posius ever existed, and that the real author of these trifles is no less a personage than the Latin father Caelius Firmianus Lactantius, the pupil of Arnobius, who taught at Sicca; the author, as we learn from Jerome, of a Symposium. This hypothesis, although supported by much learning, is so wild as scarcely to deserve confutation. It will be sufficient to remark that all MSS. agree in representing Symposius (or something like it) as a proper name, that there are no grounds for supposing the Symposium of Lactantius to have been of a light or trivial character, but that we are rather led to conclude that it was a grave dialogue or disquisition, resembling in plan the Symposia of Xenophon, of Plato, and of Plutarch, or the Saturnalia of Macrobius.

The Aenigmata were first printed at Paris, 8vo. 1533, along with the Sayings of the Seven Wise Men of Greece: the most elaborate edition is that of Heumann, Hannov., 8vo. 1722, which was followed by that of Heynatz, Francof. ad Viad., 8vo. 1775; the most useful is that contained in the Poet. Lat. Min. of Wernsdorf, vol. vi. part ii. p. 474, with very complete prolegomena (p. 410). The Odes are given in the same collection, vol. iii. pp. 386, 389. See also vol. v. part iii. p. 1464, and vol. iv. part ii. p. 853. [W. R.]

FIR'MICUS MATERNUS, JU'LIUS, or perhaps VI'LLIUS. We possess a treatise, which bears the title Julii Firmici Materni Junioris Siculi V. C. Matheseos Libri VIII., the writer of which, as we gather from his own statement (lib. iv. praef.), during a portion of his life, practised as a forensic pleader, but abandoned the profession in disgust. The production named above is a formal introduction to judicial astrology, according to the discipline of the Egyptians and Babylonians, as expounded by the most renowned masters, among whom we find enumerated Petosiris, Necepso, Abraham, and Orpheus. The first book is chiefly occupied with a defence of the study; the second, third, and fourth contain the definitions and maxims of the science, while in the remainder the powers and natal influences (apotelesmata) of the heavenly bodies in their various aspects and combinations are fully developed, the horoscopes of Oedipus, Paris, Homer, Plato, Archimedes, and various other remarkable individuals, being examined, as examples of the propositions enunciated.

It would appear that the task was commenced towards the close of the reign of Constantine the Great, for a solar eclipse, which happened in the consulship of Optatus and Paullinus, A. D. 334, is spoken of (lib. i. 1.) as a recent event. It seems probable, however, that the whole was not published at once; for while each book is formally addressed to Manutius Lollianus, the title of proconsul is added to his name in the dedication to the last four only. If this Lollianus be the Fl. Lollianus who appears in the Fasti along with Fl. Arbitio, in the year 355, the conclusion of the work might be referred to an epoch somewhat later than this date.

had followed the Antiscia of Hipparchus, but had erred in presupposing a degree of knowledge on the part of his readers that they were little likely to possess. In the Libri Matheseos we find references to other pieces previously composed by the author upon similar topics, especially to a dissertation De Domino Geniturae et Chronocratone, and De Fine Vitae; the former addressed to a friend, Murinus (iv. 14, vii. 6.), while he promises to publish "twelve books" as a supplement to his present undertaking (v. 1), together with an explanation of the Myriogenesis (viii. Praef.), and a translation of Necepso upon health and disease (viii. 3). Of these not one has been preserved.

