writers are of opinion that he is the same as L. dd Pomponius Flaccus, but this opinion is irreconcileable with chronology. (Comp. Ov. ex Pont. iv. 9.75; Masson, Vit. Ovid. ad ann. 769.) [L. S.] FLACCUS, L. RUTILIUS, known only from a coin, which is given below. The obverse bears the head of Pallas with FLAC.; the reverse, sol Victory in a biga, with L. RVTILI.

ed:

IT.

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RVTILI

FLACCUS, SICULUS, an author of whom some fragments are preserved in the collection of Agrimensores. [FRONTINUS.] He was an agrimensor by profession, and probably lived shortly after the reign of Nerva. (Fabric. Bibl. Lat. vol. iii. p. 512, ed. Ernesti.) Of the particulars of his life nothing certain is known, and there is no proof that, as Barthius supposed, he was a Christian. In some manuscripts he is named Saeculus Flaccus, but this variation seems to be merely a corrupt spelling.

He wrote a treatise entitled De Conditionibus Agrorum, of which the commencement, perhaps curtailed and interpolated, is preserved in the collection of Agrimensores. It displays considerable legal knowledge, and contains much interesting information. It treats of the distinctions between coloniae, municipia, and praefecturae, between ager occupatorius and ager arcifinius, &c.; and of the distinctions in the mode of limitatio corresponding to distinctions in the condition of the land.

It is confined to land in Italy. Goesius thinks that the author also wrote on land out of Italy, and that the fragment we possess ought to be entitled De Conditionibus Agrorum Italiae. From the two parts of the work of Siculus Flaccus, and from some similar work of Frontinus, he supposes that the treatise De Coloniis (Rei Agrariae Auc! tores, p. 102, Goes.) was chiefly compiled, since that compilation cites a Liber Conditionum Italiae, and is ascribed in some manuscripts to the hybrid Julius Frontinus Siculus.

Some fragments of the same, or of a very similar work, have found their way, probably by an accidental transposition of leaves, into the so-called Liber Simplici (pp. 76, 86, 87, Goes.), which is supposed by modern critics to be a compilation of Aggenus Urbicus.

A similar transposition has happened in another instance. A treatise De Controversiis Agrorum, not unlike (although inferior to) the treatise of Frontinus on the same subject, was first published by Blume in the Rheinisches Museum für Jurisprudenz, vol. v. pp. 142-170. In this treatise, in the midst of the Controversia de Fine, is a long passage of Siculus Flaccus, interpolated from the fragment De Conditionibus Agrorum (from ergo ut dixi, p. 4, to viae saepe necessariae, p. 9, Goes.). The whole treatise in which this interpolation occurs was attributed by Rudorff to Siculus Flaccus; but Blume, in conformity with the statement of the Codex Arcerianus, assigns it to Hyginus.

The fragment De Conditionibus Agrorum is followed (p. 26, Goes.) by two lists of different kinds of agri and limites, entitled respectively Nomina

Agror and Nomina Limitum. These are probably the work of some subsequent compiler.

The remains of Siculus Flaccus may be found in the collections of the Agrimensores by Turnebus (4to. Paris, 1554), Rigaltius (4to. Lutet. 1614), Goesius (4to. Amst. 1674), and C. Giraud (8vo. Paris, 1843). A separate edition of the fragment De Conditionibus Agrorum was published by J. C. Schwarzius (4to. Coburg, 1711). [J. T. G.]

FLACCUS, STATILIUS (Eratúλλios ÞλákKos), the author of some epigrams in the Greek Anthology, of whom we know nothing, except what his name implies, that he was a Roman. There are eight epigrams under his name, and also one with the superscription Τυλλίου Φλάκκου, and three inscribed simply, Pλáккoυ. (Brunck, Anal. vol. ii. p. 262; Jacobs, Anth. Graec. vol. ii. p. 238, vol. xiii. p. 955; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. iv. p. 495.) [P.S.]

FLACCUS, L. TARQUITIUS, was magister equitum to the dictator, L. Quintius Cincinnatus, in B. c. 458. Although he belonged to a patrician gens, he was very poor, but was a distinguished warrior. (Liv. iii. 27; Dionys. x. 24.) [L. S.]

