At this summon a general council at Ephesus. cedon and depose its leading supporters; but Flavian and Elias of Jerusalem managed to prevent its effecting anything. Flavian still hoped to appease his opponents, and wrote to the emperor, expressing his readiness to acknowledge the first three councils, and pass over that of Chalcedon in silence; but his efforts were in vain ; a tumultuous body of monks of the province of Syria Prima assembled at Antioch, and frightened Flavian into pronouncing an open anathema against the Council of Chalcedon, and against Theodore of Mopsuestia and the other bishops whom Xenaïas had already obliged him to condemn. The citizens were not equally compliant; they rose against the monks, and killed many of them: and the confusion was renewed by the monks of Coele-Syria, who embraced the side of Flavian, and hasted to Antioch to defend him. These disturbances, or some transactions connected with the Council of Sidon, gave the emperor a ground or pretext for deposing Flavian (A. D. 511) and putting Severus in his place. Victor Tununensis places the deposition of Flavian as early as the consulship of Cethegus, A. D. 504. Flavian was banished to Petra in Arabia, where he died. His death is assigned by Tillemont, on the authority of Joannes Mosehus, to a. D. 518. In Vitalian's rebellion (A. D. 513 or 514) his restoration to his see was one of the demands of that rebel. [ANASTASIUS.] Flavian is (at least was) honoured in the Greek Church as a confessor, and was recognised as such by the Romish Church, after long opposition. (Evagr. Hist. Ecc: iii. 23, 30, 31, 32; Theophan. Chronog. pp. 220-247, ed. Bonn; Marcellin, Chron. (Paul. et Musc. Cass.); Vict. Tun. Chron. (ab Anast. Aug. Cos. ad Cetheg. Cos.); Baron. Annal. Eccles. ad Ann. 496 et 512; Pagi, Critice in Baron.; Tillemont, Mém. vol. xvi. p. 675, &c.) 3. Of CONSTANTINOPLE. He was chosen successor to Proclus, bishop of Constantinople, who died anno 439 Alex. era, or 446 A. D. At the time of his election he was a presbyter and keeper of the sacred vessels in the great church at Constantinople. Chrysaphius, the eunuch, a friend and supporter of the monk Eutyches [EUTYCHES], was at this time an influential person at court; and he having a dislike to Flavian, managed to set the emperor Theodosius II. against him, from the very commencement of his episcopate. Dioscorus, who had just ascended the episcopal chair of Alexandria, and was persecuting the kinsmen of his predecessor, Cyril [CYRILLUS], was also irritated against Flavian, who had befriended the persecuted parties. Flavian was indeed befriended by Pulcheria, the emperor's sister; but her aid was more than counterbalanced by the enmity of the empress 2. FLAVIUS, a Lucanian, who lived during Eudocia [EUDOCIA AUGUSTA], who was influ- the second Punic war, and for a time was at the enced by Chrysaphius, and was, moreover, irritated head of the Roman party among the Lucanians. by Flavian's defeating a plan to remove Pulcheria But in B. c. 213 he suddenly turned traitor; and altogether from the state and the court by having not satisfied with going over to the enemy himher ordained a deaconess. Flavian was not, how- self, and making his countrymen follow his exever, daunted. He assembled a synod of forty ample, he resolved to deliver the Roman general, bishops, and deposed Eutyches from his office of with whom he was connected by hospitality, into archimandrite or abbot, and excommunicated him, the hands of the Carthaginians. He accordingly on the ground of his heretical opinions. [Eu- had an interview with Mago, who commanded the TYCHES.] This bold step irritated the opponents Punic forces in Bruttium, and promised to deliver of Flavian, and they prevailed on the emperor to up to him the proconsul Tib. Sempronius Gracchus, summon a synod at Constantinople to try Flavian on condition that the Lucanians should be free, and on a charge of falsifying the acts of the synod at retain their own constitution. A place was then which Eutyches was condemned. Flavian was fixed upon where Mago might lay in ambush with acquitted, but his enemies persuaded Theodosius to an armed force, and whither Flavius promised to FLAVIUS. 