FLORUS, ANNAEUS, the author of three sportive Trochaic dimeters addressed to Hadrian, which, with the emperor's reply in the same strain, have been preserved by Spartianus (Had. 16).· We cannot doubt that he is the same person with the Annaeus (Cod. Neap. Annius) Florus twice quoted by Charisius (pp. 38, 113) as an authority for the ablative poematis "Annaeus Florus ad divum Hadrianum poematis delector." (Anthol. Lat. ii. 97, ed. Burmann, or n. 212, ed. Meyer.) by Quintilian (x. 13); Vossius and Salmasius,hibits a very pure text and a copious selection of with a greater show of probability, recognize him as the best commentaries. We may also consult the poet Florus (see below), the composer of cer- with advantage the recent editions by Titze, 8vo. tain verses to Hadrian, preserved by Spartianus, Prag. 1819, and Seebode, 8vo. Lips. 1821. while Vinetus and Schottus believe him to be no The work has been frequently translated into other than Seneca, the preceptor of Nero, resting almost all European languages. [W. R.] their opinion chiefly upon a passage in Lactantius (Instit. vii. 15), where we are told that the philosopher in question divided the history of Rome into a succession of ages,-infancy under Romulus, boyhood under the kings immediately following, youth from the sway of Tarquin to the downfal of the Carthaginian power, manly vigour up to the commencement of the civil wars, which undermined its strength, until, as if in second childhood, it was forced to submit to the control of a single ruler ;a fancy which has been adopted by the author of the Epitome, who, however, arranges the epochs differently, and might evidently have borrowed the general idea. Moreover, if we were to adopt this last hypothesis, we should be compelled arbitrarily to reject the prooemium as spurious. Finally, Titze imagines that he can detect the work of two hands,-one & writer of the purest epoch, whom he supposes to have been the Julius Florus twice addressed by Horace (Ep. i. 3, ii. 2), the other an unknown and inferior interpolator, belonging to the decline of literature. To the former, according to this theory, all that is praiseworthy, both in matter and manner, must be ascribed, while to the share of the latter fall all the blunders, both in facts and taste, which disfigure the production as it now exists. But all these opinions rest upon nothing but mere conjectures. It would be a waste of time to discuss the native country and personal history of a person whose very name we cannot ascertain with certainty, and therefore we shall refrain from examining the arguments by which scholars have sought to demonstrate that he was an Italian, or a Gaul, or a Spaniard. A series of eight short epigrams in trochaic tetrameters catalectic are found in many MSS. under the name of Florus, or, as in the Codex Thuaneus, Floridus, to which Salmasius (ad Spart. Had. 16) added a ninth, in five hexameters, ascribing the whole to Florus the historian, who was at one time believed by Wernsdorf to be the author not only of these and of the lines to Hadrian, but of the well-known Pervigilium Veneris also an opinion which, however, he afterwards retracted. (Anthol. Lat. i. 17, 20. iii. 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 265, 291, ed. Burmann, or n. 213–221, ed. Meyer; Wernsdorf, Poet. Lat. Min. vol. iii. p. 425, vol. iv. pt. ii. p. 854.) A curious fragment has been recently published from a Brussels MS. headed "PANNII FLORI (a corruption probably of P. ANNI) Virgilius Orator an Poeta, Incipit." The introduction only, which is in the form of a dialogue supposed to have been held about A. D. 101, has been preserved, and from this we learn that the author was a native of Africa, that he had repaired, when still almost a boy, to Rome, and had become a competitor, at the Ludi Capitolini celebrated by Domitian (A. D. 90 What is usually esteemed the Editio Princeps apparently), for the poetical prize, which had been of Florus was printed at the Sorbonne about 1471, awarded to him by the applauding shouts of the in 4to., by Gering, Friburg, and Crantz, under the audience, but unfairly withheld by the emperor. inspection of