FLACCUS, TI'BULUS, a writer of mimes, whose age and history are both unknown. A trochaic tetrameter verse from a mimus entitled Melaene, is the only relic of his poems. It is cited under the word "Capularem," by Fulgentius. (Exposit. ant. Serm. p. 564, Nonii Mercer; Bothe, Poet. Scen. Lat. vol. v. p. 273.) [W. B. D.]

FLACCUS, VALERIUS. 1. L. VALERIUS FLACCUS, was magister equitum to the dictator, M. Aemilius Papus, in B. c. 321. (Liv. ix. 7.)

2. L. VALERIUS M. F. L. N. FLACCUS, was consul in B. c. 261, with T. Otacilius Crassus, and carried on the war in Sicily against the Carthaginians with little success. (Polyb. i. 20.)

3. P. VALERIUS L. F. M. N. FLACCUS, son of No. 2, was consul in B. c. 227, the year in which the number of praetors was raised to four. (Gell. iv. 3; Liv. Epit. 20.)

4. P. VALERIUS FLACCUS, was sent in B. C. 218, with Q. Baebius Tamphilus, as ambassador to Spain to remonstrate with Hannibal for attacking Saguntum, and thence proceeded to Carthage to announce the intention of the Romans, if Hannibal should not be checked in his proceedings. In B. c. 215 he commanded as legate a detachment of troops, under the consul, M. Claudius Marcellus, at Nola, and distinguished himself in the battle fought there against Hannibal. Shortly after we find him commanding a Roman squadron of 25 sail off the coast of Calabria, where he discovered the embassy which Hannibal sent to Philip of Macedonia, and got possession of letters and documents containing the terms of the treaty between Hannibal and the king. His fleet was increased in consequence, and he was ordered not only to protect the coast of Italy, but also to watch the proceedings of Macedonia. During the siege of Capua, when Hannibal marched towards Rome, Flaccus gave the prudent advice not to withdraw all the troops from Capua, and his opinion was adopted. (Liv. xxi. 6, xxiii. 16, 34, 38, xxvi, 8; Cic. Philipp. v. 10.)

5. VALERIUS FLACCUS, served as tribune of the soldiers under the consul Q. Fulvius Flaccus, in B. C. 212, and distinguished himself by his bravery and boldness during the attack on the camp of Hanno near Beneventum (Liv. xxv. 14).

6. C. VALERIUS P. F. L. N. FLACCUS, was inaugu

rated as flamen Dialis, in B. C. 209, against his own will, by the pontifex maximus, P. Licinius. He was a young man of a wanton and dissolute character, and for this reason shunned by his own relatives; but after his appointment to the priesthood, his conduct altered so much for the better, and his watchfulness and care in the performance of his duties were so great, that he was admitted into the senate. In B. C. 199 he was created curule aedile; but being flamen dialis, he could not take the official oath, and his brother, L. Valerius Flaccus (No. 7), who was then praetor designatus, took it for him. (Liv. xxvii. 8, xxxi. 50, xxxii. 7.)

7. L. VALERIUS P. F. L. N. FLACCUS, a brother of No. 6, was curule aedile in B. C. 201, and in the year following he was elected praetor, and received Sicily as his province. In B. C. 195 he was made pontifex, in the place of M. Cornelius Cethegus. In the same year he was invested with the consulship, together with M. Porcius Cato, and received Italy 'for his province. During the summer he carried on the war against the Boians, and defeated them; -8000 of them were slain, and the rest dispersed in their villages. Flaccus afterwards spent his time on the banks of the Po, at Placentia and Cremona, being occupied in restoring what had been de stroyed by war. He remained in the north of Italy also in the year B. c. 194, as proconsul, and in the neighbourhood of Milan he fought with great success against the Gauls, Insubrians, and Boians, who had crossed the Po under their chief, Dorulacus: 10,000 enemies are said to have been killed. In B. C. 191, although a consular, he served as legate under the consul, M'. Acilius Glabrio, in the war against the Aetolians and Macedonians. With 2000 picked foot soldiers, he was ordered to occupy Rhoduntia and Tichius. The Macedonians, by a mistake, approached his camp too closely, and, on discovering the enemy, they took to flight in the greatest disorder. Flaccus pursued them, and made great havoc among them. In B. c. 184 he was the colleague of M. Porcius Cato in the censorship, and in the same year he was made princeps senatus. He died as pontifex in B. c. 180, and was succeeded by Q. Fabius Labeo. (Liv. xxxi. 4, 49, 50, xxxii. 1, xxxiii. 42, 43, xxxiv. 21, 46, xxxvi. 17, 19, xxxix. 40, &c., 52, xl. 42; Polyb. xx. 9, &c.; Plut. Cat. Maj. 12; Nep. Cat. 2; Oros. iv. 20.)

