ane name of Caracalla with infamy, but, on the ontrary, he took delight in the liberal arts and in the ociety of learned men, and was generally accounted pright and honourable.

After the murder of his brother, Caracalla orlered all his statues to be broken, all inscriptions n his honour to be erased, and all coins bearing his effigy or designation to be melted down. Notwithstanding these measures, many of Geta's medals have come down to us, and the obliteration of a portion of the legend upon some great public monuments, such as the arch of Severus, has served, by attracting attention and inquiry, to keep alive his memory.

As in the case of Commodus, we find a variation in the praenomen. The earlier coins exhibit Lucius and Publius indifferently, but the former disappears from all the productions of the Roman mint after his first consulship, while both are found together on some of the pieces struck in Greece and Asia. The cause of these changes is quite unknown.

Phaeacians, Cyclopes, and Laestrygones, as a race of Autochthones, whom, with the exception of the Phaeacians, the gods destroyed for their overbearing insolence, but neither he nor Hesiod knows any thing about the contest of the gods with the Gigantes. Hesiod (Theog. 185), however, considers them as divine beings, who sprang from the blood that fell from Uranus upon the earth, so that Ge was their mother. Later poets and mythographers frequently confound them with the Titans (Serv. ad Aen. viii. 698, Georg. i. 166, 278; Hor. Carm. iii. 4. 42), and Hyginus (Praef. Fab. p. 1) calls them the sons of Ge (Terra) and Tartarus. Their battle with Zeus and the Olympian gods seems to be only an imitation of the revolt of the Titans against Uranus. Ge, it is said (Apollod. i. 6. § 1, &c.), indignant at the fate of her former children, the Titans, gave birth to the Gigantes, that is, monstrous and unconquerable giants, with fearful countenances and the tails of dragons. (Comp. Ov. Trist. iv. 7, 17.) They were born, according to some, in Phlegrae (i. e. burning fields), in Sicily, Campania, or Arcadia, and, according to others, in the Thracian Pallene. (Apollod., Paus. ll. cc.; Pind. Nem. i. 67; Strab. pp. 245, 281, 330; Schol. ad Hom. Il. viii. 479.) It is worthy of remark that Homer, as well as later writers, places the Gigantes in volcanic districts, and most authorities in the western parts of Europe. In their native land they made an attack upon heaven, being armed with huge rocks and the trunks of

COIN OF GETA, exhibiting on the reverse both emperors and the goddess Liberalitas.

(Dion Cass. lxxvi. 2, 7, 11, lxxvii. 1-3, 12; Spartian. Sever. 8, 10, 14, 16, 21, Caracall.; Geta; Herodian. iii. 33, 46, iv. 4-10; Vict. Caes. 20, Epit. 20, 21; Eutrop. viii. 10.) [W. R.]

GETA, P. SEPTIMIUS, a brother of Septimius Severus, after having held the offices of quaestor, praetor of Crete, and of Cyrene, was elevated to the consulship in A. D. 203, along with Plautianus [PLAUTIANUS], and appears at one time to have entertained hopes of being preferred to his nephews. He is said to have revealed to the emperor with his dying breath the ambitious schemes of Plautianus, whom he hated, but no longer feared; and it is certain that from this period the influence of the favourite began to wane. (Dion Cass. lxxvi. 2; Spartian. Sept. Sev. 8, 10, 14; Gruter, Corpus Inscripp. mxcix. 7.) [W. R.] GIGANTES (Tryάvres). In the story about the Gigantes or giants, we must distinguish the early legends from the later ones. According to Homer, they were a gigantic and savage race of men, governed by Eurymedon, and dwelling in the distant west, in the island of Thrinacia; but they were extirpated by Eurymedon on account of their insolence towards the gods. (Hom. Od. vii. 59, 206, x. 120; comp. Paus. viii. 29. § 2.) Homer accordingly looked upon the Gigantes, like the

