Vales. xxvi. p. 568.) Livy asserts that after the battle of Cannae, Gelon was preparing to abandon the alliance of Rome for that of Carthage, and that he was only prevented from doing so by his sudden death; but this seems quite at variance with the statement of Polybius of his uniform submission to his father's views, and may very likely deserve as little credit as the insinuation with which Livy immediately follows it-that his death occurred so opportunely, as to cast suspicion upon Hieron himself. (Liv. xxiii. 30.) Gelon was married to Nereïs, daughter of Pyrrhus, by whom he left a son, Hieronymus, and a daughter, Harmonia, married to a Syracusan named Themistus. (Polyb. vii. 4 ; Justin. xxviii. 3; Paus. vi. 12. § 3.) Archimedes dedicated to him his treatise called Arenarius, in which it may be observed that he addresses him by the title of king. (Arenar. p. 319. ed Torell.)

The coins referred by earlier writers to the elder Gelon are generally admitted by modern numismatists to belong to this prince; the head on the obverse is probably that of Gelon himself; though Eckhel (vol. i. p. 255) considers it as that of the elder Gelon, and that the coins were struck in his honour, under the reign of Hieron II.

3. A native of Epeirus, in the service of Neoptolemus II., king of that country, who took occasion to form a plot against the life of Pyrrhus, when that prince and Neoptolemus had met to perform a solemn sacrifice. The conspiracy was, however, discovered, and Neoptolemus himself assassinated by his rival, B. c. 296. (Plut. Pyrrh. 5.) [E.H.B.] GELO'NUS. [ECHIDNA.]

GE'MINA, one of the ladies who attended the philosophical instructions of Plotinus when he was at Rome in the early part of the reign of the emperor Philip, A. D. 244. Her affluence is indicated by the circumstance that the philosopher resided and taught in her house, and her age by the circumstance that her daughter, of the same name with herself, was also one of his zealous disciples. (Porphyr. Vit. Plotin. c. 3, 9.) [J. C. M.]

GEMI'NIUS, 1. C. Praetor of Macedonia, B.C. 92. He sustained a severe defeat from the Maedians, a Thracian tribe, who afterwards ravaged the province. (Liv. Epit. 70; Jul. Obseq. de Prodig. 113.)

2. A decurio of Terracina, and a personal enemy of C. Marius the elder. The troop of horse which discovered Marius in the marshes of Minturnae, B. C. 88, had been despatched by Geminius to apprehend him. (Plut. Mar. 36, 38.)

3. A zealous partizan of M. Antony, was deputed by the triumvir's friends in Rome to remonstrate with him on his ruinous connection with Cleopatra. Geminius went to Athens in the winter of B. c. 32-31, but could not obtain a private audience from Antony. At length, being menaced by Cleopatra with the torture, he withdrew from Athens, leaving his mission unaccomplished. (Plut. Ant. 59.)

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4. A Roman eques, put to death at the end who A. D. 33, on a charge of conspiracy against Tiberi but really because of his intimacy with Sejam badiy (Tac. Ann. vi. 14.) [W. B.D.] GEMI'NIUS METTIUS. [METTIUS.] GEMI'NUS (Teuvos). This name comes do to us in the manuscripts of Proclus, with a cumflex on the penultimate syllable. Gerard Ve sius believes, nevertheless, that it is the Latis part word: Petavius and Fabricius admit the circu but flex without other comment than reference to seve Proclus. Any one is justified in saying either first Gemīnus or Geminus, according to his theory.

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Of the man belonging to this dubious name we per know nothing but that, from a passage in his works relative to the Egyptian annus vagus of 120 years before his own time, it appears that he must have been living in the year B. c. 77. He wa a Rhodian, and both Petavius and Vossius su pect that he wrote at Rome; but perhaps on m stronger foundation than his Latin name and his Greek tongue, which make them suppose that he was a libertus. Proclus mentions him (p. 11 of with Grynoeus) as distinguishing the mathematical the sciences into vonrá and aloenra, in the former o which he places geometry and arithmetic, in the latter mechanics, astronomy, optics, geodesy, cz. nonics, and logic (no doubt a corruption of logistic, was or computation; Barocius has ars supputatriz). and Again (p. 31) Proclus mentions him as author of a ha geometrical work containing an account of spiral, po conchoid, and cissoid lines. But Delambre (Astr. Anc. vol. i. p. 211) saw reason to question the skill of Geminus both in arithmetic and geometry.