8. L. VALERIUS FLACCUS, a son of No. 4, one of the triumvirs appointed to conduct 6000 families as colonists to Placentia and Cremona, in B. c. 190, those places having become almost deserted by the late war. (Liv. xxxvii. 46.)

9. L.VALERIUS FLACCUS, was consul in B.C. 152, but died during his magistracy. (J. Obseq. 77.)

10. L. VALERIUS FLACCUS, was flamen Martialis, and received the consulship in B. c. 131, with P. Licinius Crassus, then pontifex maximus. Flaccus wished to undertake the command in the war against Aristonicus in Asia, but his colleague fined him for deserting the sacra entrusted to his : care. The people, before whom the question was brought for decision, cancelled the fine, but compelled the flamen Flaccus to obey the pontiff CrasBus. (Cic. Phil. xi. 8.) He may possibly be the same as the one whose quaestor, M. Aemilius Scaurus, wanted to bring an accusation against him (Cic. Divin. in Caec. 19), though it is uncertain whether Scaurus was quaestor in the praetorship or consulship of Flaccus.

11. L. VALERIUS FLACCUS, probably a son of No. 10, and the father of L. Valerius Flaccus, whom Cicero defended. [See No. 15.] When he was curule aedile, the tribune, Decianus, brought an accusation against him. In B. c. 100 he was the colleague of C. Marius, in his sixth consulship. During the disturbances of L. Appuleius Saturninus, the consuls were ordered by the senate to avail themselves of the assistance of the tribunes and praetors, for the purpose of maintaining the dignity of the republic. In consequence of this, Valerius Flaccus put to death Saturninus, Glaucia, and others of the revolutionary party. Four years after these occurrences, B. c. 97, he was censor with M. Antonius, the orator. In B. c. 86, when Marius had died, in his seventh consulship, L. Valerius Flaccus was chosen by Cinna as his colleague, in the place of Marius, and received the com mission to go into Asia, to resist Sulla, and to bring the war against Mithridates to a close. He was accompanied on this expedition by C. Flavius Fimbria. Flaccus was avaricious, and very cruel in his punishments, whence he was so unpopular with the soldiers, that many of them deserted to Sulla, and the rest were kept together only by the influence of Fimbria, who, taking advantage of the state of affairs, played the part of an indulgent commander, and won the favour of the soldiers. While yet at Byzantium, Fimbria had a quarrel with the quaestor, and the consul, Flaccus, being chosen as arbiter, decided in favour of the quaestor. Fimbria was so indignant, that he threatened to return to Rome, whereupon Flaccus dismissed him from his service. While the latter was sailing to Chalcedon, Fimbria, who had remained at Byzantium, created a mutiny among the soldiers; Flaccus, on being informed of it, hastily returned to chastise the offender, but was compelled to take to flight. He reached Nicomedeia, and shut the gates against his pursuer, but Fimbria had him dragged forth, and murdered him: his head was thrown into the sea, and his body was left unburied. Most authorities place the murder of Flaccus in the year of his consulship, B. c. 86, but Velleius (ii. 23, 24) places it a year later. At the beginning of his consulship, Flaccus had carried a law, by which it was decreed that debts should be cancelled, and only a quadrans be paid to the creditors, and his violent death was regarded as a just punishment for his iniquitous law. (Liv. Epil. 82; Appian, Mithrid. 51, &c., Bell. Civ. i. 75; Plut. Sull. 33; Oros. vi. 2; Cic. pro Flacc. 23, 25, 32, pro Rabir. perd. 7, 10, in Cat. i. 2, Brut. 62; Val. Max. ii. 9. § 5; Dion Cass. Fragm. Peir. No. 127, p. 51, ed. Reimar.) It was probably this Valerius Flaccus who levied the legions which were called, after him, Valerianae, and which are mentioned in the war of Lucullus against Mithri dates. (Liv. Epit. 98; Dion Cass. xxxv. 14, 15, 16, xxxvi. 29; Sall. Hist. v.)