Although we can trace in several passages a correspondence with the Astronomica of Manilius, we are led to suppose that Firmicus was ignorant of the existence of that poem; for his expressions on two occasions (lib. ii. Praef. viii. 2) imply his belief that scarcely any Roman writers had touched upon these themes except Cicero and Caesar, the translators of Aratus, and Fronto. who

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Firmicus Maternus was first printed at Venice, fol. 1497, by Bivilacqua, from a MS. brought to Italy by Pescennius Franciscus Niger from Constantinople; again by Aldus, fol. 1499, in a volume containing also Manilius, the Phaenomena of Aratus, in Greek, with the translations by Cicero, Caesar Germanicus, and Avienus, the Greek com mentaries of Theon on the same work, the Sphere of Proclus, in Greek, and the Latin version by Linacer; a collection reprinted four years afterwards under the inspection of Mazalis (fol. Rheg. Ling. 1503). The last edition noticed by bibliot graphers is that corrected by Pruckner, fol. Basil.per 1551, and published along with the Quadriparti tum, the Centiloquium, and the Inerrantium Stellarum Significationes, translated from the Greek of Cl. Ptolomaeus; the Astronomica of Manilius; and sundry tracts by Arabian and Oriental astrologers. (Sidon. Apollin. Carm. xxii. Praef.)

In the year 1562 Matthias Flaccius published at Strasburg, from a Minden MS., now lost, a tract bearing the title Julius Firmicus Maternus V.C. de Errore Profanarum Religionum ad Constantium

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et Constantem Augustos. No ancient authority hims makes any mention of this piece, nor does it contain any allusions from which we might draw an mon inference with regard to the personal history of the composer. The supposition, at one time generally uim admitted, that he was the same person with the astrologer spoken of above, rests upon no proof i. 4 whatever except the identity of name, while it is rendered highly improbable by several considerations, and is much shaken by a chronological argument. For, as we have already seen, the Matheseos Libri were certainly not commenced until after A. D. 334, and in all likelihood not finished for a considerable period; it being evident, moreover, from the spirit which they breathe, that the writer was not a Christian; while, on the other hand, the attack upon the heathen gods must have been drawn up before a. D. 350, since in that year Constans, one of the emperors, to whom it is inscribed, was slain.

The object of the essay is not so much to enlarge upon the evidences of the true faith as to demonstrate the falsehood of the different forms of pagan belief, to trace the steps by which men fell away from the service of the true God, first by personifying the powers of nature, and then by proceeding to raise mere men to the rank of divinities. In this portion of the argument the theory of Euhemerus [EUHEMERUS], which ever since the days of Ennius had exercised great influence over the Roman mind, is followed out, and the discussion concludes with an exhortation to the heathen to abandon such a system of worship, and with an appeal to the emperors, urging them to take

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The Editio Princeps, as we have remarked above, hefas printed at Strasburg in 1562; that of Wower, Vo, Hamburg, 1603, was long held in high estiation, but the best and most recent is that of Münter, 8vo, Havniae, 1826. See also the voame of the Dutch Variorum Classics in 8vo, which ontains Minucius Felix, Lug. Bat. 1709, and the Bibl. Patr. of Galland, vol. v. p. 23. [W. R.] FIRMIUS CATUS. [CATUS.]

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M. FIRMUS, one of the "minusculi tyranni" ho sprung up during the reign of Aurelian. Acording to Vopiscus, he was a native of Seleuceia, he friend and ally of Zenobia, and appears to have ollowed the profession of a merchant, carrying on m most extensive and lucrative trade. When Zehobia took up arms against the Romans, Firmus, n order to make a diversion in her favour, seized apon Alexandria; but the rebellion was promptly rushed by the vigour and good fortune of the emperor. The Augustan historian has chronicled a number of particulars with regard to the personal appearance, bodily strength, athletic and convivial exploits, wealth and magnificence of this petty surper, some of which are curious in an antiquarian point of view. We are expressly told that The issued a coinage, and a medal is contained in the Pembroke collection bearing the legend

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which some writers suppose to belong to him. Vopisc. Firm.; Eckhel, vol. vii. p. 496.) [W. R.] FIRMUS, PLO'TIUS, a contemporary and faithful friend of the emperor Otho. He had risen from the station of a common soldier to the offices of praepositus vigilibus and praefectus praetorii. During an insurrection of the soldiers he exerted himself in suppressing the revolt, by addressing each maniple separately, and causing large sums of money to be distributed among them. During the last struggle of Otho, Plotius Firmus implored im not to abandon his faithful army, and exhorted him to resume his courage. (Tac. Hist. i. 46, 82. ii. 46, 49.) [L. S.]

