THE journal of Dr. Livingstone's third expedition into the interior of Africa begins with his arrival at Zanzibar, Jan. 28, 1866, having sailed from Bombay on the 5th. With the help of letters, and a superb present (a steamer from the Chinese fleet) for the sultan of Zanzibar (through whose loosely governed domain he was to proceed) from the Governor of Bombay, many facilities were furnished Livingstone at the outset of his undertaking, including a letter commending him to the head men of the tribes, which fairly commenced on the 19th of March; the party sailing from Zanzibar in "The Penguin," Lieut. Garforth commanding, and consisting of thirteen sepoys, ten Johanna men, nine Nassack boys, two Shupanga men, and two Waiyans (Wakatani and Chuma) who had been liberated from slavers by the doctor and Bishop McKenzie in 1861.

His diary proper has this characteristic introduc

tion:

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"March 19. We start this morning at ten, A.M.

I

trust that the Most High may prosper me in this work, granting me influence in the eyes of the heathen, and helping me to make my intercourse beneficial to them."

Three days subsequently we find the party at Rovuma Bay, about two miles from the mouth of the Rovuma River. But the swollen state of the river, and the heavy jungle and miry ground, made it impossible to find any available roadway, especially for the camels, mules, buffaloes, and donkeys; and it was finally decided to land at Pemba, north side of entrance to Mikindany Bay, some twenty-five miles farther north. The animals were thought necessary to carry the baggage and goods of the party, -the goods consisting chiefly of cloth and beads, the articles most in demand in trading with tribes all through Africa, a yard or a fathom of the former purchasing almost any amount of food, and a string of the latter being the open sesame to favors of the largest degree. But one by one the beasts succumbed, either to the poisonous bite of the tsetse fly, or to abuse and overwork by his sepoy attendants. Here the outfit for the trip was landed, and the work of preparation entered upon. We began to prepare saddles of a very strong tree called ntibwe, used for making the hooked spears for killing hippopotami, —very strong and tough. I also applied for twenty carriers, and a Banian engaged to get them. In view of the great object contemplated, Mr. Livingstone says at this point, "I feel quite exhilarated. When one travels with the view of ameliorating the condition of the natives, every act becomes ennobled."

April 4, 1866. When about to start from Pemba, one of the buffaloes gored a donkey so badly that he had to be

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shot. Our path lay in a valley, with well-wooded heights on each side. The route was nearly south, taking us generally in the direction of the Rovuma River, under Ben Ali, a Somalie guide. [The most of the way till reaching the river was beset with dense tangles of a sin gular thorn-climber, which so interlaced the branches of the trees as to oblige them to employ the villagers as cutters and carriers. Much trouble was also experienced from the treachery and laziness of the sepoys, and their inhuman treatment of the camels, leading Dr. Livingstone to regret having taken them.

Finding the Makonde people strangely showing them no little kindness (for their habit is to tax all travellers through their country), Dr. Livingstone says, "This is an answer to my prayer for influence on the minds of the heathen. I wish I could speak to them that good of His name which I ought." Gum-copal trees abounded here; and the gum was found oozing from cuts in the tree, and dropping from the branches.]

April 13. — In descending the northern slope down to the Rovuma, we caught occasional glimpses of the country, seeming to be covered with great masses of dark green forest. Frequently our vision was circumscribed to a few yards. The moisture from the Indian Ocean gives the vegetation a rank luxuriance, with a steamy, smothering air, making me feel that I was, like it, struggling for existence, and no more capable of taking bearings than if in a hogshead, and observing through the bung-hole. A head man presented me a goat, and there arose a fierce dispute among my Moslem attendants about how its throat should be cut. Interesting to reflect that not Christians alone feel keenly on religious subjects.

April 21. The rapacity of the Mazitu, a marauding

and slave-stealing tribe, is shown in the absence of all provisions in the Valley of Mehambwe, which they had carried off in one of their invasions.

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April 23. Passing a spot where an animal had beer burnt, we learned that the Makonde tribe, when they kill a leopard, do not eat it (though other tribes do freely) because leopards devour men.

May 1. Reached a more open country, relieving us of the necessity of cutting our way. Found a village sarrounded by a strong stockade to protect the villagers from the slavers, who would steal the women as they went to draw water. May 3. Rested in a Makoa village. Our poodle-dog frightened all the dogs here, they not seeming to know at which end his head or tail lay.

May 14. - The people of Hassane's town are very kind, but all are terror-stricken by the Mazitus. We noticed that even a child would not go a few yards for necessary purposes unless grandmother stood in sight.

May 19.

Reached the confluence of Rovuma with Loendi River, and were taken over the stream by Matumora, who sat on the bank till the goods were all carried across, and then came in the canoe with me. He opened

a fish-basket in the weir, and gave me the contents, with some green sorghum. He says the Loendi and Rovuma come out of Lake Nyassa, though many waterfalls are in their path. It is strange if all this is a myth.

June 3.

I asked Matumora if the Matwambe believed in God. He did not know him, and said, if I asked the people if they prayed to him, they would think I wished them killed, that they prayed by offering a little meal, but did not know much about him.

June 6. Met a slaving party. Few acknowledge as a

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reason for slaving, that sowing and spinning cotton is painful. Makochera thought God was not good, for he killed so many. [Everywhere Livingstone finds the presence of an Englishman alarming to the slavers, who are chiefly low-caste Arabs, and whose precipitate retreat from him gave him additional prestige among the tribes.]

June 12. Makoloya visited me, and said he had heard about the Bible, and his father had told him there is a God, but nothing more. The tattooing on the people's bodies much resembles the old Egyptian drawings, wavy lines signifying water, trees, and gardens.

June 13. It is astonishing to see the increasing evidences of the slave-trade in the number of yokes by the roadside, indicating how the poor creatures fell out of the ranks to die. The African cow never gives its milk unless the calf is present, or its stuffed skin, called "fulchan." It is curious that trade-rum is almost unknown on the east coast of Africa. The Portuguese of South Delgado have even erected distilleries, but the trade will not succeed. But beer is common everywhere.

June 19. Passed a woman tied by the neck to a tree, dead. A slaver had killed her to prevent any one else getting the benefit of her sale, as she dropped from exhaustion.

June 27. We found a number of slaves with slavesticks on, abandoned by the slave-traders for want of food, too weak to speak, and left fastened together to die. Told Chenjewala's people that those who sold the slaves were guilty of murder, and that they were impoverishing heir country besides. They are dumbfounded when we tell them that, in the eyes of their Maker, they are parties to the destruction of human life, and dislike the idea of guilt being attached to them for having sold the many slaves who perish on the way.