The only work of Geminus now remaining is the Eloaywyn) eis rd Pavóμeva, which many wrongly make to be a commentary on the Phaenomens of Aratus. The work on the sphere attributed to Proclus is not much more than an abridgment of some chapters of Geminus. The book of the latter is a descriptive treatise on elementary astronomy, with a great deal of historical allusion. There is a full account of it in Delambre (l. c.). The total rejection of the supposed effects of the risings and settings of the stars, &c. upou the weather is creditable to Geminus. The work was first published by Edo Hildericus, Gr. Lat, Altorf, 1590, 8vo. This edition was reprinted at Leyden, 1603, 8vo. H. Briggs diligently compared the edition with a manuscript at Oxford, and handed the results to Petavius, who made a similar comparison with another manuscript of his own, and published a corrected edition (Gr. Lat.) in his Uranologion, Paris, 1630, fol. The most recent edition is that in Halma's edition of Ptolemy, Paris, 1819, 4to. Petavius also informs us that another work of Geminus was sent to England in manuscript, with other portions of the library of Barocius (the editor of Proclus, we presume). (Proclus; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. iv. p. 31, &c.; Petavius, Uranologion; Weidler, Hist. Astron.; Delambre, Astron. Anc.) [A. De M.]

GE'MINUS, ANTONI'NUS, son of M. Aurelius and Faustina, twin brother of the emperor Commodus. He died when a child of four years old. [M. AURELIUS.] [W.R.]

GE MINUS, ATI'DIUS, a praetor of Achaia, but at what time is unknown. (Tac. Ann. iv. 43.) [L. S.] GE'MINUS, DUCE'NNIUS, was appointed by Nero, in A. D. 63, one of the three consulars

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who had to superintend the public vectigalia and O prosecute those who had before managed them adly. In the reign of Galba he was praefect of the city. (Tac. Ann. xv. 18, Hist. i. 14.) [L. S.] GEMINUS, FU'FIUS. In B. C. 35, when Octavianus, after subduing the Pannonians, retired Rome, he left Fufius Geminus, with a part of us army, behind in Pannonia. Soon after the departure of Octavianus, the Pannonians rose again; put Geminus succeeded in compelling them, by everal battles, to remain quiet, although he had at irst been driven by them from the town of Siscia. Dion Cass. xlix. 36.) He seems to be the same person as the one whom Florus (iv. 12. § 8) calls Vibius. Whether he stood in any relation to C. Fufius Geminus, who was consul in A. D. 29, is unknown. (Tac. Ann. v. 1.)

[L. S.] GE'MINUS, L. RUBE'LLIUS, consul in A. D. 29, with C. Fufius Geminus. (Tac. Ann. 7. 1.) [L. S.] GE MINUS, SERVI'LIUS. 1. P. SERVILIUS, 2. F. CN. N. GEMINUS, was consul in B. c. 252, with C. Aurelius Cotta. Both consuls carried on the war in Sicily against the Carthaginians, and some towns were taken by them. Himera was among the number; but its inhabitants had been carried off by the Carthaginians. In B. c. 248 he was consul a second time, with his former colleague, and besieged Lilybaeum and Drepana, while Carthalo endeavoured to make a diversion by a descent upon the coast of Italy. (Zonar. viii. 14, 16.)

2. CN. SERVILIUS, P. F. Q. N. GEMINUS, a son of No. 1, was consul in B. c. 217, with C. Flaminius. He entered his office on the ides of March, and had Gaul for his province. He afterwards gave up his army to the dictator, Q. Fabius, and while his colleague fought the unfortunate battle of lake Trasimenus, Cn. Servilius sailed with a fleet of 120 ships round the coasts of Sardinia and Corsica in chase of the Carthaginians; and having received hostages everywhere, he crossed over into Africa. On his voyage thither he ravaged the island of Meninx, and spared Cercina only on the receipt of ten talents from its inhabitants. After he had landed with his troops in Africa, they indulged in the same system of plunder; but being careless and unacquainted with the localities, they were taken by surprise and put to flight by the inhabitants. About one thousand of them were killed, the rest sailed to Sicily, and the fleet being there entrusted to P. Sura, who was ordered to take it back to Rome, Cn. Servilius himself travelled on foot through Sicily; and being called back by the dictator, Q. Fabius Maximus, he crossed the straits, and went to Italy. About the autumn he undertook the command of the army of Minucius, and, in conjunction with his colleague M. Atilius Regulus, he carried on the war against Hannibal, though he carefully avoided entering into any decisive engagement. His imperium was prolonged for the year 216; and before the battle of Cannae he was the only one who agreed with the consul L. Aemilius Paullus in the opinion that a battle should not be ventured upon. However, the battle was fought, and Cn. Servilius himself was found among the dead. (Liv. xxi. 57, xxii. 1, 31, 32, 43, 49; Polyb. iii. 75, 77, 88, 96, 106, 114, 116; Appian, Annib. 8, 12, 16, 18, 19, 22 -24; Cic. Tusc. i. 37.)