FISTUS, P. CURIA'TIUS, with the agnomen TRIGE MINUS, consul B. c. 453, in which year the city was visited with a great pestilence (Liv. iii. 32; Fasti Capit.); and one of the first decemvirate in B. c. 451. (Liv. iii. 33; Dionys. x. 54.)

FLACCINATOR, M. FO'SLIUS. 1. One of the consular tribunes in B. C. 433, in which year, notwithstanding the opposition of the plebeian tribunes, the consular tribunes were all patricians. (Liv. iv. 25; Diod. xii. 58, where he is called Falinius.)

2. Master of the equites to the dictator C. Mae nius, for the first time in B. c. 320, according to the Fasti, but according to Livy in B. c. 312 (ix. 26). Both the dictator and Flaccinator resigned on being accused of illegal association against the republic; and both were tried before the consuls and honorably acquitted. Flaccinator was consul in B. c. 318 (Liv. ix. 20), and master of the equites, according to the Fasti, a second time to C. Maenius B. C. 314, but according to Livy (ix. 28) to the dictator C. Poetelius. The cause and circumstances of his trial will be better understood by referring to MAENIUS. [W. B. D.] FLACCUS, C. AVIA'NUS, was an intimate friend of Cicero's, and had two sons, C. Avianus.

and M. Avianus. (Cic. ad Fam. xiii. 35, 79.) Both father and sons seem to have been engaged in the farming of the public taxes. In B. C. 52, Cicero recommended Caius, the son, to T. Titius, one of Pompey's legates, who had the management of the corn-market, in accordance with the law which had conferred the superintendence of it upon Pompey (ad Fam. xiii. 75), and, in B. c. 47, Cicero recommends both sons to A. Allienus, the proconsul of Sicily (ad Fam. xiii. 79).

FLACCUS, CALPU'RNÍUS, a rhetorician who was living in the reign of Hadrian, and whose fifty-one declamations frequently accompany those of Quintilian. They were first published by Pithoeus, Lutet. 1580. 8vo. ; and subsequently have been edited with Quintilian by Gronovius, Schulting, Almeloveen, &c. Pliny (Ep. v. 2.) writes to Flaccus, who, in some editions, is called Calpurnius Flaccus. [W. B. D.]

FLACCUS, FU'LVIUS. 1. M. FULVIUS, Q. F. M. N. FLACCUS, was consul with App. Claudius Caudex, in B. c. 264, the year in which the first Punic war broke out. In his consulship the first gladiatorial games were exhibited at Rome, in the forum boarium. (Vell. Pat. i. 12; Gell. xvii. 21; Val. Max. ii. 4. §7; Eutrop. ii. 10; Oros. iv. 7, who erroneously calls the colleague of App. Claudius Caudex, Q. Fabius.)

2. Q. FULVIUS M. F. Q. N. FLACCUS, a son of No. 1, was consul in B. c. 237. He and his colleague, L. Cornelius Lentulus, fought against the Ligurians in Italy, and triumphed over them. In B. C. 224 he was consul a second time. The war in the north of Italy was still going on, and Flaccus and his colleague were the first Roman generals that led their armies across the river Po. The Gauls and Insubrians were reduced to submission in that campaign. In B. C. 215, after having been twice consul, Q. Fulvius Flaccus obtained the city praetorship, a circumstance which Livy thinks worth being recorded. The year before his praetorship, 216, he had been elected pontifex in the place of Q. Aelius Paetus, who had fallen in the battle of Cannae. In his praetorship the senate placed twenty-four ships at his command, to protect the coast in the neighbourhood of the city, and soon after the senate decreed that he should raise 5000 foot and 400 horse, and cause this legion to be carried to Sardinia as soon as possible, and that he should appoint whomsoever he pleased as its commander, until Q. Mucius, who was severely ill, recovered. Flaccus accordingly appointed T. Manlius Torquatus commander of the legion. In B. C. 214 he was the only one among his colleagues that was re-elected to the praetorship, and a senatus consultum ordained, that he, extra ordinem, should have the city for his province, and that he should have the command there during the absence of the consuls. In B. c. 213 he was appointed magister equitum to the dictator, C. Claudius Centho, and the year after was raised to the consulship for the third time, together with App. Claudius Pulcher. In this year he was also a candidate for the office of pontifex maximus, which, however, he did not obtain. During his third consulship Campania was his province; and he accordingly went thither with his army, took up his position at Beneventum, and thence made an unexpected attack upon the camp of Hanno in the neighbourhood. After some very extraordinary but unsuccessful attempts to take the camp, which was pitched upon an almost inac