1. M. FLAVIUS, a Roman, whoin B. c. 328, during the funeral solemnity of his mother, distributed meat (visceratio) among the people. It was said that this gift was made as much to honour his mother as to show his gratitude towards the people for having acquitted him sometime before, when he had been accused by the aediles of adultery. The people evinced their gratitude in return by electing him at the next comitia tribune of the people, although he was absent at the time, and others had offered themselves as candidates. In B. C. 323 he was invested with the same office a second time, and brought forward a rogation to chastise the Tusculans for having incited the Veliternians and Privernatans to make war against Rome. But the Tusculans came to Rome and averted the punishment by their prayers and entreaties. (Liv. viii. 22, 27; Val. Max. ix. 10. § 1.) lead the proconsul. Flavius now went to Gracchus, and promising to bring about a reconciliation between him and those who had recently deserted the cause of the Romans, he prevailed upon him to accompany him to the spot where Mago was concealed. When he arrived there Mago rushed forth from his ambuscade, and Flavius immediately went over to the Carthaginians. A fierce contest then ensued, near a place called Campi Veteres, in which Tib. Sempronius Gracchus was killed. (Liv. xxv. 16; Appian, Annib. 35; Val. Max. v. ì. Ext. § 6.) 3. Q. FLAVIUS, an augur who, according to Valerius Maximus (viii. 1. § 7), was accused before the people by the aedile, C. Valerius, perhaps the same who was curule aedile in B. c. 199. (Liv. xxxi. 50, xxxii. 50.) When fourteen tribes had already voted against Flavius, and the latter again asserted his innocence, Valerius declared that he did not care whether the man was guilty or innocent provided he secured his punishment; and the people, indignant at such conduct, acquitted Flavius. 4. Q. FLAVIUS, of Tarquinii, in Etruria, was the murderer of the slave Panurgus (previous to B.C. 77), who belonged to C. Fannius Chaereas, and was to be trained as an actor, according to a contract entered into between Fannius Chaereas and Q. Roscius, the celebrated comedian. (Cic. pro Rosc. Com. 11.) 5. L. FLAVIUS, a Roman eques, who gave his evidence against Verres. in B. c. 70. He probably lived in Sicily, and was engaged in mercantile pursuits. (Cic. in Verr. i. 5, v. 59.) He appears to be the same as the L. Flavius who is mentioned as the procurator, that is, the agent or steward of C. Matrinius in Sicily. (Cic. in Verr. v. 7.) 6. C. FLAVIUS, a brother of L. Flavius [No. 5], and likewise a Roman eques, was recommended by Cicero, in B. c. 46, to M'. Acilius, praetor of Sicily, as an intimate friend of C. Calpurnius Piso, the late son-in-law of Cicero. (Ad Fum. xiii. 31.) In some editions of Cicero's oration for Plancius (c. 42), we read the name of C. Flavius; but Garatoni and Wunder have shown that this is only an incorrect reading for C. (Alfius) Flavus. 7. L. FLAVIUS was tribune of the people in B. C. 60; and on the suggestion of Pompey, he brought forward an agrarian law, which was chiefly intended to benefit the veterans of Pompey, who at the same time very warmly supported the law. It was owing to the favour of Pompey, which he thus acquired, that in B. c. 59 he was elected praetor for the year following. His friendship with Cicero seems likewise to have arisen from his connection with Pompey; and Cicero strongly recommended him to his brother Quintus, who was praetor in Asia, where some bequest had been left to Flavius. Pompey had entrusted to his care young Tigranes of Armenia, but P. Clodius afterwards got possession of him, and Flavius tried in vain to recover the young prince. Cicero expressly mentions that Flavius was also a friend of Caesar, and hence it is not improbable that he may be the same as the Flavius whom Caesar, in B. C. 49, entrusted with one legion and the province of Sicily. (Cic. ad Att. i. 18, 19, ii. 1, x. 1; ad Q. Frat. i. 2; Ascon. in Cic. Milon. p. 47, ed. Orelli; Dion Cass. xxxvii. 50, xxxviii. 50.) 8. C. FLAVIUS, a friend of M Junius Brutus, whom he accompanied to Philippi in the capacity of praefectus fubrum. Flavius fell in the battle of Philippi, and Brutus lamented over his death. (C. Nep. Att. 8; Cic. ad Att. xii. 17; PseudoBrut. ad Cic. i. 6, 17; Plut. Brut. 51.) 