Gaguinus, with the title "Lucii An- We are farther informed that, disgusted by this naei Flori de tota Hystoria Titi Livii Epithoma;" disappointment, he had refused to return to his but two others, without date and without the country and his kindred, had become a wanderer name of place or printer, one in Gothic and one in upon the earth, visiting in succession Sicily, Crete, Roman characters, are believed by many bibliogra- Rhodes, and Egypt, that he then returned to phers to be entitled to take precedence. In ad- Italy, crossed the Alps into Gaul, proceeded ondition to these, at least six impressions were pub-wards to the Pyrenees, finding at last repose in the lished before the close of the fifteenth century, revised by the elder Beroaldus, Antonius Sabellicus, Thannerus, and Barynthus (or Barynus). Since that period numberless editions have appeared; but those who desire to study the gradual progress of the text, which, as might be expected in a work which was extensively employed in the middle ages as a school-book, is found in most MSS. under a very corrupt form, will be able to trace its gradual development in the labours of the following scholars:-Jo. Camers, 4to. Vienn. Pannon. 1518, fol. Basil. 1532, accompanied by elaborate historical notes ; El. Vinetus, 4to. Pictav. 1553. 1563. Paris, 1576; J. Stadius, 8vo. Antv. 1567. 1584. 1594; Gruterus, 8vo. Heidel. 1597; Gruterus and Salmasius, Heidel. 8vo. 1609; Freinshemius, 8vo. Argentorat. 1632. 1636. 1655; Graevius, 8vo. Traj. ad Rhen. 1680, with numerous illustrations from coins and ancient monuments; Dukerus, 8vo. Lug. Bat. 1722. 1744. Lips. 1832. This last must be considered as the standard, since it exVOL. II. city of Tarragona, and contentment in the peaceful FLORUS, C. AQUI'LLIUS, M. F. C. N., consul B. c. 259, the sixth year of the first Punic war. The province assigned to Florus was Sicily, where he watched the movements of Hamilcar during the autumn and winter months, and remained in the island as proconsul until late in the suminer of B. C. 258. He was employed in that year in blockading Mytistratum, a strong hill-fort, which, after a stubborn resistance and severe loss to the Romans, submitted at length to the united legions of Florus and his successor in the consulship, A. Atilius Calatinus [CALATINUS]. Florus triumphed "De Poeneis" on the 5th of October, 258. (Liv. N FLORUS, DOMITIUS, who had been ejected from the senate through the influence of Plautianus, was restored in the reign of Macrinus, and created tribune of the people. (Dion Cass. lxxviii. 22.) FLORUS, GE'SSIUS, a native of Clazomenae, succeeded Albinus as procurator of Judaea, A. D. 64-65. He owed his appointment to the influence of his wife Cleopatra with the empress Poppaea. The government of Albinus had been oppressive, but the conduct of Florus caused the Jews to regard it with comparative regret. Without pity or shame, equally crafty and cruel, Fiorus was a systematic plunderer of his province. No gains were too petty, no extortion was too enormous for him. His ravages extended to whole districts, as well as to particular cities and persons: exile was preferable to his government; and the banditti who infested Judaea purchased impunity by sharing their booty with the procurator. Josephus (Antiq. xviii. 1, § 6, xx. 11, § 1, B. J. ii. 14), whom Tacitus confirms (Hist. v. 10), expressly attributes the last war of the Jews with Rome to Florus, and says that he purposely kindled the rebellion in order to cover the enormities of his government. At Caesareia, where in A. D. 65-66, in the second year of Florus' administration, the insurrection broke out, the Jewish citizens bribed him with eight talents, to secure them ingress into their own synagogue. Florus took the money, and immediately quitted Caesareia, abandoning the Jews to the insults and fury of the Greek population. Jewish deputies sent from Caesareia to Sebaste, to claim their purchased protection, were thrown into prison by Florus. He abstained from nothing which even the worst of his predecessors had respected. At one time he demanded 17 talents from the templetreasury in "Caesar's name ;" and twice within a few days