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Hereupon the two consuls marched against Capua, which was now besieged with the greatest vigour. In the next year, when Cn. Fulvius Centumalus and P. Sulpicius Galba were consuls, the imperium of Fulvius Flaccus and App. Claudius was prolonged: they retained their army, and were ordered not to leave Capua till it was taken. As, however, Hannibal in the meantime marched against Rome, the senate called Fulvius Flaccus back to protect the city, and for this purpose he received the same power as the actual consuls. But after Hannibal's sudden retreat, Flaccus returned to Capua, and continued the siege with the utmost exertion. The inhabitants of Capua were reduced to the last extremity, and resolved to surrender; but before the gates were opened the most distinguished persons put an end to their lives. The fearful catastrophe of this once flourishing town, the cruel punishment of the Campanians, the execution of all the surviving senators, and the other arrangements, such as could be dictated only by the most implacable hatred and hostility, must be set down to the account of Q. Fulvius Flaccus. To wards the end of the year he had to return to Rome, where he conducted, as dictator, the consular elections. He himself received Capua as his province for another year, but his two legions were reduced to one. In 209 he was invested with the consulship for the fourth time, and received Lucania and Bruttium as his province: the Hirpinians, Lucanians, and Volcentians submitted to him, and were mildly treated. For the year following his imperium was again prolonged, with Capua for his province and one legion at his command. In 207 he commanded two legions at Bruttium. This is the last record we have of him in history. He was a very fortunate and successful general during the latter period of the second Punic war, but his memory is branded with the cruelty with which he treated Capua after its fall. (Liv. xxiii. 21-34, xxiv. 9, xxv. 2, &c., 13, &c., 20, xxvi. 1, &c., 8, &c., 22, 28, xxvii. 6, &c., 11, 15, 22, 36; Eutrop. iii. 1, &c.; Zonar. viii. 18, &c.; Polyb. ii. 31; Oros. iv. 13, &c.; Appian, Annib. 37, 40, &c.; Val. Max. ii. 3, § 3, 8. § 4, iii. 2. Ext. § 1, 8, § 1, v. 2. § 1; Cic. de Leg. Agr. ii. 33.)

3. CN. FULVIUS M. F. Q. N. FLACCUS, a son of No. 1, and a brother of No. 2, was praetor in the third consulship of his brother B. C. 212, and had Apulia for his province. In the neighbourhood of Herdonea he was defeated by Hannibal, and was the first that took to flight with about 200 horsemen. The rest of his army was cut to pieres, for out of 22,000 men only 2000 escaped.

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4. C. FULVIUS M. F. Q. N. FLACCUS, a son of No. 1, and a brother of No. 2 and 3, served as After legate under his brother Quintus during the siege of Capua. In B. c. 209 he was ordered to conduct a detachment of troops into Etruria, and bring back to Rome the legions which had been stationed there. (Liv. xxvi. 33, xxvii. 8.)