Alcyoneus distinguished themselves above their brethren. The latter of them, who had carried off the oxen of Helios from Erytheia, was immortal so long as he fought in his native land; and the gods were informed that they should not be able to kil one giant unless they were assisted by some mortal in their fight against the monsters. (Comp. Schol. ad Pind. Nem. i. 100; Eratosth. Calast. 11.) Ge, on hearing of this, discovered a herb which would save the giants from being killed by mortal hands; but Zeus forbade Helios and Eos to shine, took himself the herb, and invited Heracles to give his assistance against the giants. Heracles, indeed, killed Alcyoneus, but as the giant fell on the ground, he came to life again. On the advice of Athena, Heracles dragged him away from his native land, and thus slew him effectually. Porphyrion attacked Heracles and Hera, but was killed by the combined efforts of Zeus and Heracles, the one using a flash of lightning and the other his arrows. (Comp. Pind. Pyth. viii. 19 with the Schol.) The other giants, whose number, according to Hyginus, amounted to twenty-four, were then killed one after another by the gods and Heracles, and some of them were buried by their conquerors under (volcanic) islands. (Eurip. Cycl. 7; Diod. iv. 21; Strab. p. 489; Serv. ad Aen. iii. 578.) The fight of the giants with the gods was represented by Phidias on the inside of the shield of his statue of Athena. (Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 5. 4.) The origin of the story of the Gigantes must probably be sought for in similar physical phenomena in nature, especially volcanic ones, from which arose the stories about the Cyclopes. [L. S.]

GILDO, or GILDON (the first is the usual form in Latin writers, but Claudian, for metrical reasons, sometimes uses the second), a Moorish chieftain in the latter period of the Western Em

pire. His father, Nubel, was a man of power and influence "velut regulus," among the Moorish provincials, and left several sons, legitimate and illegitimate, of whom Firmus, Zamma, Gildo, Mascezel (written also Mascizel and Mascezil, and, by Zosimus, Maσkéλdŋλos), Dius, Salmaces, and Mazuca, and a daughter, Cyria, are mentioned by Ammianus Marcellinus. Zamma, who was intimate with Count Romanus, was killed by Firmus; and the persecution which this murder provoked Romanus to institute drove Firmus into revolt (A. D. 372). The revolt, in which Firmus was supported by his sister Cyria and by all his brothers, except Gildo, was quelled by the Count Theodosius, father of the emperor Theodosius the Great. Mazuca was mortally wounded and taken in the course of the war, and Firmus destroyed himself. Gildo rendered good service to Theodosius in this war, and thus apparently paved the way for his future advancement.

He subsequently attained the offices of Comes Africae, and Magister utriusque militiae per Africam. If we can trust to an expression of Claudian, that Africa groaned under his government for twelve years, his appointment to these offices must date from about A. D. 386, in the reign of Valentinian II. How he acted when Africa was seized by the rebel Maximus, A. D. 387 or 388, is not known; but from his continuing to hold the government of the province after the revolt of Maximus was quelled, it is probable that he continued faithful. The Codex Theodosianus (9. tit. 7. s. 9) shows that he possessed his high offices in a. D. 395. In the war of Theodosius against Arbogastes and Eugenius (A. D. 394), Gildo acted very ambiguously. It is probable that he professed allegiance to Theodosius, but did not send to him any contributions of ships, money, or men. Claudian intimates that Theodosius, irritated by this, proposed to attack him, but was prevented by death.