9. C. FLAVIUS, a Roman eques of Asta, a Roman colony in Spain. He and other equites who had before belonged to the party of Pompey, went over to Caesar in B. C. 45. (Bell. Hispan. 26.) Whether he is the same as the C. Flavius who is mentioned among the enemies of Caesar Octavianus, and was put to death in B. C. 40, after the taking of Perusia, is uncertain. (Appian, B. C. v. 49.) [L. S.] CN. FLA'VIUS, the son of a freedman, who is called by Livy Cneius, by Gellius and Pliny Annius, was born in humble circumstances, but became secretary to App. Claudius Caecus [CLAUDIUS, No. 10], and, in consequence of this connection, together with his own shrewdness and eloquence, attained distinguished honours in the commonwealth. He is celebrated in the annals of Roman law for having been the first to divulge certain technicalities of procedure, which previously had been kept secret as the exclusive patrimony of the pontiffs and the patricians. The relative share which the pontiffs, as such, and the patricians, who were not pontiffs, possessed in the administration and interpretation of early Roman law, cannot now be accurately determined. Among the portions of law which were kept in the knowledge of a few, were the greater part of the actus legitimi and the actiones legis. These appear to have included the whole of legal practice, the actus legitimi ordinarily designating the technicalities of private legal transactions, and the actiones legis the ceremonies of judicial procedure, although this distinction is not always observed. To the hidden law of practice belonged the rules of the Kalendar (Fasti), and the greater part of the Formulae. The rules of the Kalendar determined what legal acts were to be done, and what omitted, on particular days. The Formulae related chiefly to technical pleading, or, in other words, to that part of forensic practice which determined the mode of stating a claim and making a defence; but there were also formulae for acts not connected with litigation, as mancipatio, sponsio, adoptio, and formulae of this latter kind cannot be supposed to have been so little known to the people at large as forms of pleading, whether oral or written, may have been. Flavius made himself master of the rules of the Kalendar and the formulae, either by stealing a book in which they had been laid down and reduced to order by App. Claudius (Dig. 1. tit. 2. s. 2. $7), or by frequently consulting those who were able to give advice upon the subject, by noting down their answers, and by applying his sagacious intellect to discover the system from which such detached answers proceeded. Pliny (H.N. xxxiii. 1) says that Flavius pursued the latter course, at the recommendation of App. Claudius (ejus hortatu exceperat eos dies, consultando assidue sagaci ingenio). He thus picked the brains of the jurists he consulted (ab ipsis cautis jurisconsultis eorum sapientiam compilavit, Cic. pro Mur. 11). The expressions of some writers who mention the publication of Flavius seem to confine his discoveries to the rules of the Kalendar; but there are other passages which make it likely that he published other rules connected with the legis actiones, espe cially the formulae of pleading. (Compare Liv. ix. 46; Macrob. Sat. i. 15; Cic. de Fin. iv. 27, Оп a group of chieftains, and demanded to speak with ad Att. vi. 1, de Orat. i. 41.) The collection of FLA'VIUS, a brother of Arminius, chief of the Cheruscans. In the summer of A. D. 16, the Romans and the Cheruscans were drawn up on the opposite banks of the Weser (Visurgis), when Arminius, prince of the Cheruscans, stepped forth from FLA'VIUS FELIX. [FELIX.] [THEODORUS.] FLA'VIUS MATERNIA'NUS. FLAVIUS PHILO'STRATUS. STRATUS.] [MATER [PHILO [PRISCUS.] FLAVIUS PRISCUS. FLA'VIUS VOPISCUS. [VOPISCUS.] FLAVUS, A'LFIUS, a rhetorician who flonrished in the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius. His reputation attracted to his school the elder Seneca [SENECA], then recently come to Rome from Corduba Flavus himself was a pupil of Cestius Pius [CESTIUS], whom he eclipsed both in practice and fame as a teacher of rhetoric. He was regarded at Rome as a youthful prodigy, and lectured before he had assumed the dress of manhood. His