Political Economy, for Plain People: Applied to the Past and Present State of BritainLongman's, Green, and Company, 1873 - 353 ページ |
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Adam Smith advantages afford agriculture amount arts Bank of England capital cause circulation circumstances civilized comforts commercial commodities condition consumed consumption continually Corn-laws cost cultivation debt demand desire distribution division of labour duction duties economists employed employment enabled engaged England enjoyment equally exchange exertions existence expenditure expense extent favour fertility foreign happiness human improvement increase individual industry injury interest invention J. S. Mill labouring class land landlord latter less limited luxuries mankind manufactures means ment monopoly natural necessary numbers object obtain occupation owner parties perhaps period persons Political Economy poor-law population portion possession present principles production profit proportion proportionate purchase quantity rent result serfs skill society soil sovereign square mile subsistence supply taxation taxes tenants things tion trade value of money vast vidual villeins W. R. Greg wages war horses wealth
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122 ページ - Rent is that portion of the produce of the earth, which is paid to the landlord for the use of the original and indestructible powers of the soil.
83 ページ - ... any sort of action or operation, whether performed by man, the lower animals, machinery, or natural agents, that tends to bring about a desirable result!
39 ページ - ... antagonist muscles, regulate the extent of his dealings, and the prices at which he buys and sells. An abundant supply causes him to lower his prices, and thus enables the public to enjoy that abundance ; while he is guided only by the apprehension of being undersold ; and, on the other hand, an actual or apprehended scarcity causes him to demand a higher price, or to keep back his goods in expectation of a rise.
86 ページ - The profit obtained by the owner of capital from its productive employment, whether in his own hands or those of another party, to whom it is lent, is to be viewed in the light of a compensation to him for abstaining for a time from the consumption of that portion of his property on his personal gratification...
321 ページ - The laws and conditions of the production of wealth, partake of the character of physical truths. There is nothing optional, or arbitrary in them. Whatever mankind produce, must be produced in the modes, and under the conditions, imposed by the constitution of external things, and by the inherent properties of their own bodily and mental structure.
40 ページ - And in the pursuit of this object, without any comprehensive wisdom, or any need of it, they cooperate, unknowingly, in conducting a system which, we may safely say, no human wisdom directed to that end could have conducted so well : — the system by which this enormous population is fed from day to day.
321 ページ - It is not so with the Distribution of Wealth. That is a matter of human institution solely. The things once there, mankind, individually or collectively, can do with them as they like.
282 ページ - On these grounds it has been proposed to correct the legal standard of value (or, at least, to afford to individuals the means of ascertaining its errors), by the periodical publication of an authentic pricecurrent, containing a list of a large number of articles in general use, arranged in quantities corresponding to their relative consumption, so as to give the rise or fall, from time to time, of the mean of prices ; which will indicate, with all the exactness desirable for commercial purposes,...
187 ページ - Land and trade," to borrow the just and forcible expressions of Sir Josiah Child, "are TWINS, and have always, and ever will, wax and wane together. It cannot be ill with trade but lands will fall, nor ill with lands but trade will feel it.
97 ページ - ... to be made up of, 1. Interest of capital, or what can be got for its use without personal labour or risk; 2. Insurance against the risks incident to the particular business in which the stock is employed ; 3. Wages of labour for the personal superintendence, skill, or talent of the capitalist; 4. Monopoly gains, arising from the possession of exclusive advantages, such as secret or patented processes or instruments, superior connexions, facilities of local position, of soil, mines, collieries,...