In A. D. 397 Gildo was instigated by Eutropius the eunuch to transfer his allegiance and that of his province from the western to the eastern em- | pire, and the emperor Arcadius accepted him as a subject. Stilicho, guardian of Honorius, was not disposed quietly to allow this transfer, and the matter was laid before the Roman senate, which proclaimed Gildo an enemy, and denounced war against him. Just about this time, Mascezel, brother of Gildo, either disapproving his revolt, or having had his life attempted by him, fled into Italy, leaving in Africa two sons, who were serving in the army there, and whom Gildo forthwith put to death. Mascezel, who had shown soldierly qualities in the revolt of Firmus, was placed by Stilicho at the head of the troops (apparently 5000 in number, though Zosimus speaks of "ample forces"), sent against Gildo (A. D. 398). Mascezel, who was a Christian, took with him several monks; and his prayers, fastings, and other religious exercises, were very constant. He landed in Africa, and marched to a place between Thebeste in Numidia and Metridera in Africa Proper, where he was met by Gildo, who, though not yet fully prepared for defence, had assembled an irregular army of 70,000 men, partly Roman troops who had revolted with him, partly a motley assembly of African tribes. Mascezel, whose enthusiasm was excited by a dream, in which St. Ambrose, lately deceased at Milan, appeared to him and promised him victory, easily routed the forces of his brother; and Gildo.

who had managed to escape to the sea, was drive by contrary winds into the harbour of Tabran, Ha and being taken and imprisoned, put an end to his own life by hanging himself (A. D. 398).

If any confidence may be placed in the representations of Claudian, Gildo was a tyrant detestable alike for cruelty, lust, and avarice: the poet describes him as worn out with age at the time of his revolt. He was a Pagan, but his wife and his daughter Salvina (who had been married some where about A. D. 390 to Nebridius, nephew of Flacilla [FLACILLA], first wife of the emperor Theodosius the Great, and had been left a widow with two children,) were ladies of approved piety, as was also Cyria, sister of Gildo, who had devoted herself to a life of perpetual virginity.

Mascezel did not long survive his brother. He was received by Stilicho on his return with apparent honour and real jealousy, and while crossing a bridge, apparently at Milan, among the retinue of Stilicho, was, by his order, shoved, as if acci dentally, into the river, carried away by the stream, and drowned. Orosius regards his death as a divine judgment for his having been puffed up with pride at his victory, and having forsaken the society of the monks and religious persons with whom he before kept company, and especially for having dragged some accused persons out of a church, where they had taken sanctuary. This change of demeanour excites a suspicion that his former exercises of piety were a feint to excite the enthusiasm of his own army, or act upon the superstitious fears of his opponents. (Amm. Marc. xxix. 5; Oros. vii. 36; Zosim. v. 11; Marcellin. Chron.; Claudian, de Bell. Gildon., and de Laudibus Stilichonis, lib. i.; Hieronymus, Epist. lxxxv., ad Salvinam, vol. iv. coi. 663, ed. Benedict; Tillemont, Hist. des Emp. vol. v.; Gibbon, c. 29.) [J. C. M.]

GILLO. 1. Q. FULVIUS GILLO, a legate of Scipio Africanus I., in Africa, by whom he was sent to Carthage in B. c. 203. Gillo was praetor in B. C. 200, and obtained Sicily as his province. (Liv. xxx. 21, xxxi. 4, 6.)

2. CN. FULVIUS (GILLO), probably a son of the preceding, was praetor in B. c. 167, and had the province of Hispania Citerior. (Liv. xlv. 16.)

GILLUS (Tixλos), a Tarentine, ransomed the Persian nobles, who had been sent by Dareius Hystaspis on an exploring expedition with DEMOCEDES, and who, on their return from Crotona, had been cast on the Iapygian coast, and reduced to slavery. Dareius offered Gillus any recompence he pleased, whereupon he requested the king's interposition to restore him to his native city, from which he had been banished; and he begged at the same time that this might be effected quietly through the mediation of the Cnidians, between whom and the Tarentines there was friendship, arising probably from their common origin. The attempt to procure his recal was made without success. (Herod. iii. 138; Müller, Dor. i. 6. § 12.) [E. E.]

GISCO or GISGO (Γίσκων or Γέσκων). 1. Α son of the Hamilcar who was killed in the battle of Himera, B. c. 480. In consequence of the calamity suffered by the Carthaginians under his father's command, Gisco was compelled to quit his native city, and spend his life in exile at Selinua He was father of the Hannibal who commanded the second Carthaginian expedition to Sicily, B. C. 409. (Diod. xiii. 43; Just. xix. 2.)