5. Q. FULVIUS Q. F. M. N. FLACCUS, one of the four sons of Q. Fulvius Flaccus No. 2. In B. c. 185 he was aedilis curulis designatus; and as the city praetor, C. Decimus, had just died, he offered himself as a candidate for his place, but without success, notwithstanding his great exertions, and it was not till B. c. 182, that he received the office of praetor, with Hispania Citerior as his province. On his arrival there, he expelled the Celtiberians, who were in possession of the town of Urbicua, which he took, and soon after he defeated the Celtiberians in a great battle, in which 23,000 of them are said to have been slain and 4000 taken prisoners. After the reduction of the town of Contrebia he gained a second great victory over the Celtiberians, whereupon the greater part of them submitted to the Romans. At the end of the year of his praetorship, when he was returning from his province, he was allowed to take with him to Rome those soldiers who had most distinguished themselves in the great battles he had gained, and public thanksgivings were decreed at Rome for his successful campaign. But when he set out for Italy, the Celtiberians, who probably thought that he was going to carry out some hostile scheme against them, attacked him in a narrow defile. Notwithstanding his disadvantageous position, he again gained a complete victory, the merit of which was chiefly owing to his cavalry. The Celtiberians, after having lost no less than 17,000 of their men, took to flight. Fulvius Flaccus vowed games in honour of Jupiter, and to build a temple to Fortuna equestris, and then returned to Italy. He celebrated his victories with a triumph in B. C. 180, and was elected consul for the year following, together with his brother, L. Manlius Acidinus Fulvianus (this name arose from his being adopted into the family of Manlius Acidinus). The games in honour of Jupiter were sanctioned by the senate and celebrated. He carried on a war against the Ligurians, who were defeated, and whose camp was taken. On his return to Rome, he celebrated a second triumph on the same day on which the year before he had triumphed over the Celtiberians. In B. C. 174 he was made censor, with A. Postumius Albinus. In his censorship, his own brother, Cn. Fulvius Flaccus, was ejected from the senate, and Q. Fulvius Flaccus now set about building the

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temple which he had vowed in Spain, and which was to be more magnificent than any other at Rome. For this purpose he took down half the roof of the temple of Juno Lacinia, in Bruttium, in order to use the marble slabs to form the roof of his new structure. The Bruttians suffered the sacrilege from fear; but when the ship containing the marble arrived at Rome, the manner in which the ornament had been obtained became known. The consuls summoned him before the senate, which not only disapproved of his conduct, but ordered the marble slabs to be sent back, and expiatory sacrifices to be offered to Juno. The commands of the senate were obeyed, but as there was no architect in Bruttium able to restore the marble slabs to their place, they were deposited in the area of the temple, and there they remained. After his censorship Q. Fulvius Flaccus became a member of the college of pontiffs; but he began to show symptoms of mental derangement, which was looked upon by the people as a just punishment for the sacrilege he had committed against the temple of Juno. While in this condition, he received intelligence that of his two sons who were serving in Illyricum, one had died, and the other was dangerously ill. This appears to have upset his mind completely, and he hung himself in his own bedchamber, B. c. 173. (Liv. xxxix. 39, 56, xl. 1, 16, 30, &c., 35-44, 53, 59, xli. 27, xlii. 3, 28; Vell. Pat. i. 10, ii. 8; Appian, Hisp. 42; Val. Max. i. 1. § 20, ii. 5. §7; Cic. in Verr. i. 41.)

6. M. FULVIUS Q. F. M. N. FLACCUS, a brother of No. 5, served as legate of his brother Quintus in Spain against the Celtiberians, B. c. 182. (Liv. xl. 30.)

7. M. FULVIUS M. F. Q. N. FLACCUS, a son of No. 6, and a friend of the Gracchi, was consul in B. C. 125, and was sent to the assistance of the Massilians, whose territory was invaded by the Salluvians; and he was the first that subdued the transalpine Ligurians, over whom he celebrated a triumph. After the death of Tib. Sempronius Gracchus, in B. c. 129, he, Carbo, and C. Sempronius Gracchus had been appointed triumvirs agro dividendo.