When Sulla en

12. L. VALERIUS FLACCUS. tered Rome, after the defeat of his enemies, he ordered the senate to appoint an interrex: the choice fell upon L. Valerius Flaccus, who immediately brought forward and carried a law that Sulla should be invested with the supreme power (the dictatorship) for an indefinite number of years, and that all the arrangements he had previously made should be sanctioned, and binding as laws. Sulla, on entering upon the dictatorship, made Flaccus his magister equitum. (Plut. Sulla

13. C. VALERIUS FLACCUS was praetor urbanus in B. c. 98, and, on the authority of the senate, he brought a bill before the people that Calliphana, of Velia, should receive the Roman franchise. [CALLIPHANA.] In B. C. 93 he was consul, with M. Herennius, and afterwards he succeeded T. Didius as proconsul in Spain. As the Celtiberians, who had been most cruelly treated by his predecessors, revolted in the town of Belgida, and burnt all their senators in the senate-house, because they refused to join the people, Flaccus took possession of the town by surprise, and put to death all those who had taken part in burning the senate-house. (Cic. pro Balb. 24; Schol. Bob. ad Cic. p. Flacc. p. 233, ed. Orelli; Appian, Hispan. 100.)

14. C. VALERIUS FLACCUS is called imperator and propraetor of Gaul in B. c. 83, in the consulship of L. Cornelius Scipio and C. Norbanus. (Cic. pro Quint. 7.) He may possibly be the same as No. 13.

15. L. VALERIUS FLACCUS, a son of No. 11, served in Cilicia as tribune of the soldiers, under P. Servilius, in B. c. 78, and afterwards as quaestor, under M. Calpurnius Piso, in Spain. (Cic. pro Flacc. 3.) He was praetor in B. c. 63, the year of Cicero's consulship, who through his assistance got possession of the documents which the Allobrogian ambassadors had received from the accomplices of Catiline. In the year after his praetorship he had the administration of Asia, in which he was succeeded by Q. Cicero. (Cic. pro Flacc. 13, 14, 21, 40.) In B. c. 59 he was accused by D. Laelius of having been guilty of extortion in his province of Asia; but Flaccus, although he was undoubtedly 3 guilty, was defended by Cicero (in the oration pro Flacco, which is still extant) and Q. Hortensius, and was acquitted. (Comp. Cic. in Cat. iii. 2, 6; ad Att. i. 19, ii. 25, in Pison, 23; the oration pro Flacco; pro Planc. 11; Schol. Bob. p. Flacc. p. 228; Sallust, Cat. 45.)

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16. C. VALERIUS FLACCUS, a friend of App. Claudius Pulcher, whom Cicero saw in Cilicia B. C. 51. (Cic. ad Fam. iii. 4, 11.)

17. L. VALERIUS FLACCUS, a son of No. 15. When Cicero defended his father, Lucius was yet a little boy, and the orator introduced him into the court, for the purpose of exciting the pity of the judges. In the civil war between Caesar and Pompey, Flaccus fought on the side of the latter, and was killed in the battle of Dyrrhachium, B. C. 48. (Cic. pro Flacc. 36, Orat. 38; Caes. B. C. iii. 53.)

18. L. VALERIUS FLACCUS, a flamen of Mars, a contemporary of Cicero, whose brother Quintus had heard him give an account of a marvellous occurrence. (Cic. de Divin. i. 46; Varro, de L. L. vi. 21.) That he cannot be the same as the one mentioned, No. 10, is evident from the dates. Eckhel (Doctr. Num. vol. v. p. 333) believes that he is the same as the Flaccus whom Cicero defended; but the latter is described by Cicero as praetor, whereas our L. Valerius Flaccus is expressly called Flaccus, the flamen of Mars, both by Cicero and Varro.