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2. Son of Hanno, and probably the father of Familcar, the adversary of Agathocles. He is mentioned by Diodorus (xvi. 81) as being in exile at the time of the great defeat sustained by the Carthaginians at the river Crimissus (B. c. 339). According to Polyaenus he had been banished, as implicated in the designs of his brother Hamilcar to possess himself of the sovereign power (Polyaen. v. 11, see also Justin. xxii. 7); but it appears that he had previously distinguished himself, both by his courage and skill as a general, and after the disaster just alluded to the Carthaginians thought fit to recal him from exile, and send him, at the head of a fresh army of mercenaries, to restore their affairs in Sicily. But though he succeeded in cutting off two bodies of mercenary troops, in the service of Syracuse, he was unable to prevent the destruction of Mamercus of Catana, and Hicetas of Leontini, the two chief allies of the Carthaginians; and shortly afterwards the ambassadors who had been sent from Carthage succeeded in concluding a treaty with Timoleon, by which the river Halycus was fixed as the boundary of the contending powers (B. c. 338). After this victory we hear no more of Gisco. (Plut. Timol. 30-34; Diod. xvi. 81, 82; Justin. xxii. 3, 7.)

3. Commander of the Carthaginian garrison at Lilybaeum, at the end of the first Punic war. (Polyb. i. 66.) It appears that he must have succeeded Himilco in this command, but at what period we are not informed. After the conclusion of peace (B. C. 241), Hamilcar Barca having brought down his troops from Eryx to Lilybaeum, resigned his command in disgust, and left to Gisco the charge of conducting them from thence to Carthage. The latter prudently sent them over to Africa in separate detachments, in order that they might be paid off and disbanded severally; but the Carthaginian government, instead of following this wise course, waited till the whole body were reunited in Africa, and then endeavoured to induce them to compromise the amount due to them for arrears. The consequence was, the breaking out of a general mutiny among them, which ultimately led to the sanguinary civil war known by the name of the Inexpiable. The mutinous troops, to the number of 20,000, having occupied the city of Tunis, only twelve miles from Carthage, Gisco, who during his command in Sicily had made himself highly popular with the army, was deputed to them, with full powers to satisfy all their demands. But this concession came too late. Those who had taken the lead in the meeting, apprehensive of being given up to vengeance, should any composition be effected, now exerted all their endeavours to inflame the minds of the soldiery, and urge them to the most unreasonable demands. Spendius and Matho, two of the most active of the ringleaders, had been appointed generals, and it was at their instigation that the troops, exasperated by an imprudent reply of Gisco to some of their demands, fell upon that general, seized the treasures that he had brought with him, and threw him and his companions into prison. (Polyb. i. 66-70.) From this time the mercenaries, who were joined by almost all the native Africans subject to Carthage, waged open war against that city. Gisco and his fellow-prisoners remained in captivity for some time, until Spendius and Matho, alarmed at the successes of Hamilcar Barca, and apprehensive of the effects which the lenity he had

shown towards his prisoners might produce among. their followers, determined to cut them off from all hopes of pardon by involving them in the guilt of an atrocious cruelty. For this purpose they held a general assembly of their forces, in which, after alarming them by rumours of treachery, and exasperating them by inflammatory harangues, they induced them to decree, on the proposal of the Gaul Autaritus, that all the Carthaginian prisoners should be put to death. The sentence was imme. diately executed in the most cruel manner upon Gisco and his fellow-captives, seven hundred in number. (Polyb. i. 79, 80.)

4. Father of Hasdrubal, who was general in Spain, together with Hasdrubal and Mago, the two sons of Hamilcar Barca. (Liv. xxiv. 41; Polyb. ix. 11.) It is not improbable that this Gisco may be the same with the preceding one. Livy also calls the Hamilcar who was governor of Malta at the beginning of the second Punic war, son of Gisco (Liv. xxi. 51); but whether this refers to the same person we have no means of ascertaining.