He was a warm supporter of all that C. Gracchus did, especially of his agrarian law; but he seems to have been wanting in that dignified and quiet, but steady conduct, which characterises the pure and virtuous career of C. Gracchus, who was more injured in public opinion than benefited by his friendship with M. Fulvius Flaccus; for among other charges which were brought against him, it was said that he endeavoured to excite the Italian allies, by bringing forward in his consulship a bill to grant them the Roman franchise. In B. c. 122, he accompanied C. Gracchus into Africa to establish a colony at Carthage, for the senate was anxious to get rid of them, and in their absence to make energetic preparations against them. But both returned to Rome very soon. During the night previous to the murder of C. Gracchus, Flaccus kept a mob ready to fight against the senatorial party, and spent the night in drinking and feasting with his friends. At daybreak he went with his armed band to seize the Aventine hill. C. Gracchus also joined them, though refusing to use violence, and prevailed upon Flaccus to send his younger son to the forum to offer the hand for reconciliation to the senatorial party. Opimius refused, and demanded that his father and Gracchus should surrender before any

negotiations were commenced. Flaccus again sent his son; but Opimius, anxious to begin the fight, arrested the boy, put him into prison, and advanced against the band of Flaccus, which was soon dispersed. Flaccus and his elder son took refuge in a public bath, where they were soon discovered and put to death, B. C. 121. It cannot be said that M. Fulvius Flaccus had any bad motive in joining the party of the Gracchi, for all the charges that were brought against him at the time were not established by evidence; but he was of a bolder and more determined character than C. Gracchus. Cicero mentions him among the orators of the time, but states that he did not rise above mediocrity, although his orations were still extant in the time of Cicero. A daughter of his, Fulvia, was married to P. Lentulus, by whom she became the mother of Lentulus Sura. Cicero (pro Dom. 43) calls him the father-in-law of a brother of Q. Catulus, whence we may infer that he had a second daughter. A third daughter was married to L. Caesar, consul in B. C. 91; so that M. Fulvius Flaccus was the grandfather of L. Caesar, who was consul in B. C. 64. (Liv. Epit. 59, 61; Appian, B. C. i. 18, &c.;. Plut. Tib. Gracch. 18, C. Gracch. 10-16; Vell. Pat. ii. 6; Cic. Brut. 28, de Orat. ii. 70, in Cat. i. 2, 12, iv. 6; Schol. Gronov. ad Catil. p. 413; Cic. pro Dom. 38, Phil. viii. 4 ; Val. Max. v. 3. § 2, vi. 3. § 1, ix. 5. § 1; comp. Meyer, Frag. Orat. Rom. p. 219, 2d edit.)

8. M. FULVIUS FLACCUS was one of the Decemviri Agro Samniti Appuloque metiendo dividendoque, who were appointed in B. C. 201. He was married to Sulpicia, a daughter of Paterculus. (Liv. xxxi. 4; Solin. 7.)

9. Q. FULVIUS FLACCUS was praetor in Sardinia in B. c. 187; and after having been thrice a candidate for the consulship, he obtained it at length in B. c. 180, in the place of his step-father, C. Piso, who had died, and was said to have been poisoned by his wife Quarta Hostilia, in order to make room for her son. (Liv. xxxviii. 42, xl. 37.)

10. M. FULVIUS FLACCUS, one of the triumvirs who were appointed to conduct the colonies to Pollentia and Pisaurum, in B. c. 184. (Liv. xxxix.. 44.)

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11. SER. FULVIUS FLACCUS, was consul in B. C. 135, and subdued the Vardaeans in Illyricum. Cicero calls him a literary and eloquent man. was on one occasion accused of incest, and was defended by C. Curio. (Liv. Epit. 56; Appian, Illyr. 10; Cic. Brut. 21, 32, de Invent. i. 43; Schol. Bob. in Clod. p. 330, ed. Orelli.)