master, Cestius, said that his talents were too precocious to be permanent; and Seneca (Controv. i. p. 79. Bip.) remarks that Flavus always owed his renown in part to something beside his eloquence. At first his youth attracted wonder; afterwards his ease and carelessness. Yet he long retained a numerous school of hearers, although his talents were latterly spoiled by self-indulgence. Flavus united poetry and history or natural philosophy (Plin. N. H. ix. 8. § 25, and Elench. ix. xii. xiv. xv.) to rhetoric. (Senec. Controv. i. vii. x. xiv; Schott, de Clar. ap. Senec. Rhet. i. p. 374.) [W.B.D.] FLAVUS, L. CAESE'TIUS, tribune of the Plebs in B. C. 44, and deposed from his office by C. Julius Caesar, because, in concert with C. Epidius Marullus, one of his colleagues in the tribunate, he had removed the crowns from the statues of the dictator, and imprisoned a person who had saluted Caesar as "king." After expelling him from the senate, Caesar was urgent with the father of Flavus to disinherit him. But the elder Caesetius replied, that he would rather be deprived of his three sons than brand one of them with infamy. At the next consular comitia, many votes were given for Flavus, who, by his bold bearing towards the dictator, had become highly popular at Rome. (Appian, B. C. ii. 108, 122, iv. 93; Suet. Caes. 79, 80; Dion Cass. xliv. 9, 10, xlvi. 49; Plut. Caes. 61, Anton. 12; Vell. Pat. ii. 68; Liv. Epit. cxvi.; Cic. Philipp. xiii. 15; Val. Max. v. 7, § 2.) [W. B. D.]. FLAVUS, C. DECI'MIUS, a tribune of the soldiers, B. c. 209. He rescued M. Claudius Marcellus from defeat by repulsing a charge of Hannibal's elephants. (Liv. xxvii. 14.) Flavus was praetor urbanus, B. c. 184, and died in his year of office. (Liv. xxxix. 32, 38, 39.) [W. B. D.] FLAVUS, LAʼRTIUS. 1. Sr. LARTIUS FLAVUS, consul B. c. 506. Dionysius (v. 36) says that nothing was recorded of this consulship, and Livy omits it altogether. Niebuhr (Hist. of Rome, vol. i. p. 536) considers the consulship of Lartius Flavus and his colleague T. Herminius Aquilinus to have been inserted to fill up the gap of a year. Lartius Flavus belongs to the heroic period of Roman history. His name is generally coupled with that of Herminius (Dionys. v. 22, 23, 24, 36; Liv. ii. 10, 11), and in the original lays they were the two warriors who stood beside Horatius Cocles in his defence of the bridge. [COCLES.] Mr. Macaulay (Lays of Anc. Rome, "Horatius," st. 30) preserves this feature of the story, and adopts Niebuhr's reason for it (Hist. Rome, p. 542), that one represented the tribe of the Ramnes, and the other that of the Titienses. It is worth notice, however, that at the battle of the Lake Regillus, where all the heroes meet together for the last time, the name of Herminius appears, but not that of Lartius. (Dionys. v. 3, &c.; Liv. ii. 19, &c.) Lartius Flavus was consul a second time in B. c. 490 (Dionys. vii. 68); warden of the city (v. 75, viii. 64); one of the five envoys sent to the Volscian camp when Coriolanus besieged Rome (viii. 72); and interrex for holding the consular comitia B. C 480 (viii. 90), in which year he counselled war with Veii (ib. 91). 2. T. LARTIUS FLAVUS, brother of No. 1, con sul B. C. 501, and again B. c. 498. In this second consulship he took the town of Fidenae. (Dionys v. 50, 59, 60; Liv. ii. 21.) His deference to the senate is contrasted by Dionysius with the military arrogance of the Roman generals of his own age. In B. C. 498, ten years after the expulsion of the Tarquins, the curiae found it necessary to create a new magistracy, the dictatorship, limited indeed to six months, but within that period more absolute than the ancient monarchy, since there was no appeal from its authority. (Dict. of Ant. s. v. Dictator.) T. Lartius Flavus was the first dictator (Dionys. v. 71; Liv. ii. 18): he received the imperium from his colleague, appointed his master of the equites, held a census of the citizens, adjusted the differences of Rome with the Latins, and after presiding at the next consular comitia, laid down his office long before its term had expired. (Dionys. v. 76, 77.) According to one account (id. vi. 1; comp. Liv. ii. 8), Lartius Flavus dedicated the temple of Saturn, or the Capitol on the Capitoline hill. He was one of the envoys sent by the senate, B. c. 493, to treat with the plebs in their secession to the Sacred Hill (Dionys. vi. 81), and in the same year he served as legatus to the consul, Postumus Cominius, at the siege of Corioli. (Id. 92; Plut. Coriolan. 