19. P. VALERIUS FLACCUS, the accuser of Carbo. (Cic. ad Fam. ix. 21.) [L. S.]

There are several coins of the Valeria gens belonging to the family of the Flacci. Of these, three

The

lerius Flaccus may be the same as No. 14, whom Cicero calls Imperator. The third coin has on the obverse the head of Victory, and on the reverse Mars standing between an apex (Dict. of Ant. s.v.) and an ear of corn, with L. VALERI FLACCI. apex shows that this L. Flaccus was a flamen, and he may therefore have been either the L. Flaccur consul in B. c. 131 [No. 10], who was a flamen of Mars, or the L. Flaccus, a contemporary of Cicero [No. 18], who was also a flamen of Mars. (Eckhel, vol. v. p. 333.)

FLACCUS, C. VALE'RIUS.

All that is

known or that can be conjectured with plausibility in regard to this writer may be comprehended in a very few words. From the expressions of his friend Martial (i. 62, 77), we learn that he was a native of Padua; from the exordium of his piece, we infer that it was addressed to Vespasian, and published while Titus was achieving the subjugation of Judea; from a notice in Quintilian, Dodwell has drawn the conclusion that he must have died about A. D. 88. The lines (v. 5),

"Phoebe, mone, si Cymaeae mihi conscia vatis Stat casta cortina domo,"

whatever may be their import, are not in themselve sufficient to prove, as Pius and Heinsius imagine, that he was a member of the sacred college of the Quindecimviri; and the words Setinus Balbus, affixed to his name in certain MSS., are much too doubtful in their origin and signification to serve as the basis of any hypothesis, even if we were certain that they applied to the poet himself, and not to some commentator on the text, or to some individual who may at one time have possessed the codex which formed the archetype of a family.

The only work of Flaccus now extant is an unfinished heroic poem in eight books, on the Argonautic expedition, in which he follows the general

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Flaccus was also the author of a work entitled Saturnus, or Saturnalia (Macrob. Saturn. i. 4, 8), and of another, De Obscuris Catonis, on the archaisms used by Cato the Censor: the second book of which is cited by A. Gellius (xvii. 6). Besides the preceding references, Flaccus is quoted by Gellius (v. 17, 18), who refers to the fourth book, De Significatu Verborum, of Flaccus, while discuss ing the difference between history and annals (see also xvi. 14, xviii. 7), and by Macrobius (Saturn. i. 10, 12, 16). Flaccus is cited by Pliny in his Elenchos (H. N. 1), or summary of the materials of his Historia Naturalis, generally (Lib. i. iii. vii. viii. xiv. xv. xviii. xxviii. xxix. xxxiii. xxxiv. XXXV.), and specially, but without distinguishing the particular work of Flaccus which he consulted (H. N. vii. 53, s. 54, mortes repentinae; viii. 6, elephantos in circo; ix. 23, s. 39, praetextatos muraenarum tergore verberatos; xviii. 7, s. 11, far P. Rom. victus; xxviii. 2. § 4, Deorum evocatio; xxxiii. 3. § 19, Tarquinii Prisci aurea tunica; 16, 7. § 36, Jovis facies minio illita). Flaccus is also referred to by Lactantius (Instit. i. 20), by Arnobius (adv. Gent. i. 59), and by Isidorus (Orig. xiv. 8. § 33). But the work which more than any other embodies the fragments of an author, whose loss to classical antiquity is probably second only to that of Varro, is the treatise, De Verborum Significatione, of Festus. Festus abridged a work of the same kind, and with probably a similar title, by Verrius Flaccus, from which also some of the extracts in Gellius and Macrobius, and the citations in the later grammarians, Priscianus, Diomedes, Charisius, and Velius Longus, are probably taken. Of this work of Flaccus, a full account is given under FESTUS. (Sueton. Ill. Gramm. 17; K. O. Müller, Praefatio ad Pompeium Festum, Lips. 1839.) [W. B. D.]

Gregory Nyssen, composed a funeral discourse for her. All writers conspire to praise Flaccilla for her piety, and charity, and orthodoxy, and she has been canonized in the Greek Church. (Greg. Nyss. Orat. Funeb. pro Flaccilla; Theodoret, Hist. Eccl. v. 19; Themist. De Human. Theodos. Imp.; Sozom. Hist. Eccles. vii. 6; Chron. Alex. v. Paschal. p. 563, ed. Bonn.; Tillemont, Hist. des Emp. vol. v. pp. 143, 192, 252.) [J. C. M.]