12. C. FULVIUS FLACCUS was consul in B. C. 134. An unsuccessful war had then been carried on for some time against the revolted slaves under Ennus in Sicily; and he and his colleague undertook the command, though apparently with little success. (Liv. Epit. 56; Oros. v. 6.) [L. S.]

FLACCUS, GRA'NIUS, as we learn from Paulus (Dig. 50. tit. 16. s. 144) wrote a book, De Jure Papiriano, which was a collection of the laws of the ancient kings of Rome, made by Papirius [PAPIRIUS]. Granius Flaccus was a contemporary of Julius Caesar, and Censorinus (De Die Nat. 3) cites his work De Indigitamentis, which was dedicated to Caesar. The Indigita menta treated of were probably invocations used in certain sacred rites. (Macrob. Sat. i. 17), and, according to some etymologists, the word is derived from indu, the old form for in, and citare, signify

ing to invoke. (Duker, de Vet. Ict. Latin. p. 156.) It is not unlikely that Paulus and Censorinus refer to the same work of Granius, under different names, for the religious laws of the kings doubtless remained longest in use; and Papirius, who was himself a pontiff, is said by Dionysius of Halicarnassus (iii. 36) to have collected the sacred laws after the expulsion of the kings. Religious ceremonies, in the early period of Roman history, may well be supposed to have constituted a large portion of the technical law, and to have been connected with the principal transactions of life. Servius (ad Aen. xii. 836) cites a lex Papiria, and Macrobius (Sat. iii. 11) cites a passage of the Jus Papirianum, which, from the Latinity, may reasonably be ascribed to Granius Flaccus. The passage points out the distinction between temple furniture and temple ornaments, and shows that to the former class belongs the consecrated table (“mensa, in qua epulae, libationesque, et stipes reponuntur ") which is used as an altar ("in templo arae usum obtinet "). P. P. Justi, with much probability (Specim. Observ. Crit. c. 11, Vindob. 1765), attributes to Flaccus (Granius, not the grammarian Verrius Flaccus,) a religious fragment which the ordinary text of Servius (ad Aen. xii. 233) ascribes to an unknown Elaus. Other fragments of Granius are preserved by Festus (s. v. Ricae), Macrobius (Sat. i. 18), Arnobius (Adv. Gentes, iii. p. 69, 72, ed. Elmenhorst), and Priscian (Ars Gram. viii. p. 793, ed. Putsch).

Granius Flaccus is not to be confounded with Granius Licinianus, who is cited by Servius (ad Aen. i. 732), and Macrobius (Sat. i. 16). (Ludov. Carrio, Emendat. i. 4; Maiansius, ad XXX Ictorum Frag. Comment. vol. ii. p. 129-141; Dirksen, Bruchstücke, &c. p. 61.) [J. T. G.]

FLACCUS, HORA'TIUS. [HORATIUS.] FLACCUS, HORDEO'NIUS, was consular legate of the army of Upper Germany at the time of Nero's death (A. D. 68). He was despised by his army, for he was old, a cripple, without firmness, and without influence. When his soldiers renounced allegiance to Galba (Jan. 1. 69 A. D.), he had not the courage to oppose them, though he did not share in their treason. He was left in command of the left bank of the Rhine by Vitellius, when the latter marched to Italy; but he delayed the march of the forces which Vitellius sent for from the Germanies, partly through fear of the insurrection of the Batavians, which soon after broke out, and partly because in his heart he favoured Vespasian. He even requested Civilis to assist in retaining the legions, by pretending to raise a rebellion among the Batavians; which Civilis did, not in pretence, but in earnest. [CIVILIS.] Flaccus took no notice of the first move ments of the Batavians, but their success soon compelled him to make at least a show of opposition, and he sent against them his legate, Mummius Lupercus, who was defeated. By the proofs he gave of his unwillingness or inability to put down the insurrection, and by receiving a letter from Vespasian, he exasperated his soldiers, who compelled him to give up the command to VOCULA. Shortly afterwards, in a fresh mutiny during the absence of Vocula, he was accused of treachery by HERENNIUS GALLUS, and, as it seems, was bound by the soldiers, but he was released again by Vocula. He still however retained sufficient influence to persuade the army to take the

