The Competition Paradigm: America's Romance with Conflict, Contest, and CommerceRowman & Littlefield, 2003 - 237 ページ In many counties, and especially in America, competition is a hallmark of patriotism. But could there be better models of competition that lead to a more productive society? enchantment with competition. Rosenau's inquiry finds little evidence of competition's benefits and much on its harmful effects. Research from biology to psychology to international relations shows that unbridled competition compromises individual health, threatens the quality of community life, lowers commercial productivity, increases inequality and jeopardises globalisation. Yet Rosenau does not condemn all competition. Instead she distinguishes between its constructive and destructive forms, pointing to a new workplace and policies that can enhance life and productivity. |
目次
Introducing the Competition Paradigm | 1 |
What Is It? | 3 |
An Overview | 5 |
Defining Competition | 8 |
Reconsidering the Competition Paradigm | 10 |
The Biology of Competition Stress and Individual Health Status | 17 |
How It Works | 19 |
Individual Differences to Stress Reactions | 23 |
Requiring Protective Regulation | 118 |
What Do We Do in Emergencies? Testing Discourse | 122 |
The High Cost of Competition at the Global Level for Society Nation and Culture | 137 |
Much Stability and Some Change in National Competitiveness | 138 |
The Costs and Benefits of Competition for Society | 141 |
Competition and Societal Inequality in the Industrialized Countries | 142 |
Is Too Much Competition Part of the Problem? | 145 |
A Hypothesis | 147 |
Personality and Perception | 24 |
Work Environment | 25 |
Biology and a Spiral of Competition | 26 |
Competitions Mixed Results Individuals and Groups | 39 |
Competition Fails to Improve the Quantity and Quality of Production | 40 |
Qualifying Competitions Impact | 41 |
It Depends on What Youre Trying to Do and What Is Being Produced | 42 |
The Unit of Production and Competition | 43 |
Individual Characteristics and Competition | 44 |
The Psychosocial and Behavioral Effects of Competition | 46 |
A Negative Spiral of Individual Competition | 47 |
Psychopathology and Competition | 49 |
Accounting for the Unexpected | 52 |
Competition Can Be Counterproductive for Organizations | 63 |
Competition Shapes Organizational Structure and Behavior but the Effects on Productivity Are Mixed | 64 |
Change for the Sake of Change Alone? Layoffs Downsizing Outsourcing and the Erosion of Job Benefits | 65 |
And Government Organizations Change Too | 69 |
Does It Really Make Sense for Organizations to Encourage Internal Competition? | 70 |
The Downside of Intense Competition for Organizations | 74 |
Diminished Quality | 75 |
Decreased Safety | 77 |
Organizational Mortality Is on the Rise | 79 |
Loss of Trust and Lower Morale in the Workplace | 80 |
Fraud Mistakes and CoverUps | 82 |
What Happened to Business Ethics? | 85 |
A SelfReinforcing Spiral of Competition at the Organizational Level | 88 |
How and When Organizations Avoid Competition | 105 |
Muddling Through Organizations Respond to Intense Competition | 107 |
Finding a Niche | 110 |
Filing Patents and Copyrights | 111 |
Opposing and Supporting Antitrust Laws | 112 |
Cooperating with Ones Competitors | 115 |
Destructive Competition and Societal Inequality Have Population Health Consequences | 148 |
Intense Competition Jeopardizes Trust and Social Capital in the Community and Society | 150 |
Competition Inequality and the Negative Social Environment | 153 |
A Spiral of SelfReinforcing Destructive Competition at the Societal Level | 155 |
Sharing an Inadequate Paradigm | 157 |
The Need for Paradigm Change and Why It Is So Slow in Coming | 173 |
Why Paradigm Change Is Best for All | 174 |
Why No Change? | 177 |
Focusing on the Short Term Rather Than the Long Term | 178 |
The Costs of Destructive Competition Are Indirect Rather Than Direct | 179 |
Some Alternative Explanations | 180 |
The Forces for Paradigm Change | 182 |
The Vulnerability Problem | 185 |
Changing the Competition Paradigm and Restoring Balance | 193 |
Public and Private Policy for Constructive and Appropriate Competition | 194 |
Fundamental Ameliorative or Reinforcing Policy | 196 |
KnowledgeBased Policy | 197 |
Who Is the All? | 198 |
Using KnowledgeBased Policy That Is Best for All to Control CompetitionRelated Inequality | 200 |
Regulation to Manage Destructive Competition | 202 |
Public Support for Regulation | 204 |
Regulation as Authentically CompetitionNeutral | 205 |
Creating the Conditions for Constructive Competition | 207 |
A Multidimensional View in a Global Environment | 209 |
Make Provision for Exceptions | 211 |
Competition Paradigm as Destiny or Diversion | 212 |
Data for Figure 62 Change Score Calculations for Each Country | 223 |
Methodology | 225 |
| 229 | |
About the Author | |
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