he excited a tumult, and ordered a massacre at Jerusalem, in which 3600 persons perished, merely to afford him, amidst the confusion, an opportunity of plundering the Temple. The attempt failed, but on this occasion he publicly scourged and impaled Roman citizens of equestrian rank, but Jewish birth, although Berenice, of the Asmonaean race, and sister of Agrippa II. [BERENICE, 2; AGRIPPA HERODES, 2], stood barefooted and in mourning beside his tribunal, supplicating for her countrymen. At the feast of the Passover, April, A. D. 65, three millions of Jews petitioned Cestius Gallus [GALLUS], the proconsul of Syria, against the tyranny of Festus. But the only redress they obtained was a faint promise of milder treatment, while Florus stood at the proconsul's side, deriding the suppliants, and on his departure ostentatiously escorted him from Jerusalem to Antioch. Hatred to Florus, rather than to Rome, rendered all Agrippa's efforts in A. D. 66, to prevent the rebellion of the Jews ineffectual, and, after it broke out, all parties represented Florus as its principal cause. It is doubtful whether Florus perished in the insurrection or escaped. His death is recorded by Suetonius (Vespas. 4; Oros. vii. 9), but not implied by Josephus (Vita, 6). (Tacit., Joseph. ll. cc., and Antiq. xiv. 9, § 2, xx. 9, § 5, B. J. ii. 15, § 1, ib. 16, § 1; Sulpic. Sev. Sacr. Hist. ii. 42; Eusebius, Chronicon. LXVI.) He is sometimes called Festus and Cestius Florus. [W. B. D.] FLORUS, JU'LIUS, addressed by Horace in two epistles (i. 3, ii. 2), was, as we learn from the poet, attached to the suite of Claudius Tiberius Nero, when that prince was despatched by Augustus to place Tigranes upon the throne of Armenia. He was, moreover, according to Porphyrion, the author of satires, or rather, it would seem, the editor of extracts from the satirical works of Ennius, Lucilius, and Varro. It is not improbable that he is the Florus, mentioned as a pupil of M. Porcius Latro by Seneca (Controv. iv. 25), who quotes a passage from one of his pieces, apparently a declamation, entitled Flamininus. perhaps identify both with the Julius Florus whom Quintilian (x. 3. § 13) places in the foremost rank among the orators of Gaul, since he eventually practised his profession in that country (quoniam ibi demum eam (sc. eloquentiam) exercuit), and it is not impossible that all three are one and the We may same with Julius Florus who in the eighth year of Tiberius headed an insurrection among the Treviri. (Tac. Ann. iii. 40, 42). See Weichert, Poet. Lat. Reliq. p. 365, &c. [W. R.] FLORUS, JU'LIUS SECUNDUS, a distinguished orator, the contemporary and dear friend of Quintilian. Julins Florus, named above as famed for his eloquence in Gaul, was the paternal uncle of Julius Florus Secundus. (Quintil. x. 3, § 13; Senec. Controv. iv. 25.) [W. R.] FOCA or PHOCAS, a Latin grammarian, author of a dull, foolish life of Virgil in hexameter verse, of which one hundred and nineteen lines and a half have been preserved in two fragments, together with a short Sapphic ode, by way of exordium, on the progress of history, addressed to the Muse Clio. The title of the piece, as found in MSS., is Vila Virgilii a Foca Grammatico Urbis Romae Versibus edita, or with the complimentary addition Grammatico Urbis Romae perspicacissimo et clarissimo, from which we may conjecture that he was one of the public salaried teachers who gave lectures at Rome under the later emperors, while his name indicates that he was a Greek by extraction at least, if indeed we are not to understand that Rome here denotes New Rome or Constantinople. We know nothing regarding the history of Foca, nor the precise period when he flourished, except that he lived before Priscian and Cassiodorus, by both of whom he is quoted. In addition to the life of Virgil, we have three couplets, In Aeneidem Virgilii, and two tracts in prose, one De Aspiratione, and the other Ars de Nomine et Verbo, with a preface in elegiac verse. The metrical productions of this writer will be found in the Anthol. Lat. ii. 175, 185, 186, 256, ed. Burmann, or No. 286-289, ed. Meyer; the prose treatises in Putschius, Grammaticae Latinae Auctores Antiqui, p. 1687 and p. 1722. See also Wernsdorf, Poet. Latini Min., vol. iii. pp. 347, 410. [W. R.] FOCAS, emperor. [PHOCAS.] FONTA'NUS, a Roman poet of the Augustan age, who sang the loves of the nymphs and satyrs. (Ov. ex Pont. iv. 16. 