8.) In a tumult of the plebs, arising from the pressure of debt, B. c. 494, Lartius recommended conciliatory measures (Liv. ii. 29), and this agrees with the character of him by Dionysius (ll. cc.) as a mild and just man. [W. B. D.] FLAVUS or FLA'VIUS, SU'BRIUS, tribune in the Praetorian guards, and most active agent in the conspiracy against Nero, A. D. 66, which, from its most distinguished member, was called Piso's conspiracy. Flavus proposed to kill Nero while singing on the stage, or amidst the flames of his palace. He was said to have intended to make away with Piso also, and to offer the empire to Seneca, the philosopher, since such a choice would justify the conspirators, and it would be to little purpose to get rid of a piper, if a player-for Piso, too, had appeared on the stage-were to succeed him. The plot was detected. Flavus was betrayed by an accomplice and arrested, and, after some attempts at excuse, gloried in the charge. He was beheaded, and dled with firmness. Dion Cassius calls him Zou6tos Þλábios, and in some MSS. of Tacitus the name is written Flavius. (Tac. Ann.xv. 49, 50, 58, 67; Dion Cass. Ixii. 24.) [W. B. D.] FLAVUS, SULPI'CIUS, a companion of the emperor Claudius I., who assisted the imperial student in the composition of his historical works. (Suet. Claud. 4, 41.) [CLAUDIUS, I.] [W.B.D.] FLAVUS TRICIPTI'NUS, LUCRETIUS. [TRICIPTINUS.] FLAVUS, VIRGINIUS, a rhetorician, who lived in the first century A. D., and was one of the preceptors of A. PERSIUS FLACCUS, the poet. (Suet. Persii Vita; Burmann, Praefat. ad Cic. Herennium, ed. Schütz. p. xiv.) [W. B. D.] FLORA, the Roman goddess of flowers and spring. The writers, whose object it was to bring the Roman religion into contempt, relate that Flora had been, like Acca Laurentia, a courtezan, who accumulated a large property, and bequeathed it to the Roman people, in return for which she was honoured with the annual festival of the Floralia. (Lactant. i. 20.) But her worship was established at Rome in the very earliest times, for a temple is said to have been vowed to her by king Tatius (Varro, de L. L. v. 74), and Numa ap- | fect of Illyricum, in the room of Anatolius, recently pointed a flamen to her. The resemblance between deceased; but on the death of his patron in the the names Flora and Chloris led the later Romans same year (361), he fled, along with his colleague to identify the two divinities. Her temple at Taurus, from the wrath of the new emperor, during Rome was situated near the Circus Maximus (Tac. the whole of whose reign he remained in close conAnn. ii. 49), and her festival was celebrated from cealment, having, while absent, been impeached the 28th of April till the first of May, with ex- and capitally condemned. Julian is said to have travagant merriment and lasciviousness. (Dict. of generously refused to be informed of the place where Ant. s. v. Floralia.) [L. S.] his former enemy had sought shelter. (Julian, FLORENTI'NÚS, a jurist, who is named by Epist. 15; Amm. Marc. xvi. 12, 14, xvii. 3, 2, Lampridius (Alexand. 68.) as one of the council of xx. 4, 2. 8, 20, xxi. 6, 5, xxii. 3, 6. 7, 5; Zosim. the emperor Severus Alexander; and, though this iii. 10.) [W. R.] authority would otherwise be entitled to little weight, it is supported by a rescript of the emperor Alexander to A. Florentinus, which is preserved in Cod. 3. tit. 28. s. 8. He wrote Institutiones in 12 books; and his work, which was composed with much elegance, acuteness, and learning, was not neglected by the compilers of Justinian's Institutes. This is the only work by which he is known; and there are 43 pure extracts from it preserved in the Corpus Juris. These have been separately commented upon by M. Schmalz, in a dissertation entitled Florentini Institutionum Fragmenta Comment. illustrata, 8vo. Regiom, 1801. The other dissertations upon Florentinus and his remains bear the following titles :-A. F. Rivinus, Florentini Jurisprudentiae Testamentariae Reliquiae in Institut. imp. Justin. repertae et Notis illustratae, 4to. Vitemb. 