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oath to Vespasian, when the news arrived of the ins battle of Cremona. But the soldiers were stille wi mutinous; and on the arrival of two fresh legions,; Ma they demanded a donative out of some money ACC which they knew had been sent by Vespasian. Hordeonius yielded to the demand: the money th was spent in feasting and drinking; the soldiers, in thus excited, recalled to mind their old quarrel with Hordeonius, and, in the middle of the night, they dragged him from his bed and killed him. (Tac. Hist. i. 9, 52, 54. 56, ii. 57, 97, iv. 13, 18, 19, 24, 25, 27, 31, 36, 55, v. 26; Plut. Galba, 10, 18, 22.) [P.S.]

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FLACCUS, MUNA'TIUS, one of the conspirators against Q. Cassius Longinus, praetor of Hispania Ulterior, B. c. 48. Munatius Flaccus commenced the attack upon Cassius Longinus by killing h one of the lictors and wounding the legate, Q. Cassius. Like all the persons involved in that conspiracy, Flaccus was not a Roman, but an Italian. (Hirt. Bell. Alex. 52) [L. S.]

FLACCUS, NORBA'NUS. 1. C. NORBANUS FLACCUS. In B. C. 42 he and Decidius Saxa were sent by Octavian and Antony with eight legions into Macedonia, and thence they proceeded to Philippi to operate against Brutus and Cassius. They encamped in the neighbourhood of Philippi, and occupied a position which prevented the republicans advancing any further. By a stratagem of Brutus and Cassius, Norbanus was led to quit his position, but he discovered his mistake in time to recover his former position. The republicans advancing by another and longer road, Norbanus withdrew with his army towards Amphipolis, and the republicans, without pursuing Norbanus, encamped near Philippi. When Antony arrived, he was glad to find that Amphipolis was secured, and having strengthened its garrison under Norbanus, he proceeded to Philippi. In B. c. 38, C. Norbanus Flaccus was consul with App. Claudius Pulcher. The C. Norbanus Flaccus, who was consul B. C. 24 with Octavian, was probably a son of the one here spoken of. (Appian, B. C. iv. 87, 103, &c., 106, &c.; Dion Cass. xxxviii. 43, xlvii. 35, xlix. 23, liii. 28; Plut. Brut. 38.)

2. C. NORBANUS FLACCUS, was consul in A. D. 15, the birth year of Vitellius. (Tac. Ann. i. 54. Suet. Vit. 3.) [L. S.] FLACCUS, PE'RSIUS. [PERSIUS.] FLACCUS, POMPO'NIUS. 1. L. POMPONIUS FLACCUS, was consul in A. D. 17, and in a. D. 51 he was legate in Upper Germany, and fought successfully against the Chatti, for which he was honoured with the ensigns of a triumph. Tacitus says that his fame as a general was not very great, and that it was eclipsed by his renown as a poet. (Tac. Ann. ii. 41, xii. 27, 28.)

2. POMPONIUS FLACCUS, was appointed in A. D. 19 by Tiberius to undertake the administration of Moesia, and to operate against king Rhascupolis, who had killed Cotys, his brother and colleague in the kingdom. Velleius (ii. 129) gives him very high praise; saying that he was a vir natus ad omnia quac recte facienda sunt, simplicique virtute merens semper, non captans gloriam. He was, however, a friend of Tiberius, with whom, on one occasion, he spent one whole night and two days in uninterrupted drinking. (Suet. Tib. 42.) He died in A. D. 34, as propraetor of Syria, where he had been for many years. (Tac. Ann. ii. 32, vi. 27.) Velleius calls him a consular, whence some

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