different periods as well as places, so that we cannot | tations from ancient authorities are ascribed to say whether they belonged to one gens or family

writers and works which no one ever heard of, and are universally regarded as impudent fabrications.

III. Liber de Expositione Virgilianae Continentiae ad Chalcidicum Grammaticum, a title which means, an explanation of what is contained in l'irgil, that is to say, of the esoteric truths allegorically conveyed in the Virgilian poems. The absurdity of this piece is so glaring, that, had it been composed in a different age, we should have at once pronounced it to be a tedious and exaggerated burlesque. To take a single example. The Aeneid is supposed to shadow forth the career of man, as he passes upwards through the weakness of infancy and the waywardness of youth to wisdom and happiness. Now we are told that Anchises died and was buried at Drepanum. But δρέπανον οι δρέ πανος is quasi δριμύπαιδος: δριμύς means harsh, Tais means a boy, therefore the interment of An(Ascon.chises by his son covertly expresses that the harshness of youth casts aside paternal restraint.

100

Vell. Pat. ii. 74; Cic. Phil. ii. 5, 31, iii. 6, er a Att. xiv. 12; Val. Max. ix. 1. § 8; Niebu Lectures on Rom. Hist. vol. ii. p. 121, &c.) [L. S FULVIA PLAUTILLA. [PLAUTILLA] FUL FU'LVIA GENS (of which the older term wailed Foulvia), plebeian, but one of the most illustrious Roman gentes. According to Cicero (pro Plan FUL 8, comp. Phil. iii. 6) and Pliny (H. N. vii. 44der t this gens had come to Rome from Tusculum w although some members must have remained deli their native place, since Fulvii occur at Tusculu1. as late as the time of Cicero. The gens Fulvia w FUN believed to have received its sacra from Herculo. 21 after he had accomplished his twelve labours. Tdan cognomens which occur in this gens in the timeed the republic are BAMBALIO, CENTUMALUS, Cher VUS (omitted under CURVUS, but given und of FULVIUS), FLACCUS, GILLO, NACCA, NOBILIOicat PAETINUS, and VERATIUS, or NERATIUS. TUN annexed coin, belonging to this gens, bears on the obverse a head of Pallas, with ROMA, and on the tho reverse Victory in a biga, with CN. FOUL. M. CAhip Q. MET., that is, Cn. Fulvius, M. Calidius, Q. Me tellus.

[L. S. co

CNFOL
MCARNE

FULVIA'NUS, L. MA'NLIUS ACIDI'NUS [ACIDINUS, No. 2.]

tanus. She was first married to P. Clodius, by |
whom she had a daughter, Claudia, afterwards the
wife of Caesar Octavianus. When Clodius was
murdered, and his body was carried to Rome, and
there exposed in the atrium of his house, Fulvia,
with great lamentations, showed her husband's
wounds to the multitude that came to see the
body; and she thus inflamed their desire of taking
vengeance on the murderer. She afterwards
married C. Scribonius Curio; and after his fall in
Africa, in B. c. 49, she lived for some years as a
widow, until about B. C. 44, she married M. An-
tony, by whom she became the mother of two
sons. Up to the time of her marrying Antony,
she had been a woman of most dissolute conduct,
but henceforth she clung to Antony with the most
passionate attachment, and her only ambition was
to see her husband occupy the first place in the
republic, at whatever cost that position might be
purchased. When Antony was declared a public
enemy, she addressed the most humble entreaties
to the senate, praying that they might alter their
resolution. Her brutal conduct during the fearful
proscriptions of B. c. 43 is well known; she gazed
with delight upon the heads of Cicero and Rufus,
the victims of her husband. In those same days
of terror a number of wealthy Roman ladies were
ordered to deliver up their treasures to the tri-
umvirs, whereupon they called upon the female
relatives of the triumvirs, and petitioned them to
interfere with the triumvirs, and endeavour to
mitigate the order. When the ladies came to the
house of Fulvia, they were treated most haughtily
and ignominiously. In B. c. 40, while Antony was
revelling with Cleopatra in all the luxuries of the
East, and Octavianus was rewarding his soldiers
with lands in Italy, Fulvia, stimulated partly by
jealousy and the desire of drawing Antony back to
Italy, and partly by her hostility towards Octavi-
anus, resolved upon raising a commotion in Italy.
She induced L. Antonius, her husband's brother, to
come forwards as the protector of those who were
oppressed and reduced to poverty by the colonies
of Octavianus. He was soon joined by others,
who were more sincere than himself. He took his
post at Praeneste whither he was followed by
Fulvia, who pretended that the lives of her children
were threatened by Lepidus. She afterwards fol-
lowed L. Antonius to Perusia, and endeavoured to
rouse the inhabitants of the north of Italy to assist
him, while he was besieged at Perusia by Octavi-
When Perusia fell into the hands of Octa-
vianus, by the treachery of L. Antonius, Fulvia
was permitted to escape, and went to Brundusium,
where she embarked for Greece. Her husband,
who had in the meantime been informed of the
war of Perusia and its result, was on his way to
Italy. He met Fulvia at Athens, and censured
her severely for having caused the disturbance. It
is said that, from grief at his rough treatment, she
was taken ill, and in this state he left her at
Sicyon while he went to Brundusium. Her feel-
ings were so deeply wounded by her husband's con-
duct, that she took no care of herself, and soon after
died at Sicyon, B. c. 40. The news of her death
came very opportunely for the triumvirs, who now
formed a reconciliation, which was cemented by
Antony marrying the noble-minded Octavia.
(Plut. Anton. 9, &c.; Appian, B. C. iii. 51, iv. 29,
32, v. 14, 19, 21, 33, 43, 50, 52, 55, 59, 62;
Dion. Cass. xlvi. 56, xlvii. 8, &c.; xlviii. 3—28;

