense; "Water flows."-" Experience gives wisdom."

as,

The complete sense contained in a sentence is called a Proposition, and every sentence is said to contain a proposition.

The name sentence is applied to all the words taken in combination; proposition, to the thought which they express; therefore, "Water flows," is both a sentence and a proposition.

The expression of thought in successive sentences is termed Discourse.

A Phrase is two or more words combined, forming one expression but not making complete sense; as, To seek its level; in general; to a great degree.

CLASSES OF SENTENCES ACCORDING TO USE.

Sentences may be divided, according to the manner in which they are used, into Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative, and Exclamatory.

A Declarative Sentence is one which is used to affirm or to deny; as, "The sun shines."-"Dishonesty will not prosper."

102

Declarative sentences are far more numerous in discourse than those belonging to the other classes; they are converted into sentences of the other classes by the manner of their use.

An Interrogative Sentence is one which is used to ask a question; as, "Does the sun shine?"

An Imperative Sentence is one which is used to express a command, an entreaty, or a permission, by means of a verb in the imperative mode; as, "Let the sun shine.""Be persuaded."

An Exclamatory Sentence is one which is used in exclamation, or to express strong emotion; as, "How the sun shines!"—"Alas, we are lost!"

EXERCISE.-Mention to which class each of the following sentences belongs, and give the reason :

MODEL 1.-"The sun gives light."-This is a declarative sentence, because it is one which is used to affirm something.

2.- -"Obey your parents."-This is an imperative sentence, because it is one which is used to express a command by means of a verb in the imperative mode.

The winds blow. The stars are shining. Truth lies in a well. What is truth? Control your passions. Great offices need great men. Oh! how thoughtless I am! Who conquered Gaul? Cæsar conquered Gaul. Know thyself. May you be happy. What shadows we pursue! Gratitude is a noble emotion. Bring me the captive now. Oh what a fall was there, my countrymen! The buds will expand into leaves. If God be with us, who can be against us? Between virtue and vice there can be no middle path. If thine enemy hunger, feed him. In what year did Burgoyne surrender? O for a lodge in some vast wilderness! Faint hearts make feeble hands.

CLASSES OF SENTENCES ACCORDING TO FORM.

Sentences are divided according to their form into Simple, Complex, and Compound.

A Simple Sentence is one which contains a single proposition; as, "I will go."