5. An officer in the service of Hannibal, of whom a story is told by Plutarch (Fab. Max. 15), that having accompanied his general to reconnoitre the enemy's army just before the battle of Cannae, Gisco expressed his astonishment at their numbers. To which Hannibal replied: "There is one thing yet more astonishing-that in all that number of men there is not one named Gisco."

6. One of the three ambassadors sent by Hannibal to Philip, king of Macedonia, in B. c. 215, who fell into the hands of the Romans. (Liv. xxiii. 34.) He may perhaps be the same with the preceding.

7. A Carthaginian who came forward in the assembly of the people to harangue against the conditions of peace proposed by Scipio, after the battle of Zama, B. c. 202. Hannibal, who knew that all was lost, and that it was useless to object to the terms offered, when there were no means of obtaining better, forcibly interrupted him, and dragged him down from the elevated position he had occupied to address the assembly; an act which he afterwards excused, by saying, that he had been so long employed in war, he had forgotten the usages of peaceful assemblies. (Liv. xxx. 37.) The same circumstance is related by Polybius (xv. 19), but without mentioning the name of the speaker.

8. Son of Hamilcar (which of the many persons of that name we know not) was one of the chief magistrates at Carthage at the time of the disputes which led to the third Punic war. Ambassadors having been sent from Rome to adjust the differences between the Carthaginians and Masinissa (B. C. 152), the senate of Carthage was disposed to submit to their dictation; but Gisco, by his violent harangues, so inflamed the minds of his hearers against the Romans, that the ambassadors even became apprehensive for their personal safety, and fled from the city. (Liv. Epit. xlviii.)

9. Surnamed Strytanus, one of the ambassadors sent from Carthage to Rome, with offers of submission, in order to avert the third Punic war, B. C. 149. (Polyb. xxxvi. 1.) [E. H. B.]

GITIADAS (Tiriádas), a Lacedaemonian architect, statuary, and poet. He completed the temple of Athena Poliouchos at Sparta, and ornamented it with works in bronze, from which it was

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Gitiadas also made two of the three bronze tripods at Amyclae. The third was the work of Callon, the Aeginetan. The two by Gitiadas were supported by statues of Aphrodite and Artemis (Paus. iii. 18. § 5). This last passage has been misinterpreted in two different ways, namely, as if it placed the date of Gitiadas, on the one hand, as high as the first or second Messenian War, or, on the other hand, as low as the end of the Peloponnesian War. The true meaning of Pausanias has been explained by Müller (Aeginet. p. 100), and Thiersch (Epochen, p. 146, &c., Anmerk. p. 40, &c.; comp. Hirt, in the Amalthea, vol. i. p. 260). The passage may be thus translated ::- "But, as to the things worth seeing at Amyclae, there is upon a pillar a pentathlete, by name Aenetus. Of him, then, there is an image and bronze tripods. (But as for the other more ancient tripods, they are said to be a tithe* from the war against the Messenians.) Under the first tripod stands an image of Aphrodite, but Artemis under the second: both the tripods themselves and what is wrought upon them are the work of Gitiadas: but the third is the work of the Aeginetan Callon: but under this stands an image of Cora, the daughter of Demeter. But Aristander, the Parian, and Polycleitus, the Argive, made [other tripods]; the former a woman holding a lyre, namely, Sparta; but Polycleitus made Aphrodite, surnamed the Amyclaean.' But these last tripods exceed the others in size, and were dedicated from the spoils of the victory at Aegospotami." That is, there were at Amyclae three sets of tripods, first, those made from the spoils of the (first or second) Messenian War, which Pausanias only mentions parenthetically; then, those which, with the statue, formed the monument of the Olympic victor Aenetus, made by Gitiadas and Callon; and, lastly, those made by Aristander and Polycleitus out of the spoils of the battle of Aegospotami. But in another passage (iv. 14. § 2), Pausanias appears to say distinctly that the tripods at Amyclae, which were adorned with the images of Aphrodite, Artemis, and Cora, were dedicated by the Lacedaemonians at the end of the first Messenian War. There can, however, be little doubt that the words from 'Αφροδίτης to vraula, are the gloss (which afterwards crept into the text) of some commentator who misunderstood the former passage. Another argument that Gitiadas cannot be placed nearly so high as the first Messenian War is derived from the statement of Pausanias (iii. 17. § 6) that the Zeus of Learchus of Rhegium was the oldest work in bronze at Sparta.