FLACCUS, VESCULA'RIUS, a Roman eques in the confidence of the emperor Tiberius, to whom he betrayed Scribonius Libo in A. D. 16. [DRUSUS, NO.10.] It is uncertain whether the Vescularius condemned by Tiberius in A. D. 32 be the same person, some MSS. reading Atticus, others Flaccus, as the cognomen. (Tac. Ann. ii. 28, vi. 10.)

[W. B. D.]

FLAMEN, Q. CLAUDIUS, praetor B.C. 209, the eleventh year of the second Punic war. His province was the Sallentine district and Tarentum, and he succeeded M. Marcellus in the command of two legions, forming the third division of the Roman army, then in the field against Hannibal. (Liv. xxvii. 21, 22.) He was propraetor B.C. 207, and his command was prolonged through the next year. (xxvii. 43, xxviii. 10.) In 207, while Flamen was in the neighbourhood of Tarentum, his outposts brought in two Numidians, the bearers of letters from Hasdrubal at Placentia to Hannibal at Metapontum. Flamen wrung from them the secret of their being entrusted with letters and then despatched the Numidians, strongly guarded, with the letters unopened to the consul, Claudius Nero. [NERO.] The discovery of the letters saved Rome; for they were sent to apprise Hannibal of his brother's presence in Italy, and to arrange the junction of their armies. [W. B. D.]

FLACILLA, or FLACCILLA, AE'LIA (in Greg. Nyss. Пákλλα, in Chron. Alex. ÞáккiλAa), first wife of Theodosius the Great. Several moderns infer from an obscure passage in Themistius (Orat. xvi. De Saturnino), that she was the daughter of Antonius, who was consul A. D. 382, but this is very doubtful. She appears to have been born in Spain (Claudian, Laus Serenae, vs. 69), and to have had a sister, the mother of Nebridius, who was married after A.D. 388 to Salvina, daughter of Gildo, the Moor. (Hieron. Epist. ad Salvin. vol. iv. p. 663, ed. Benedict.) Flaccilla had at least three children by Theodosius, namely, Arcadius, born about A. D. 377, Honorius, born A.D. 384, both afterwards emperors; and Pulcheria, who was apparently born before 379, as Claudian (Laus Seren. 1 113, 136) intimates that Theodosius had more than one child when raised to the throne. This Pulcheria died before her mother, and Gregory Nyssen composed a consolatory discourse upon the occasion. Some have supposed that she had another child, Gratian, but without reason. (Ambros. De Obitu Theodos. Oratio, where see note of the Benedictine editors.) Flaccilla herself died A. D. 385, at a place called Scote umin, in Thrace, and

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VOL. II.

FLAMI'NIA GENS, plebeian. During the first five centuries of Rome no mention is made of any member of the Flaminia Gens. The name is evidently a derivative from flamen, and seems to have originally denoted a servant of a flamen. (Paul. Diac. s. vv. Flaminius Camillus, Flaminius Lictor.) In former times the Flaminii were believed to be only a family of the Quintia gens; but this opinion arose from a confusion of the Flaminii with the Flaminini, the latter of whom belonged to the ancient patrician Quintia gens. The only family names of the Flaminia gens that we know are CHILO and FLAMMA. There is no evidence for the cognomen Nepos, which Orelli (Onom. Tull. ii. p. 254) gives to the Flaminius who fell in the battle at lake Trasimenus. [L. S.]

FLAMINI'NUS, a family-name of the patrician Quintia gens. 1. K. QUINTIUS FLAMININUS, was one of the duumviri, who, in B. c. 216, were ordered to contract for the building of the temple of Concordia, which had been vowed two years before by the praetor, L. Manlius. (Liv. xxii. 33.)

2. L. QUINTIUS FLAMININUS, was created augur in B. c. 212. (Liv. xxv. 2.)

3. L. QUINTIUS FLAMININUS, a brother of the great T. Quintius Flamininus, was curule aedile in B. C. 200, and the year after was invested with the city praetorship. When his brother Titus, in B. c. 198, undertook the war against Philip of Macedonia, Lucius received the command of the Roman fleet, and had to protect the coasts of Italy. He first sailed to Corcyra, and having met his fleet near the island of Zama, and received it from his predecessor, L. Apustius, he slowly pro. ceeded to Malea, and thence to Peiraeeus, to join

M