1752; Chr. G. Jaspis, De Florentino ejusque eleganti Doctrina, 4to. Chemnic. 1753; C. F. Walchius, De Philosophia Florentini, 4to Jena. 1754, et in Opusculis, vol. i. p. 337-346; Jos. Th. Mathews, De Florentino Iclo, ejusque sex libris prioribus Institutionum, 4to. Lug. Bat. 1801. Like the more celebrated writer of Institutes, Gaius, he is not cited by any subsequent jurist, or, at least, no such citation has reached us. [J. T. G.] FLORENTI NUS, the author of a panegyric in thirty-nine hexameters, on the glories of the Vandal king Thrasimund and the splendour of Carthage under his sway, must have flourished about the close of the fifth century. These verses, which are expressed in harsh and almost barbarous phraseology, present nothing except a cumbrous tissue of coarse flattery. [FELIX FLAVIUS; LUXORIUS.] (Antholog. Lat. vi. 85, ed. Burmann, or n. 290, ed. Meyer.) [W. R.] FLORENTI'NÚS, a Byzantine writer of uncertain age, but who lived in or before the tenth century of the Christian era, is said to be the author of the Geoponica, which are generally ascribed to BASSUS CASSIANUS. [W. P.] FLORENTIUS, praetorian prefect of Gaul in the reign of Constantius II., by the unscrupulous tyranny of his financial administration, excited the indignation of Julian, who refused to ratify his ordinances. When the embarrassing order arrived for the legions to march to the east [JULIANUS], Florentius, that he might escape the responsibility of compliance or disobedience, remained obstinately at Vienna, busily engaged, as he pretended, in the discharge of official duties; but upon receiving intelligence of the open revolt of the troops and their choice of an Augustus, he immediately repaired to the court of Constantius, that he might both display his own fidelity, and at the same time magnify the guilt of the rebel prince. In recompense of this devotion, he was forthwith nominated consul for a. D. 361, and appointed praetorian pre FLÓRIA NUS, M. AN'NIUS, the brother, by a different father, of the emperor Tacitus, upon whose decease he at once assumed the supreme power, as if it had been a lawful inheritance. This boldness was to a certain extent successful, for his authority, although not formally acknowledged, was tolerated by the senate and the armies of the west. The legions in Syria, however, were not so submissive, but invested their own general, Probus, with the purple, and proclaimed him Augustus. A civil war ensued [PROBUS], which was abruptly terminated by the death of Florianus, who perished at Tarsus, either by the swords of his soldiers or by his own hands, after he had enjoyed the imperial dignity for about two months, from April to June or July, A. D. 276. (Zonar. xii. 29; Zosim. i. 64; Aur. Vict. Caes. 36, 37, Epit. 36; Eutrop. ix. 10); Vopisc. Florian.) [W. R.] ANN TPGMAN IANY COIN OF FLORIANUS. FLORUS, ANNAEUS (?). We possess a summary of Roman history, divided into four books, extending from the foundation of the city to the establishment of the empire under Augustus (A. D. 20), entitled Rerum Romanarum Libri IV., or Epitome de Gestis Romanorum, and composed, as we learn from the prooemium, in the reign of Trajan or of Hadrian. This compendium, which must by no means be regarded as an abridgment of Livy, but as a compilation from various authorities, presents within a very moderate compass a striking view of all the leading events comprehended by the above limits. A few mistakes in chronology and geography have been detected here and there; but the narrative is, for the most part, philosophic in arrangement and accurate in detail, although it has too much the air of a panegyric upon the Roman people. The style is by no means worthy of commendation. The general tone is far too poetical and declamatory, while the sentiments fre quently assume the form of tumid conceits expressed in violent metaphors. With regard to the author all is doubt and uncertainty. In many MSS. he is designated as L. Annaeus Florus, in others as L. Julius Florus, in others as L. Annaeus Seneca, and in one, perhaps the oldest of all, simply as L. Annaeus. Hence some critics have sought to identify him with Julius Florus Secundus, whose eloquence is praised |