anus.

|

FU'LVIUS. 1. L. FULVIUS CURIUS, was co sul in B. C. 322, with Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianu He is the first Fulvius that we meet with in the hirptiv tory of Rome, and is said to have been consul at Ture of culum in the year in which that town revolted againsite Rome; and on going over to the Romans to have been invested there with the same office, and tatt have triumphed over his own countrymen. H and his colleague were further said, in some annals to have conquered the Samnites, and to have triumphed over them. In B. c. 313 he was ma gister equitum to the dictator, L. Aemilius, whom he accompanied to besiege Saticula. (Plin. H. N vii. 44; Liv. viii. 38, ix. 21.)

2. M. FULVIUS CURIUS PAETINUS, consul in B.C 305, in the place of T. Minucius, who had faller in the war against the Samnites. According to some annalists, M. Fulvius took the town of Bo vianum, and celebrated a triumph over the Sam nites. (Liv. ix. 44.)

3. C. FULVIUS CURVUS, one of the plebeia aediles in B. c. 298. (Liv. x. 23.)

4. A. FULVIUS, the son of a Roman, and a accomplice of the Catilinarian conspiracy; bu when he was on his way to Catiline, his fathe who was informed of his son's design, overtoo him, and ordered him to be put to death. Cat. 39; Dion Cass. xxxvii. 36; Val. Max. v. § 5.) [L. S.]

(Sal

FU'LVIUS, praefectus urbi in A. D. 222, wa torn to pieces, along with Aurelius Eubulus [Et BULUS], by the soldiers and people, in the ma sacre which followed the death of Elagabalus, an was succeeded in office by the notorious Eutych anus Comazon. He is perhaps the same pers with the consular, Fulvius Diogenianus [DIOGEN ANUS], whose rash exclamation, on hearing

Etter addressed by Macrinus to the senate, has
een commemorated by Dion Cassius. (Dion Cass.
xviii. 36, lxxix. 21.)
[W. R.]
FULVIUS ASPRIA'NUS, an historian, who
etailed at great length the doings of the emperor
arinus. (Vopisc. Carin. 16.)

FULVUS, the name of a family of the Aurelii, nder the empire, from which the emperor Antoinus was descended, whose name was originally .Aelius Fulvus. (See the genealogical table in Vol. I. pp. 210, 211.)

Seneca. (Ep. 86.) Fundanius was cited also by
Varro in one of his philological treatises. (Varr.
R. R. i. 2. § 13, Frag. p. 349, ed. Bipont.)