35.) [W. R.] FONTEIA, one of the vestal virgins in B. C. 69, daughter of C. Fonteius [No. 4], and sister of M. Fonteius [No. 5], at whose trial she was produced by Cicero, to move the compassion of the judices in behalf of her brother. (Cic. pro Font. 17.) [W. B. D.] FONTEIA GENS came originally from Tusculum (Cic. pro Font. 14), of which municipium it was one of the most distinguished families. The Fonteii were plebeian (Cic. pro Dom. 44), and bore the cognomens AGRIPPA, BALBUS (omitted under BALBUS, but given under FONTEIUS), and CAPITO. The cognomen Crassus (Frontin. Stratag. i. 5. § 12, iv. 5. § 8) is an error of the MSS., since there were no Fonteii Crassi. The first member of this gens, whose name appears on the consular Fasti, is C. Fonteius Capito, one of the consuls suffecti in B. c. 33. [W. B. D.] There are several coins of this gens; but Capito is the only cognomen which occurs upon them: those which have no cognomen upon them are given below. The obverse of the first represents double-faced head, which is supposed by Vaillant | and others to be the head of Janus, and to indicate that the race was descended from Fontus, who, we learn from Arnobius (adv. Gentes, iii. 29), was regarded as the son of Janus: but, as Janus is always represented in later times with a beard. CFONE! ROMA Eckhel (vol. v. p. 214, &c.) maintains that the two heads refer to the Dioscuri, who were worshipped at Tusculum with especial honours, and who may be regarded as the Dii Penates of the gens. The heads of the Dioscuri also occur on other coins or the Fonteia gens, as we see in the second specimen figured below. The head on the obverse of the WTONE! third coin, with a thunderbolt beneath it, is probably that of Apollo Veiovis; the reverse represents a winged boy riding on a goat, with the two caps of the Dioscuri suspended above him, and a thyrsus below. FONTEIUS. 1. T. FONTEIUS, legatus of P. Cornelius Scipio, in Spain, B. c. 212. (Liv. xxv. 32.) After the defeat and death of P. and Cn. Scipio, Fonteius, as prefect of the camp, would have succeeded to the temporary command at least of the legions. But the soldiers, deeming him unequal to conduct a defeated army in the midst of a hostile country, chose instead an inferior officer, L. Marcius, for their leader. (Liv. xxv. 34, 38.) Fonteius, however, seems to have been second in command (xxvi. 17); and if he were the same with T. Fonteius mentioned by Frontinus (Stratag. i. 5. § 12, iv. 5. § 8), he was a brave, if not an able, officer. 2. P. FONTEIUS BALBUS, praetor in Spain, B.C. 169. (Liv. xliv. 17.) 3. M. FONTEIUSs, praetor of Sardinia, B. C. 167. (Liv. xlv. 44.) 4. C. FONTEIUS, legatus of the praetor Cn. Servilius Caepio, with whom he was slain in a popular tumult at Asculum in Picenum, on the breaking out of the Marsic or Social War, B. c. 90. (Cic. pro Font. 14; Liv. Epit. 72; Vell. Pat. ii. 15; Appian, B. C. i. 38; Oros. v. 18.) He was the father of Fonteia (Cic. pro Font. 17), and of No. 5. 5. M. FONTEIUS, son of the preceding. The praenomens of both these Fonteii are very doubtful. (Orelli, Onom. Tull. s. v. Fonteius.) Cicero enumerates the offices borne by M. or M'. Fonteius in the following order. He was a triumvir, bus whether for apportioning land, conducting a colony, or of the public treasury, is unknown. He was quaestor between B. c. 86-83. In B. c. 83 he was legatus, with the title of Pro-quaestor in Further Spain, and afterwards legatus in Macedonia, when he repressed the incursions of the Thracian tribes into the Roman province. The date of his praetorship is uncertain, but he governed, as his praetorian province, Narbonnese Gaul, between B. c. 76-73, since he remained three years in his government, and in 75 sent provisions, military stores, and recruits to Metellus Pius and Cn. Pompey, who were then occupied with the Sertorian war in Spain. His exactions for this purpose formed one of the charges brought