Rev. FOR GENERAL PROFICIENCY IN SCHOOL STUDIES * A wreath of laurel enclosing a plain centre; under the wreath, J. S. & A. B. WYON. Size 57 m. R 4.

This variety is intended to be competed for in each of the common schools under charge of the Commissioners. It also differs from CLXIX only in the inscription on the reverse. The centre is left plain, that the name of the school may be engraved thereon, as well as that of the winning scholar. The design displayed on these three medals seems to lack the high art common to the medals struck by the Messrs. Wyon. Naked bust, with side whiskers, to the left; on the truncated part of the bust, J. MOORE F.

CLXXII. Obv. JOHN FROTHINGHAM

Rev. A heavy wreath of maple leaves enclosing THE BRITISH | AND| CANADIAN SCHOOL Size 50 m. |

R 5.

John Frothingham was for a long time one of our prominent hardware merchants, and although he has been dead some years, the firm of Frothingham & Workman, of which he was the head, still continues to do a flourishing business. The British and Canadian School is the longest established of any common school in Montreal; it also has passed under control of the Commissioners. The medal is still presented annually in bronze by the executors of the estate.

CLXXIII. Obv. Head of the Prince of Wales to the left; under the head, CAQUÉ. F | GRAVEUR DE S. M. L EMPEREUR

Rev. Inscription in the field, EDUARDUS ALBERTUS | PRINCEPS CAMBRIÆ | PROVINCIAM CANADENSEM | FAUSTA PRÆSENTIA HONORATAM | PERLUSTRANS | IN UNAQUAQUE NORMALI SCHOLA | PRÆMIUM IN SINGULOS ANNOS | MUNIFICE INSTITUIT. A. D. MDCCCLX. | IN SCHOLA ... MER ET CONS | A. D. 18

Size 55 m. R 5.

This is one of a number of munificent gifts by the Prince of Wales, presented to Canadian educational institutions during his visit in 1860. The Hon. P. J. J. O. Chaveau was at that time Deputy Minister of Education for Canada East, and he ordered the dies to be engraved by the chief French medallist. The face is beardless and has apparently somewhat of a French cast.

CLXXIV. Obv. PRESBYTERIAN COLLEGE lege building. It is of Norman architecture, On ground work to right, G H LOVETT.

Rev. CHRISTINA PRIZE : FOUNDED 1874

three bars in centre, AWARDED TO |

Size 45 m. R 5.

MONTREAL View of the Colwith a wedge-shaped tower.

Inscription, alternating with
| |
. | FOR | . . . . . . . | SESSION |

This medal was presented in silver by Mr. Sandham, calling it the Christina prize, in honor of his wife. The dies are by G. H. Lovett of New York.

CLXXV. Obv. JOHN CALVIN 1509-1564. Bust of Calvin to the right, with cap and drapery; under the bust, J. S. & A. B. WYON SC.

Rev. PRESBYTERIAN COLLEGE ★ MONTREAL At the top of the field, STU

DENTS PRIZE FOUNDED 1872 Size 39 m. R 5.

This medal was founded by general subscription among the students. The Presbyterian College was organized about ten years ago as a Divinity Hall, and is affiliated with McGill University.

CLXXVI. Obv. + CALVARY CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH MONTREAL ✦ ORGANIZED 1874 Building as in CLVII; on ground work, ERECTED 1876

Rev. CONGREGATIONAL COLLEGE OF B. N. A. MONTREAL FOUNDED a. D. 1839 A triangular shield surmounted by a crown; on the shield is a Latin cross,

and an open book inscribed DI | SCI | TE. | A. | ME. Underneath the shield is a ribbon inscribed SUMMUM. STUDIUM IN VITA JESU MEDITARI Size 45 m. R 2.

The design on the obverse of this medal is the same as that of CLVII. The church having adopted the name of Calvary instead of Western, the old die was altered. A copy of the deed of gift will be found in the Antiquarian, Vol. VII, page 21. This medal has been awarded annually in silver since 1878.

CLXXVII. Obv. EDWARD MURPHY DONOR FOUNDED A: D: 1873. Head to the left, with moustache and full side whiskers. Under the head, J. S. &

A. B. WYON

Rev. CATHOLIC COMMERCIAL ACADEMY MONTREAL Within a wreath of maple leaves, FOR THE ENCOURAGEMENT | OF COMMERCIAL | EDUCATION with a shamrock above and a beaver below. Size 45 m.

R 3.

Mr. Murphy is a member of the firm of Frothingham & Workman, the head of which founded the medal for the British and Canadian School. I have given a full account of this medal in Vol. V., page 186 of the Antiquarian.

CLXXVIII. Obv. ALBERT EDWARD PRINCE OF WALES Head of the prince to the left. Under the head, J. S. WYON SC.

Rev. BISHOP'S COLLEGE. LENNOXVILLE CANADA PRIZE FOVNDED BY H. R. H. THE PRINCE OF WALES 1860. A triangular shield surmounted by a bishop's mitre. The shield has a Latin cross, with an open book in the centre, below the shield, is a ribbon inscribed RECTI CVLTVS PECTORA ROBORANT The shield rests on a back ground of lattice work. Size 45 m. R 5.