3. M. FUNDANIUS, defended by Cicero, B. c. 65. The scanty fragments of the "Oratio pro M. Fundanio" do not enable us to understand either the nature of the charge or the result of the trial. (Cic. Fragm. ed. Orelli, p. 445.) Q. Cicero (de Petit. Cons. 5) says that Fundanius possessed great interest in the comitia and would be very serviceable to M. Cicero at his approaching consular election. Cicero held up to ridicule one of the witnesses for the prosecution on this trial, who could not enunciate properly the first letter in the name Fundanius. (Quintil. Instit. i. 4. § 14.) While proconsul of Asia Minor, B. c. 59, Q. Cicero favoured one C. Fundanius in his demands on the property of Octavius Naso; and as it is doubtful whether the nomen of this Fundanius were Marcus or Caius, it is not unlikely that Naso's creditor and the defendant, B. c. 65, were the same person. (Cic. ad Q. Frat. i. 3. § 10.)

FUNDA'NIA, the daughter of C. Fundanius No. 2], and wife of M. Terentius Varro. [VARRO]. undania had purchased an estate, and Varro comosed his three books, De Re Rustica, as a manual or her instruction in the management of it. The irst of these books, entitled De Agricultura, is dedicated to her. (Varr. R. R. i. 1.) [W. B. D.] FUNDA'NIA GENS, plebeian, first came into hotice in the middle of the third century B. C.; but though one of its members obtained the conulship (B. c. 243), the Fundanii never attained much importance in the state. FUNDULUS is the 4. C. FUNDANIUS, perhaps a son of No. 2, is Lonly cognomen that occurs in this gens. [W. B. D.] spoken of by Cicero (ad Q. Fr. i. 2. § 3) as a It is uncertain to whom the two following coins friend of his. He may be the same as the C. of this gens, both of which bear the name Č. Fun-Fundanius, a Roman eques, who, in the Spanish danius, are to be referred. The first has on the obverse the head of Jupiter, and on the reverse Victory placing a crown upon a trophy, with a

captive kneeling by the side: the second has on the obverse the head of Pallas, and on the reverse Jupiter in a quadriga, the horses of which are driven by a person sitting upon one of them; the Qat the top indicates that the coin was a Quinarius.

SEVNDAN

FUNDA'NIUS. 1. M. FUNDANIUS, one of the tribunes of the plebs in B. c. 195. In conjunction with another tribune, L. Valerius, Fundanius proposed the abolition of the Oppian sumptuary law, which laid some restrictions on the dress and manners of the Roman women. Valerius and Fundanius were opposed by two members of their own collegium, M. Brutus and T. Brutus, and by one of the consuls of the year, M. Porcius Cato. But the matrons supported the proposed abrogation so strenuously and pertinaciously, that the law was rescinded. (See vol. i. p. 638; Liv. - Σχχίν. 1.)

2. C. FUNDANIUS was the father of Fundania, the wife of M. Terentius Varro. Fundanius is the one of the speakers in Varro's first dialogue, De Re Rustica; and from the speech there assigned E him, he seems to have been a scholar, and acequainted with at least the statistics of agriculture. DHis account of the increasing luxury of the Roman Country-houses may be compared with that of

war, B. c. 45, deserted Cn. Pompeius the Younger, and came over to Caesar a few days previous to the capture of Ategua (Tebala Veja or Tegua) in Baetica by the Caesarians, on the 19th of February in that year. (Bell. Hisp. 11.)

5. C. FUNDA'NIUS, a writer of comedies in the age of Augustus. Horace (Sat. i. 10. 41, 42) praises his management of the slaves and intrigantes of the comic drama. He puts into the mouth of Fundanius (Sat. ii. 8. 19) a description of the rich but vulgar supper of Nasidienus, that is, of Salvidienus Rufus. (Suet. Octav. 66; Vet. Schol. ad Hor. Sat. i. 10. 41.) [W. B. D.]