3. M. SERVILIUS, C. F. P. N. PALEX GEMINUS, was elected augur in B. C. 211, in the

place of Spurius Carvilius, who had died; and in B. C. 203 he was curule aedile, and, conjointly with his colleague, he dedicated a golden quadriga on the Capitol. In the year same he was magister equitum to the dictator, P. Sulpicius Galba, with whom he travelled through Italy, to examine the causes which had led several towns to revolt against Rome. In B. c. 202 he was consul with Tib. Claudius Nero, and obtained Etruria for his province, which he occupied with his two legions, and in which his imperium was prolonged for the year following. In B. c. 200 he was one of the ten commissioners to distribute land in Samnium and Appulia among the veterans of Scipio. In B. C. 197 he was one of the triumvirs appointed for a period of three years, to establish a series of colonies on the western coast of Italy. In B. C. 167, during the disputes as to whether a triumph was to be granted to Aemilius Paullus, the conqueror of Macedonia, M. Servilius addressed the people in favour of Aemilius Paullus. (Liv. xxvi. 23, xxix. 38, xxx. 24, 26, 27, 41, xxxi. 4, xxxii. 29, xxxiv. 45, xlv. 36, &c.).

4. M. SERVILIUS GEMINUS was consul in A. D. 3, with L. Aelius Lamia (Val. Max. i. 8. § 11); but it must be observed that his cognomen, though mentioned by Valerius Maximus, does not occur in the Fasti. [L. S.]

GE'MINUS, TANU'SIUS, a Roman historian who seems to have lived about the time of Cicero. The exact nature of his work is uncertain, although we know that in it he spoke of the time of Sulla. (Suet. Caes. 9.) Plutarch (Caes. 22) mentions an historian whom he calls Tavúσios, and whom Vossius (de Hist. Lat. i. 12) considers to be the same as our Tanusius. Seneca (Epist. 93) speaks of one Tamusius as the author of annals; and it is not improbable that this is merely a slight mistake in the name, for Tanusius; and if this be 60, Tanusius Geminus wrote annals of his own time, which are lost with the exception of a fragment quoted by Suetonius. [L. S.]

GE'MINUS, TU'LLIUS, a poet of the Greek Anthology. There are ten epigrams in the Anthology under the name of Geminus (Brunck, Anal. vol. ii. p. 279; Jacobs, Anth. Graec. vol. ii. p. 254), of which the second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and tenth are inscribed, in the Vatican MS. simply Teuívov, and the eighth Tatuívov: the first is inscribed, in the Planudean Anthology, Tuλlov Teuívov, and the seventh has the same heading in the Vatican MS: the 9th is inscribed, in the Planudean, Tuλlov Teuívov, and, in the Vatican, Tuλλíov Zabývov (i. e. Sabini). It is doubtful whether the Tullius, whose epigrams were included in the collection of Philip, was Tullius Geminus or Tullius Laurea. Most of the epigrams of Geminus are descriptions of works of art. They are written in a very affected manner. (Jacobs, Anth. Graec. vol. xiii. p. 897; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. iv. p. 498.) [P.S.]

GE'MINUS, VETU'RIUS. [CICURINUS.] GEMISTUS, GEO'RGIUS (Γεώργιος ὁ Γεμι σrós), or GEO'RGIUS PLETHO (λńowv), one of the later and most celebrated Byzantine writers, lived in the latter part of the fourteenth and in the beginning of the fifteenth century. He was probably a native of Constantinople, but passed most of his life in the Peloponnesus. In 1426 he held a high office, under the emperor Manuel Palaeologus. He was called reμiστós, or Пλńowv, on

GENE'SIUS (Tevéσios), that is, “the father," a surname of Poseidon, under which he had a sanctuary near Lerna, on the sea-coast. (Paus. ii. 38. § 4.) The name is identical in meaning with Genethlius (yevélλios), under which the same god had a sanctuary at Sparta. (Paus. iii. 15. § 7.) [L. S.] GENE'SIUS, JOSEPHUS, or JOSEPHUS BYZANTI'NUS, a Byzantine writer who lived in the middle of the tenth century, is the author of a Greek history, which he wrote by order of the emperor Constantine (VII.) Porphyrogenitus. This history, which is divided into four books, and is entitled Baoiλeiŵv Biểλía A, begins with the year 813, and contains the reigns of Leo V., the Armenian, Michael II., the Stammerer, Theophilus, Michael III., and Basil I., the Macedonian, who died in 886. The work of Genesius is short, and altogether a poor compilation, or extract; but as it contains the events of a period of Byzantine history, of which we have but scanty information, it is nevertheless of importance. A MS. of this work was discovered at Leipzig in the sixteenth century, and attracted the attention of scholars. Godfrey Olearius translated it into Latin, but death prevented him from publishing his translation. It has been said that there was an edition of Genesius of 1570, published at Venice, but this is a mistake. The first edition was published at Venice by the editors of the Venetian Collection of the Byzantines, in 1733, in fol., under the title Josephi Genesii de Rebus Constantinopolitanis, &c., Libri IV.," with a Latin translation by Bergler. The editors perused the Leipzig MS. mentioned above, but they mutilated and misunderstood the text. The best edition is by Lachmann in the Bonn edition of the Byzantines, 1834, 8vo. Joannes Scylitza is the only earlier writer who mentions the name of Genesius. Fabricius shows that it is a mistake to suppose that Josephus Genesius and Josephus Byzantinus were two different persons. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. vii. p. 529; Cave, Hist. Lit. vol. ii. p. 97; Hamberger, Nachrichten von den vornehmsten Schriftstellern, vol. iii. p. 686.) [W. P.]