Lennoxville is a small village about a hundred miles east of Montreal. The aim in establishing this college was to make the place a kind of Canadian Oxford. So far the village has little if any of the true classical atmosphere, while the college is hardly known beyond its precincts, save as a training school for boys. The reverse of this medal is the most beautiful of the Canadian series.

View of the citadel

CLXXIX. Obv. NATURA FORTIS INDUSTRIA CRESCIT. of Quebec, with a ship under full sail in the distance. In the foreground is a female figure seated to the right. Her left hand is extended, while she holds a cornucopia; in her right, before her, is a beaver, and behind a beehive; at her side is a shield, with a lion to the left. On the groundwork is J. MOORE

Rev. HIGH SCHOOL OF QUEBEC Within a wreath of maple leaves, THE| HENRY FRY ENGLISH | PRIZE. Size 45 m. R 5.

Henry Fry is a merchant who amassed considerable wealth in the lumber business in Quebec, and his name has long been associated with Quebec enterprise. This medal is by the same artist as the Frothingham medal, J. Moore, of Birmingham. I do not know of his having prepared any other dies for Canadian medals. The design is chaste and highly creditable to the artist.

CLXXX. Obv. UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL QUEBEC. Within an inner circle, DEO. FAVENTE HAUD. PLURIBUS. IMPAR Between palm branches is a shield quartered; in the upper left is a Latin cross, in the lower a balance; in the upper right an open book, and in the lower a snake twining round a rod. From behind the cross issue upwards a number of rays, among them a Maltese cross and four dots.

Rev. PRIX DE POÉSIE FRANÇAISE A wreath of laurel enclosing a plain field; at the top, within two palm branches, a shield bearing an open book. Size 40 m. R 4.

This medal is by Lovett, and seems both in design and execution much inferior to his later works. It is presented annually in gold, silver, and bronze, for competition among the students for the best poems in the French language. Sandham, in his Supplement, No. 57, describes another similar medal with the inscription, "Prix d'elocution." I am confident that no medal of this description has ever been struck.

CLXXXI. Obv. PRÆMIVM DEMERS HIS. VTERE. DELICIIS A hermit's cave, with a hermit seated to the left reading a large volume; in front of him is an antique lamp. The groundwork is inscribed BLACK. STARR & FROST N. Y.

Rev. BACCALAVREVS. IN. ARTIBVS IN SEMINARIO QVEBECENSI Within a wreath of laurel, MAGISTRI | MEMOR | DISCIPVLVS Size 45 m. R 6.

The hermit and his cave in this medal are poorly executed, showing that it must be the work of an inferior artist. This is called the O'Reilly Medal, and is given annually in gold to the highest member of the graduating class in Laval University.

THE use together, in order to strike one piece, of two dies not intended to be so joined, is known to us by the exactly appropriate and expressive name of muling. The French call the result of such union "médailles hybrides." The custom of so using dies, whether intentionally or accidentally, can be traced far back. I have made no attempt to discover ancient mules, except in the Roman series; and in Cohen's work on the Coins of Imperial Rome, they are immediately found under Faustina, senior and junior, Lucius Verus, Alex. Severus, Julia Mamæa, Etruscilla, Salonina, Claudius II., and probably more. It is not worth while to attempt to follow the custom through mediæval and modern times, since the subject of present consideration is the position of the United States in this respect. And it has been left for us to turn into ridicule what ought to be a matter of curious interest; and to disgust the numismatic student of history or art by the production of muled coins and medals, which are disgraceful absurdities in each of these respects. To some of these mules it is proposed to call attention here, stating facts with as little condemnation as possible.

First, it must be said, that it is often difficult to draw with positiveness the line between legitimate issues and mules, especially in the case of "pattern pieces." A die may be cut with the intention of using it with more than one, and the enlarged use may be perfectly appropriate and proper. Again, one die of a coin or medal may break, and the new die be intentionally changed. Instances of both of these cases are easily found. To begin with our numismatic history of a century ago, one of the most curious groups of mules may be seen on Plate VII of Crosby's Early Coins of America, being the "Confederatios" and allied pieces, nearly all being justly patterns, and several now existing in only one specimen. Leaving out the two Nova Cæsarea combinations, which were issued for currency, and adding the Washington obtained by Mr. Crosby since the publication of the plate, we find thirteen dies so combined as to give fifteen pieces instead of six and a half. Four of these dies are almost identical with four other, each pair perhaps being prepared simply to offer a choice between two. But of the whole group, who shall

venture to say which were intended to be used together? Mr. Crosby makes no such attempt, nor is it proposed to do so here. Among them, however, are three manifest absurdities, pieces with a date on each side, the two dates being different.