FU'NDULUS. 1. C. FUNDANIUS C. F. Q. N. FUNDULUS was one of the plebeian aediles in B. C. 246. He united with his colleague, Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, in the impeachment of Claudia, one of the daughters of App. Claudius Caecus. [CLAUDIA, 1.] After encountering a strenuous opposition from the numerous members and connections of the Claudian gens, the aediles at length imposed a heavy fine on Claudia; and they employed the money in building on the Aventine hill a temple to Liberty. (Liv. xxiv. 16.) Fundanius was consul in B. C. 243, and was sent into Sicily to oppose Hamilcar Barcas, who then occupied the town of Eryx. The Carthaginian commander sent to the Roman camp to demand a truce for the interment of the slain. Fundanius replied that Hamilcar should rather propose a truce for the living, and rejected his demand. But afterwards, when Fundanius made a similar proposal, Hamilcar at once granted it, observing that he warred not with the dead. (Gell. x. 6; Diod. Fragm. Vatican. p. 53.) The scholiast on Cicero's speech against Clodius and Curio, gives, however, a different version of the history of Fundanius. He impeached, not Claudia, the daughter, but P. Claudius Pulcher, the son of Appius Caecus, for his impiety in giving battle contrary to the auspices, and for his defeat at Drepana. [CLAUDIUS No. 13.] When the centuries were preparing to vote, a thunder-storm interrupted the proceedings. Other tribunes then nterposed, and prohibited the same impeachment being brought forward by the same accusers

twice in one year. Fundanius and his colleague, | to lay down his censorship, in accordance with th Juntus Pullus, therefore changed the form of their law. (Liv. ix. 42.) action, and then succeeded. This account would make the tribuneship of Fundanius to fall earlier than the common story implies; since Claudia was not impeached until after her brother's death. (Schol. Bob. in Cic. p. 337. ed. Orelli.)

20

3

31

(Dionys. xi. 52.) Livy (iv.1) mentions the roga- | it on account of some remarkable scandal attached tion, but not Furnius.

to his life. (Plin. H. N. xxxiii. 12. § 152.) He
instructed in rhetoric the poet Ovid (Senec. Con-
trov. x. p. 157. Bip.), the philosopher Fabianus (Id.
Controv. proem. ii.), and others. He declaimed
more frequently in Greek than in Latin (Suasor.
iv. p. 29), and his style of declamation is described
by Seneca (Controv. proem. ii. p. 134), as more
brilliant than solid, antithetical rather than elo-
quent. Seneca, however, highly commends his
statement (explicatio) of an argument. (Suasor. iv.)
His eulogy of Cicero (Suasor. vii. p. 50) is the most
interesting specimen of his manner. The Suaso-
riae and Controversiae both abound in citations
from the rhetorical exercises of Fuscus. His rival
in teaching and declaiming was Porcius Latro
[LATRO], and their styles seem to have been exact
opposites. (Comp. Controv. ii. proem. and x. p.
157.) Pliny (H. N. xxxiii. 12. § 152) reproaches
Fuscus with wearing silver rings. There were two
rhetoricians of this name, a father and son, since
Seneca generally affixes "pater" to his mention of
Arellius Fuscus. The praenomen of one of them
was Quintus.
[W. B. D.]

2. Tribune of the plebs B. c. 50 (Cic. ad Att. v. 2, 18), and a friend and correspondent of Cicero. (Ad Fam. x. 25, 26.) Cicero trusted to the exertions of Furnius, while tribune, to obtain 241 for him his recal at the end of his first year as proconsul of Cilicia, and, after his return, a supplicatio or thanksgiving. (Ad Fam. viii. 10, ix. 24, xv. 14.) A clause, however, which Furnius inserted in his plebiscite, making the recal dependent on the Parthians remaining quiet until the month of August, B. c. 50, was unsatisfactory to Cicero, since July was the usual season of their inroads. (Cic. ad Att. vi. 1.) Furnius, as tribune, was opposed to the unreasonable demands of the oligarchical party at Rome, that Caesar should immediately and unconditionally resign his proconsulship of Gaul. (Cic. ad Fam. viii. 10.) After the breaking out of the civil war, he was sent by Caesar with letters to Cicero in March, B. c. 49. (Cic. ad Att. ix. 6, 11, vii. 19.) Cicero recommended Furnius to L. Munatius Plancus [PLANcus], at that time, B. c. 43, proconsul in Transalpine Gaul (ad Fam. x. 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 11, 12), and FUSCUS, ARI'STIUS, a friend of the poet he was legatus to Plancus during the first war be- Horace. (Sat. i. 9. 61, Ep. i. 10.) Acro (ad loc.) tween Antony and Augustus, and until after the calls Fuscus a writer of tragedies; Porphyrion battle of Philippi, B. c. 42. During the war be- (ib.) of comedies; while other scholiasts describe tween Antony and the senate, Furnius apprised him as a grammarian. Since the names Viscus Cicero of the movements and sentiments of the and Tuscus are easily convertible into Fuscus, Roman legions and commanders in Gaul and Spain, Heinsius (ad Ov. ex Pont. iv. 16. 20) contends but his letters have not been preserved. (Ad Fam. that Viscus (Hor. Sat. i. 9. 22) and Tuscus (Ov. x.) In the Perusine war, B. C. 41-2, Furnius took. c.), the author of a poem entitled Phyllis, should part with L. Antonius. [ANTONIUS, No. 14.] He defended Sentinum in Umbria against Augustus, and shared the sufferings of the "Perusina Fames." Furnius was one of three officers commissioned by L. Antonius to negotiate the surrender of Perusia, and his reception by Augustus was such as to awaken in the Antonian party suspicions of his fidelity. (Appian, B. C. v. 30, 40, 41; Dion Cass. xlviii. 13, 14.) In B. c. 35 he was prefect of Asia Minor, under M. Antony, where he took prisoner Sex. Pompeius, who had fled thither after his defeat by Agrippa, B. c. 36. (Appian, B. C. v. 137-142.) After the battle of Actium, B. C. 31, Furnius, through the mediation of his son C. Furnius, was reconciled to Augustus (Senec. De Benef. ii. 25), and received from him the rank of a consular senator (Dion Cass. lii. 42), and was afterwards appointed one of the supplementary consuls, in B. c. 29, which is the first time the name of Furnius appears on the consular Fasti. He was prefect of Hither Spain in B. C. 21. (Dion Cass. liv.5; Flor. iv. 12.) Furnius is probably mentioned by the author, De Oratoribus (c. 21) among the speakers whose meagre and obsolete diction rendered their works impossible to read without an inclination to sleep or smile.