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GENETAEUS (Tevntalos), a surname of Zeus, which he derived from Cape Genetus on the Euxine, where he was worshipped as etteivos, i. e. "the hospitable," and where he had a sanctuary. (Apollon. Rhod. ii. 378, 1009; Val. Flacc. v. 148; Strab. xii. p. 548.)

[L. S.]

GENETHLIUS (Tevéλios), of Patrae, in Palestine, a Greek rhetorician, who lived between the reigns of the emperors Philippus and Constantine. He was a pupil of Mucianus and Agapetus, and taught rhetoric at Athens, where he died at the early age of twenty-eight. He was an enemy and a rival of his countryman Callinicus. Suidas (s. v. Tevéλios), to whom we are indebted for this information, enumerates a variety of works which Genethlius wrote, declamations, panegyrics, and commentaries on Demosthenes; but not a trace of them has come down to us. (Comp. Eudoc. p. 100; Hesych. Miles. s. v. Tevéλios.) [L. S.]

GENETYLLIS (TeveruλXís), the protectress of births, occurs both as a surname of Aphrodite

VOL. IL

GE'NITRIX, that is, "the mother," is used by Ovid (Met. xiv. 536) as a surname of Cybele, in the place of mater, or magna mater, but it is better known, in the religious history of Rome, as a surname of Venus, to whom J. Caesar dedicated a temple at Rome, as the mother of the Julia gens. (Suet. Caes. 61, 78, 84; Serv. ad Aen. i. 724.) In like manner, Elissa (Dido), the founder of Carthage, is called Genitrix. (Sil. Ital. i. 81.) [L. S.] GE'NIUS, a protecting spirit, analogous to the guardian angels invoked by the Church of Rome. The belief in such spirits existed both in Greece and at Rome. The Greeks called them dalμoves, daemons, and appear to have believed in them from the earliest times, though Homer does not mention them. Hesiod (Op. et Dies, 235) speaks of daiμoves, and says that they were 30,000 in number, and that they dwelled on earth unseen by mortals, as the ministers of Zeus, and as the guardians of men and of justice. He further conceives them to be the souls of the righteous men who lived in the golden age of the world. (Op. et Dies, 107; comp. Diog. Laert. vii. 79.) The Greek philosophers took up this idea, and developed a complete theory of daemons. Thus we read in Plato (Phaedr. p. 107), that daemons are assigned to men at the moment of their birth, that thenceforward they accompany men through life, and that after death they conduct their souls to Hades. Pindar, in several passages, speaks of a yevélλios daluwv, that is, the spirit watching over the fate of man from the hour of his birth, which appears to be the same as the dii genitales of the Romans. (Ol. viii. 16, xiii. 101, Pyth. iv. 167; comp. Aeschyl. Sept. 639.) The daemons are further described as the ministers and companions of the gods, who carry the prayers of men to the gods, and the gifts of the gods to men (Plat. Sympos. p. 202; Appul. de Deo Socrat. 7), and accordingly float in immense numbers in the space between heaven and earth. The daemons, however, who were exclusively the ministers of the gods, seem to have constituted a distinct class; thus, the Corybantes, Dactyls, and Cabeiri are called the ministering daemons of the great gods (Strab. x. p. 472); Gigon, Tychon, and Orthages are the daemons of Aphrodite (Hesych. s. v. Fryvŵv; Tzetz. ad Lycophr. 538); Hadreus, the daemon of Demeter (Etym. Magn. s. v. 'Adpeús), and Acratus, the daemon of Dionysus. (Paus. i. 2. § 4.) It should, however, be observed that all daemons were divided into two great classes, viz. good and evil daemons. The works which contain most information on this interesting subject are Appuleius, De Deo Socratis, and Plutarch, De Genio Socratis, and De Defectu Oraculorum. Later writers apply the term dalμoves also to the souls of the departed. (Lucian, De Mort. Pereg. 36; Dorville, ad Chariton. i. 4.)

The Romans seem to have received their theory concerning the genii from the Etruscans, though

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