In this country in the present century, we find illustrations of the most objectionable muling, as regards pattern coins in the issues of the U. S. Mint, and as regards medals in the productions of private hands. Each of these will be carefully considered. And first we notice the half-dollars of 1838. Of this year half-dollars of only one design were issued for circulation, but various patterns were prepared, viz., two obverse dies and three reverses, which may all justly be combined to form six designs, though I know of only five as existing. But the dies of the regular issue were joined with the pattern dies to form several perfectly meaningless mules, which fortunately exist in hardly more than one specimen each. In 1839 there were two half-dollars issued for circulation, and without any reason both of the obverses were muled with one of the pattern reverses of 1838. In the half-dollars of 1859 we find a similar state of things, only far worse. There was the half-dollar of circulation, and patterns were prepared, one of a special obverse and reverse, and another obverse with three alternative reverses. But the first pattern obverse was muled with the other three reverses, making a piece without any name of country, and the second pattern obverse was muled with the other pattern reverse, and with the reverse of the regular issue, the result reading UNITED STATES OF AMERICA on both sides. Could anything be more absurd and worthy of condemnation? In the patterns for five-cents of 1866-7-8 there certainly are mules, but classification of the many dies is difficult. Of 1866, however, there is one which reads IN GOD WE TRUST on both sides.

In the matter of medals our record is still worse, but here the blame does not belong to an institution of the government. Various persons have caused to be struck a large number of mules deserving utter condemnation, and unfortunately it is, so far as I know, the head of Washington which has most suffered. To the beautiful and interesting series, which is rightly connected with his name, have been added a lot of mongrels of every degree of monstrosity and baseness, many of them falsifying history, of which medals should be the closest preservers, and most, if not all, sinning against good taste and the requirements of art. I have had some thought of carefully studying my whole series of Washingtons, and mentioning all the mules; but immediately found that this would be too great an undertaking. Therefore I shall only notice a few of the more conspicuous.

The obverse of the medal of the Washington Temperance Society is found muled with that of the Mechanics Literary Association of Rochester, with head of Franklin. The obverse of a Washington. with inscription, "Unity of Government is the main pillar of Independence," was muled with both obverse and reverse of a Harrison medal of 1840. The obverse of Merriam's larger Washington has been muled with both obverse and reverse of the medal on dedication of the new Masonic Temple and with others. The obverse with inscription Pater Patria was muled with both obverse and reverse of the medal or ticket of Mobile Jockey Club. The obverse of Bolen's Washington was muled with both obverse and reverse of a ticket or check of the Apollo Gardens. The obverse of the Washington "Security" was muled

with both obverse and reverse of a copy of the Bermuda shilling, and with others. The Centennial Washington of 1832 has been muled with the reverse of Dickeson's coin-safe, making one of the most objectionable, though surpassed by the combination of two other Washington obverses, (which have themselves been joined to form a double-header,) each with reverse of the shield of Edward Willis Parsons, who has thus made for himself a notoriety in numismatics, which I cannot consider desirable. Lastly, for the many centennial medals of 1876 several earlier Washington reverses were, not unnaturally, but still wrongly, joined as mules with new reverse dies. These are only a part of the number of Washington mules which have been struck, but enough, I hope, to show how the beautiful legitimate series in his honor has been injured. Perhaps I feel especially bitter about Washington, as I have always taken particular interest and pride in my series of medals to him. Some of the mules with his head have been given to me by the originator, but I would rather have only half the number I own, if each were an honest medal, and no mules were in existence. Of course, I feel nothing but condemnation for such a group as was lately sold in New York, some fifty mules, which a misguided collector caused to be struck each in one specimen.

W. S. APPLETON.

JUDGES' MEDAL, FRENCH EXPOSITION.

SEVERAL Medals have recently been received in this country by gentlemen who served as Judges in the late French International Exhibition. We take the following description of one of these from a New York paper.

DR. ANTOINE RUPPANER is just in receipt, through ex-Governor McCormick, of a medal sent to him by the French Government, in commemoration of his services while member of the International Jury at the Paris Exhibition of 1878. The class in which Dr. Ruppaner was one of the judges was devoted to food and alimentary substances -the No. 75-which is among the most complex and difficult of classes to study. The medal itself, of bronze, is a very fine specimen of the medallic art. On the obverse, the genius of France, laurel-crowned, with outstretched arms presents wreaths to figures emblematic of art, science, mechanics and commerce. In the background is seen an outline of the exhibition building. The figures are draped, and all hold the various insignia of their calling. At the base, under the figures, is a nymph, indicative of the Seine, and on the right are the arms of the city of Paris, a galley under full sail. The reverse is composed of two flying figures, who hold a scroll, from whence unrolls the ground plan of the Exhibition. Around the obverse the legend is "Exposition Universelle Internationale, MDCCCLXXVIII." On the reverse, on top, "République Française," and around the rim the following, which we translate: Plan of buildings of the Exposition of the Champs de Mars and of the Trocadéro." On the face of the medal in Roman text is struck: "In 1878, the eighth year of the French Republic, Marshal MacMahon, Duke of Magenta, being President; Teisserenc de Bort, Minister of Commerce and Agriculture; J. Baptiste Kranz, Senator and Commissioner, the Universal Exhibition was held." The designer of this medal is Oudine. The whole subject is powerfully treated, the figures standing out in bold relief, while the mechanical execution cannot be surpassed.