AHISTORY OF THE
UNITED STATES
AND ITS PEOPLE

FROM THEIR EARLIEST RECORDS TO
THE PRESENT TIME

BY

ELROY MCKENDREE AVERY

IN SIXTEEN VOLUMES
VOLUME VI

CLEVELAND

THE BURROWS BROTHERS
COMPANY MCMIX

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HE fifth volume of this work told the story of events that culminated in the declaration of American independence- or how our ancestors got into the Revolutionary war. This volume is an attempt to describe, as clearly as space limitations will permit, the events that were crowded into the period between that immortal declaration and the adoption of our national constitution-or how our patriot sires got out of their eight years' war.

In the preceding volumes, I followed official usage in writing the name of the South Carolina metropolis, Charles Town. By an act of incorporation passed on the thirteenth of August, 1783, the name was changed to Charleston, the form used in the present volume.

My obligation to Dr. Paul L. Haworth, as acknowledged in the prefaces to my fourth and fifth volumes, has been enlarged by his continued assistance. I am also under great obligation to Mr. Albion M. Dyer of the Western Reserve Historical Society for the suggestion of a special study of the history of the Seven Ranges and for able and energetic assistance in the prosecution thereof, and to officials and employees of the general land office at Washington City for many courtesies. To the reviewers and many others who have aided me with criticism and suggestion, and especially to my publishers who, in the matter of illustration, seem determined to push each volume into successful rivalry with its predecessor, I desire to express my grateful appreciation. ELROY M. AVERY

Cleveland, July, 1909

Introductory: Preface; List of Maps and Illustrations.

I. The New York Campaign

II. Trenton and Princeton-Congress

III. Brandywine and Germantown

IV. Saratoga.

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V. Foreign Relations and the French Alliance 134

VI. New Governments, State and Confederate 150

VII. Valley Forge, Monmouth, and Newport

VIII. Border Warfare and the Conquest of the

Northwest.

IX. The Second Attempt upon the South

X. The War in the North, 1779-80

XI. On the Sea

XII. European Complications-The Armed

Neutrality

XIII. The Reclamation of the Carolinas

XIV. The Final Blow

XV. The Sinews of War

XVII. Peace

164

184

. 209

. 233

256

· 342

XVIII. Disabled and Drifting

XIX. Opening the West; the Ordinance of 1787 398

Bibliographical Appendix

NOTE. A general index will be found in the last volume of this work.

A reproduction of the painting by Gilbert Stuart, called the Gibbs-Channing-
Avery portrait. This most interesting likeness of Washington is the rep-
resentative of Washington's first sitting to Stuart in September, 1795.
This sitting originated the first type of the Washington portrait by Stuart,
showing the right side of his face. All other portraits of this type are
very inferior to the Gibbs Washington in individuality of handling and in
detail.

In The Life and Works of Gilbert Stuart (New York, 1879) Mason says:
"The finest [portrait of Washington] beyond all comparison is that form-
erly owned by Dr. William F. Channing of Providence, R. I.
It was
painted for Colonel Gibbs and from him passed to his sister, Mrs. Chan-
ning.' A venerable engraver of a generation ago, A. B. Durand, said of
it: "That is a likeness. It is much superior in character to the Athe-
nææum portrait and should be considered a standard."

It is at present deposited in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York,
as a loan from the late Samuel P. Avery, who purchased it from Mr.
Channing.

Autograph:

From an original letter dated February 23, 1794, in the New York Public
Library.

Coat of Arms:

Uniform of a Hessian Grenadier of Rall's Regiment

Painted, after careful study, by Mr. H. A. Ogden, who prepared the draw-
ings for Uniform of the Army of the United States, 1774 to 1889, pub-
lished by the Quartermaster-general.

Portrait of Sir Guy Carleton, Governor-general of

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