against him by the provincials. He returned to Rome in B. c. 73-2, but he was not prosecuted for extortion and misgovernment until B. c. 69. M. Plaetorius was the conductor, M. Fabius subscriptor of the prosecution. With few exceptions, the principal inhabitants of Narbonne appeared at Rome as witnesses against Fonteius, but the most distinguished among them was Induciomarus, a chief of the Allobroges. The trial was in many respects important; but our knowledge of the cause, as well as of the history of M. Fonteius himself, is limited to the partial and fragmentary speech of his advocate, Cicero. The prosecution was an experiment of the new lawLex Aurelia de Judiciis-which had been passed at the close of B. c. 70, and which took away the judicia from the senate alone, and enacted that the judices be chosen equally from the senators, the equites, and the tribuni aerarii. It was also the year of Cicero's aedileship, and the prosecutor of Verres now came forward to defend a humbler but a similar criminal. Fonteius procured from every province which he had governed witnesses to his official character from Spain and Macedonia, from Narbo Martius and Marseille, from the camp of Pompey, and from the companies of revenue-farmers and merchants whom he had protected or connived at during his administration. He was charged, as far as we can infer from Cicero's speech (Pro Fonteio), with defrauding his creditors while quaestor; with imposing an exorbitant tax on the wines of Narbonne ; and with selling exemptions from the repair of the roads of the province, so that both were the roads impassable, and those who could not afford to buy exemptions were burdened with the duty of the exempted. Cicero denies the charge of fraud, but of the complaints respecting the wine-tax and the roads, he says that they were grave, if true; and that they were true, and that Fonteius was really guilty, are probable from the vague declamation in which his advocate indulges throughout his defence. Whether Fonteius were acquitted is not known; but, as he would have been fined or exiled if pronounced guilty, and as we read of his purchasing, after his trial, a sumptuous housethe domus Rabiriana (Cic. ad Att. i. 6.), at Naples, B. C. 68, it is more probable that the sentence of the judices was favorable. (Cic. pro Font.; Julius Victor, in Font. Fragm.; Drumann, Gesch. Rom. vol. v. pp. 329-334, by whom an analysis of Cicero's speech is given. The fragments we possess belong to the second speech for the defence. Fach party spoke twice, and Cicero each time in reply. (Cic. pro Font. 13.) Quintilian (vi. 3 § 51) cites pro Font. 3. § 7, as an example of enigmatic allusion.) The 6. P. FONTEIUS, a youth of obscure family, whom P. Clodius Pulcher [CLAUDIUS, No. 40.] chose for his adopted father; when. in order to qualify himself for the tribunate of the plebs, he passed at the end of B. c. 60, from the patrician house of the Claudii to the plebeian Fonteii. whole proceeding was illegal and absurd. Fonteius was married and had three children, therefore there was no plea for adoption; he was scarcely twenty years old, while Clodius was thirty-five; the rogation was hurried through, and the auspices were slighted. After the ceremony was completed, the first paternal act of Fonteius was to emancipate his adopted son. (Cic. pro Dom. 13, Harusp. Respons. 27.) FONTEIUS MAGNUS, a pleader of causes, and probably a native of Bithynia, who was one of the accusers of Rufus Varenus for extortion while proconsul of Bithynia. Pliny the younger defended Varenus, and Fonteius spoke in reply to him. (Plin. Ep. v. 20, vii. 6.) [W. B. D.] FONTINA'LIS, an agnomen of A. Atermius, consul in B. c. 454. [ATERNIUS.] FONTUS, a Roman divinity, and believed to be a son of Janus. He had an altar on the Janiculus, which derived its name from his father, and on which Numa was believed to be buried. He was a brother of Volturnus. (Cic. de Leg. ii. 22; Arnob. iii. 29.) The name of this divinity is connected with fons, a well; and he was the personification of the flowing waters. On the 13th of October the Romans celebrated the festival of the wells, called Fontinalia, at which the