• - Descends the Zambesi.-Arrival of Bishop Mackenzie. — Liberates a Band of Slaves. - Death of Bishop Mackenzie.- Arrival and Death Dreadful Results of a Slave Raid. — Dr. Livingstone recalled. - Journey of Exploration beyond Lake Nyassa. Starts for Home. - Arrival Starts a Third Time for Africa. His reported Murder. - Expedition sent in Search of him. - - Letters from himself. — Again lost to View. Dr. Livingstone as found by Mr. Stanley. - Expedition to North End of Lake Tanganyika. - Dr. Livingstone accompanies Mr. Stanley to Unyanyembe. - Mr. Stanley's Arrival in England. - Sketch of his Sir Bartle Frere's Mission. - Expeditions sent to assist Dr. Livingstone. Reaches Zanzibar. - Ravages of Slave-stealers. - Theory of Inundations. -Vultures. - Smelting Iron. - Loss of Medicines. - Lake Tangan- yika. - Cropping Ears. — History of Joseph and his Brethren familiar to the Natives. - Current through Tanganyika. — Timidity of people. - Circumcision. - Beautiful Country. - Illness. -Reaches Lualaba. 851 DAVID LIVINGSTONE was born at Blantyre, near Glasgow, in 1813. He was the son of humble but respectable parents, whose simple piety and worth were noticeable even in a community, which, in those days, ranked above the average for all those manly and self-denying virtues which were, a few generations ago, so characteristic of the lower classes of Scotland. Humble and even trying circumstances did not make them discontented with their lot, nor tend to make them forget the stainless name which had descended to them from a line of predecessors whose worldly circumstances were hardly better than their own. In the introduction to his " Missionary Travels and Researches" in South Africa, published in 1857, Dr. Livingstone gave a brief and modest sketch of his early years, together with some account of the humble, although uotable family from which he sprang. "One great-grand7 father," he tells us, "fell at the battle of Culloden, fighting for the old line of kings; and one grandfather was a small farmer in Ulva, where my father was born. It is one of that cluster of the Hebrides thus spoken of by Sir Walter Scott: 'And Ulva dark, and Colonsay, "Our grandfather was intimately acquainted with ail the traditionary legends which that great writer has since made use of in 'The Tales of a Grandfather,' and other works. As a boy, I remember listening with delight, for his memory was stored with a never-ending stock of stories; many of which were wonderfully like those I have since heard while sitting by the African evening fires. Our grandmother, too, used to sing Gaelic songs, some of which, as she believed, had been composed by captive Highlanders languishing among the Turks." The reverence of your true Highlander for his ancestors, and his knowledge of them and their doings for many generations, have been frequently the subject of mirth to the Lowlanders, or Sassenachs as they are termed by the Celts; but, in such instances as that of the family of which we are treating, such feelings are not only virtues, but are the incentives to bold and manly effort in the most trying circumstances. Livingstone tells us that his grandfather could rehearse traditions of the families for six generations before him. One of these was of a nature to make a strong impression on the imaginative and independent mind of the boy, even when almost borne down with toil too severe for his years. He says, "One of these poor, hardy islanders was renowned in the district for great wis EARLY YEARS. dom and prudcncc; and it is related, that, when he was on his death-bed, he called all his children around him, and said, ‘Now, in my lifetime I have searched most carefully through all the traditions I could find of our family; and I never could discover that there was a dishonest man among our forefathers. If, therefore, any of you, or any of your children, should take to dishonest ways, it will not be because it runs in our blood: it does not belong to you. I leave this precept with you: Be honest."" With pardonable pride, and some covert sarcasm, Livingstone points out that at the period in question, according to Macaulay, the Highlanders "were much like Cape Caffres; and any one, it was said, could escape punishment for cattle-stealing by presenting a share of the plunder to his chieftain." Macaulay's assertion was true of the clans and bands of broken men who dwelt near the Highland line. But, even in their case, these cattle-lifting raids hardly deserved the designation of pure theft; as, even up to the middle of the last century, they looked upon the Lowlanders as an alien race, and consequently enemies, whom it was lawful to despoil; the conduct of the needy and ambitious nobles who drove them from their native haunts, where their fathers had lived and hunted for centuries, with a view to possessing themselves of their inheritance, too often furnishing a sufficient excuse for the deeds of violence and plunder which figure so prominently in the annals of the country, down even to the days of George II. Like most of the Highlanders, his ancestors were Roman Catholics; but, when Protestantism got fairly established in Scotland, the apostacy of the chief was followed by that of the entire clan. Livingstone says, "They were made Protestants by the laird (the squire) coming round, with a man having a yellow staff, which would seem to have attracted more attention than his teaching; for the new religion went long afterwards, perhaps it does so still, by the name of the religion of the staff."" In the olden time, religion to them was only secondary to their devotion and attachment to their chief, and never seems to have taken any firm hold of their imaginations The country was poor in money, and the priests they were familiar with were poor and ignorant; and, within the Highland line, there were no splendid edifices, or pomps of worship, to rouse their enthusiasm: so that the abandonment of their old mode of worship was no sacrifice. With the breaking-up of the clans, and the introduction of industrial occupation, and the teaching and preaching of devoted adherents of the new religion, the minds of the Highlanders were moved; and for many generations, and even at the present day, the Presbyterian form of worship has no more zealous adherents than the people of the Highlands of Scotland. The man with the yellow staff was, in all likelihood, one of the commissioners sent out by the General Assembly to advocate the cause of the new religion among those who were either indifferent, or were too remote from Edinburgh to be affected by the deadly struggle for supremacy which was going on between the old creed and the new religion. Towards the end of the last century, finding the small farm in Ulva insufficient for the maintenance of his family, Livingstone's grandfather removed to Blantyre; where he, for a number of years, occupied a position of trust in the employment of Messrs. Monteith & Co., of Blantyre Cotton Works, his sons being employed as clerks. It formed part of the old man's duty to convey large sums of money to and from Glasgow; and his unflinching hon |