3. Son of the preceding, consul B. c. 17. He
reconciled Augustus to his father, C. Furnius, who
had been up to B. c. 31 a staunch adherent of
M. Antonius. (Senec. Benefic. ii. 25.) It is
doubtful whether the Furnius put to death by the
senate in the reign of Tiberius, A. D. 26, for adul-
tery with Claudia Pulchra, be the same person.
(Tac. Ann. iv. 52.)
[W. B. D.]

FUSCIA'NUS. [TUSCIANUS.]
FUSCUS, ARE'LLIUS, a rhetorician who
flourished at Rome in the latter years of Augustus.
He was of equestrian rank, but was degraded from

be read Fuscus. (See Jahn's Jahrbuch d. Phil. ii 4, p. 420, for the year 1829.) Horace addressed an ode (Carm. i. 22) and an epistle (Ep. i. 10) to Fuscus Aristius, whom he also introduces elsewhere (Sat. i. 9. 61; 10. 83). [W. B. D.]

FUSCUS, TI. CLAU'DÍUS SALINATOR, a correspondent of the younger Pliny. (Ep. ix. 36, 40.) Fuscus was of a senatorian family, possessed of great eloquence and learning (Plin. Ep. vi. 11), and remarkable for his simplicity and sobriety of character. (vi. 26.) He was Hadrian's colleague in the consulship of a. D. 118. He married a daughter of Julius Servianus. (Plin. Ep. vi. 26; Dion Cass. lxix. 17; Westermann, Römisch. Beredsamk. § 84, 35.)

Fuscus, son of the preceding, was put to death in his nineteenth year, with his father-in-law, Servianus, by Hadrian, who charged Fuscus with aspiring to the empire. (Spartian. Hadrian. 23.) Dion Cassius (lxix. 17) says that Fuscus and Servianus owed their death to imprudently expressing displeasure at Hadrian's choice of L. Commodus Verus for his successor. [W. B. D.]

FUSCUS, CORNE'LIUS, one of the most active adherents of Vespasian in his contest with Vitellius for the empire A. D. 69. In decision, zeal, and popularity with the soldiers, Tacitus ranks Fuscus second to Antonius Primus alone. [PRIMUS, ANTONIUS.] During Nero's reign, Fuscus lived in retirement on an estate inherited from noble ancestors; but he served under Galba, and was made by him procurator of Pannonia. In the war with Vitellius, the fleet at Ravenna elected Fuscus their leader, and under his command moved along the eastern coast of Italy, in concert with the troops of Vespasian. For his services at this time Vespasian rewarded Fuscus with the insignia and rank of praetor. Under Domitian Fuscus was