wells were adorned with garlands, and flowers thrown into them. (Varro, de L. L. vi. 22; Festus, s. v. Fontinalia.) [L. S.] FORNAX, a Roman goddess, who is said to have been worshipped that she might ripen the corn, and prevent its being burnt in baking in the oven. (Fornax.) Her festival, the Fornacalia, was announced by the curio maximus. (Ov. Fast. ii. 525, &c.; Festus, s. v. Fornacalia.) Hartung (die Relig. d. Röm. vol. ii. p. 107) considers her to be identical with Vesta. (Dict. of Ant. s. v. Fornacalia.) [L. S.] FORTUNA, the goddess of chance or good luck, was worshipped both in Greece and Italy, and more particularly at Rome, where she was considered as the steady goddess of good luck, success, and every kind of prosperity. The great confidence which the Romans placed in her is expressed in the story related by Plutarch (de Fortitud. Rom. 4), that on entering Rome she put off her wings and shoes, and threw away the globe, as she intended to take up her permanent abode among the Romans. Her worship is traced to the reign of Ancus Martius and Servius Tullius, and the latter is said to have built two temples to her, the one in the forum boarium, and the other on the banks of the Tiber. (Plut. 7. c. 5, 10; Dionys. iv. 27; Liv. x. 46; Ov. Fast. vi. 570.) The Romans mention her with a variety of surnames and epithets, as publica, privata, muliebris (said to have originated at the time when Coriolanus was prevented by the entreaties of the women from destroying Rome, Plut. l. c.), regina, conservatrix, primigenia, virilis, &c. Fortuna Virginensis was worshipped by newlymarried women, who dedicated their maiden garments and girdle in her temple. (Arnob. ii. 67; Augustin. de Civ. Dei, iv. 11.) Ovid (Fast. iv. happened about A. D. 106, since his seat in the college was bestowed upon the younger Pliny soon after that period. From an epigram in Martial we might conclude that he was twice elevated to the consulship; but since his name does not appear in the Fasti, we are unable to determine the dates, although, as stated above, we may infer that this honour was bestowed upon him, for the first time at least, before his journey to Britain, since the generals despatched to command that province were generally consulars. 145) tells us that Fortuna Virilis was worshipped by women, who prayed to her that she might preserve their charms, and thus enable them to please their husbands. Her surnames, in general, express either particular kinds of good luck or the persons or classes of persons to whom she granted it. Her worship was of great importance also at Antium and Praeneste, where her sortes or oracles were very celebrated. (Dict. of Ant. s. v. Oraculum; Hartung, die Relig. d. Röm. vol. ii. p. 233, Lc. Comp. TYCHE.) [L. S.] FORTUNATIA'NUS, ATI'LIUS, a Latin Two works undoubtedly by this author are still grammarian, author of a treatise (Ars) upon pros- extant:-1. Strategematicon Libri IV. or, if we ob⚫ ody, and the metres of Horace, which will be serve the distinction drawn by the author, Stratefound in the collection of Putschius. The work is gematicon Libri III. and Strategicon Liber unus. extremely defective and in great confusion, the forming a sort of treatise on the art of war, dedifferent parts being in many places jumbled toge-veloped in a collection of the sayings and doings ther in defiance of all order or arrangement. Fortunatianus cannot be later than the fifth century, since he is quoted by Cassiodorus, and his diction, as exhibited in an epistle dedicatory addressed to a young senator (p. 2685, ed. Putsch.), is very pure and graceful. [W. R.] FORTUNATIA'NUS, CU'RIUS or CHIRIUS, a Roman lawyer, flourished about the middle of the fifth century after Christ, a short time before Cassiodorus, by whom he is quoted. He drew up a compendium of technical rhetoric, by way of question and answer, in three books, compiled from the chief ancient authorities both Greek and Latin, under the title Curii Fortunatiani Consulti Artis Rhetoricae Scholicae Libri tres, a production which at one period was held in high esteem as a manual, from being at once comprehensive and concise. This writer must not be confounded with