These difficulties being removed, it is clear from

According to the reading of Jacobs and Bekker, δεκάτην for δέκα,

His teacher is unknown; but, as he flourished in the next generation but one after Dipoenus and Scyllis, he may have learnt his art from one of their pupils; perhaps from Theodorus of Samos, who lived a considerable time at Sparta. (Hirt. Gesch. d. Bild. Kennt. p. 108.) [P.S.]

GLABER, P. VARI'NIUS, praetor, B. c. 73. He was among the first of the Roman generals sent against the gladiator Spartacus [SPARTACUS], and both in his own movements and in those of his lieutenants he was singularly unfortunate. Spartacus repeatedly defeated Glaber, and once captured his war-horse and his lictors. But, although commissioned by the senate to put down the insurrec tion of the slaves, Glaber had only a hastily levied army to oppose to Spartacus, and a sickly autum thinned its ranks. (Appian, B. C. i. 116; Plut. Crass. 9; Frontin. Strat. i. 5. § 22.) Florus (iii 20) mentions a Clodius Glaber; compare, however, Plutarch (l. c.). [W. B. D.]

GLA'BRIÓ, a family name of the Acilia Gens at Rome. The Acilii Glabriones were plebeian (Liv. xxxv. 10, 24, xxxvi. 57), and first appear on the consular Fasti in the year B. C. 191, from which time the name frequently occurs to a late period of the empire. The last of the Glabriones who held the consulate was Anicius Acilius Glabrio Faustus, one of the supplementary consuls in A. D. 438.

1. C. ACILIUS GLABRIO, was quaestor in B. C 203, and tribune of the plebs in 197, when he brought forward a rogation for planting five colo. nies on the western coast of Italy, in order probably to repair the depopulation caused by the war with Hannibal. (Liv. xxxii. 29.) Glabrio acted as interpreter to the Athenian embassy in B. C. 155, when the three philosophers, Carneades, Diogenes, and Critolaus came as envoys to Rome. [CARNEADES.] (Gell. vii. 14; Plut. Cat. Maj. 22; Macrob. Sat. i. 5.) Glabrio was at this time advanced in years, of senatorian rank; and Plutarch calls him a distinguished senator (l. c.). He wrote in Greek a history of Rome from the earliest period to his own times. This work is cited by Dionysius (iii. 77), by Cicero (de Off. iii. 32), by Plutarch (Romul. 21), and by the author de Orig. Gent. Rom. (c. 10. § 2). It was translated into Latin by one Claudius, and his version is cited by Livy, under the titles of Annales Aciliani (xxv. 39) and Libri Aciliani (xxxv. 14). We perhaps read a passage borrowed or adapted from the work of Glabrio in Appian (Syriac. 10). Atilius Fortunatianus (de Art. Metric. p. 2680, ed. Putsch) ascribes the Saturnian verse

Fundit, fugat, prosternit maximas legiones," to an Acilius Glabrio. (Krause, Vet. Hist. Rom. Fragm. p. 84.)

2. M'. ACILIUS, C. F. L. N. GLABRIO, was tribune of the plebs in B. C. 201, when he opposed the claim of Cn. Corn. Lentulus, one of the consuls of that year, to the province of Africa, which a unanimous vote of the tribes had already decreed to P. Scipio Africanus I. (Liv. xxx. 40.) In the following year Glabrio was appointed commissioner of sacred rites (decemvir sacrorum) in the room of M. Aurelius Cotta, deceased (xxxi. 50). He was praetor in B. c. 196, having presided at the Ple