the Curius Fortunatianus' who, as we are told by Capitolinus (Max. et Balb. 4), composed a history of the reign of Maximus and Balbinus, nor with Fortunatianus, an African, bishop of Aquileia, mentioned by St. Jerome (de Viris Ill. 97) as a commentator on the Gospels. of the most renowned leaders of antiquity. The anecdotes in the first book relate to the various contingencies which may precede a battle, those in the second to the battle itself and its results, those in the third to the forming and raising of sieges, while those in the fourth, or the Strategica, comprehend various topics connected with the internal discipline of an army and the duties of the commander. This compilation, which presents no particular attractions in style, and seems to have been formed without any very critical investigation of the authorities from which some of the stories are derived, must have been published about A. D. 84, soon after the return of Frontinus from Britain, for we find Domitian named more than once with the title of Germanicus, together with frequent allusions to the German war, but no notice whatsoever of the Dacian or other subsequent campaigns. II. De Aquaeductibus Urbis Romae Libri II., a treatise, composed, as we have already pointed out, after the year 97. The language is plain and unpretending, while the matter forms a valuable contribution to the history of architecture. both of which are lost. We learn from the preface to the Strategematica, that Frontinus had previously written an essay De The Editio Princeps of the Ars Rhetorica was Scientia Militari, and Aelian speaks of a disquiprinted at Venice, fol. 1523, in a volume contain-sition on the tactics employed in the age of Homer, ing Rufinianus and other authors upon the same subject; a second edition, revised by P. Nannius, appeared at Louvain, 8vo. 1550; a third, by Erythraeus, at Strasburg, 8vo. 1568. The piece will be found also in the "Rhetores Latini Antiqui," of Pithou, Paris, 4to. 1599, p. 38-78. [W. R.] FO'SLIA GENS, patrician, of which only one family name, FLACCINATOR, appears in history. The family was early extinct. [W. B. D.] FRANGO. [FANGO.] FRONTI'NUS, SEX. JULIUS, of whose origin and early career we know nothing, first appears in history under Vespasian, at the beginning of A. D. 70, as praetor urbanus, an office which he speedily resigned in order to make way for Domitian, and it is probable that he was one of the consules suffecti in A. D. 74. In the course of the following year he succeeded Cerealis as governor of Britain, where he distinguished himself by the conquest of the Silures, and maintained the Roman power unbroken until superseded by Agricola in A. D. 78. In the third consulship of Nerva (A. D. 97) Frontinus was nominated curator aquarum, an appointment never conferred, as he himself informs us, except upon the leading men of the state (de Aq. 1; comp. 102); he also enjoyed the high dignity of augur, and his death must have The Editio Princeps of the Strategematica was printed by Euch. Silber, 4to. Rom. 1487. The best editions are that of F. Oudendorp, 8vo. Lug. Bat. 1731, reprinted, with additions and corrections, by Con. Oudendorp, 8vo. Lug. Bat. 1779, and that of Schwebel, 8vo. Lips. 1772. There is an early translation into our own language dedicated to Henry VIII., entitled "The Stratagems, Sleyghtes, and Policies of Warre, gathered together by S. Julius Frontinus, and translated into English by Rycharde Morysine," 8vo. Lond. 1539; and another by M.D. Ă.B.D. 12mo. Lond. 1686, to which is added "a new collection of the most noted stratagems and brave exploits of modern generals; with a short account of the weapons offensive and defensive, and engines commonly used in war." There are also transla tions into German by Schöffer, fol. Meyntz, 1582, by Motschidler, 8vo. Wittemberg, 1540; by Tacius, fol. Ingolst. 1542, including Vegetius, reprinted fol. Frank. 1578; and by Kind, 8vo. Leips 1750, along with Polyaenus: into French by Remy Rousseau, about 1514; by Wolkir, fol. Paris, 1536, along with Vegetius; by Perrot, 4to. Paris, 1664; and anonymous, 8vo. Paris, 1772: into Italian by Fr. Lucio Durantino, 8vo. Vineg. |