solve to maintain the rights of free labor against the aggression of the slave power, and to secure free soil to a free people; and,

Whereas, The political conventions recently assembled at Baltimore and Philadelphia-the one stifling the voice of a great constituency, entitled to be heard in its deliberations, and the other abandoning its distinctive principles for mere availability-have dissolved the national party organization heretofore existing, by nominating for the chief magistracy of the United States, under the slaveholding dictation, candidates, neither of whom can be supported by the opponents of slavery extension, without a sacrifice of consistency, duty, and self-respect; and,

Whereas, These nominations so made, furnish the occasion, and demonstrate the necessity of the union of the people under the banner of free democracy, in a solemn and formal declaration of their independence of the slave power, and of their fixed determination to rescue the federal government from its control;

1. Resolved, therefore, That we, the people here assembled, remembering the example of our fathers in the days of the first declaration of independence, putting our trust in God for the triumph of our cause, and invoking his guidance in our endeavors to advance it, do now plant ourselves upon the national platform of freedom, in opposition to the sectional platform of slavery.

2. Resolved, That slavery in the several states of this Union which recognize its existence, depends upon the state laws alone, which can not be repealed or modified by the federal government, and for which laws that government is not responsible. We therefore propose no interference by Congress with slavery within the limits of any state.

3. Resolved, That the proviso of Jefferson, to prohibit the existence of slavery, after 1800, in all the territories of the United States, southern and northern; the votes of six states and sixteen delegates in Congress of 1784, for the proviso, to three states and seven delegates against it; the actual exclusion of slavery from the northwestern territory, by the ordinance of 1787, unanimously adopted by the states in Congress; and the entire history of that period, clearly show that it was the settled policy of the nation not to extend, nationalize or encourage, but to limit, localize, and discourage, slavery; and to this policy, which should never have been departed from, the government ought to return.

4. Resolved, That our fathers ordained the constitution of the United States, in order, among other great national objects, to establish justice, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty; but expressly denied to the federal government, which they created, all constitutional power to deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due legal process.

5. Resolved, That in the judgment of this convention, Congress has no more power to make a slave than to make a king; no more power to institute or establish slavery than to institute or establish a monarchy; no such power can be found among those specifically conferred by the constitution, or derived by just implication from them.

6. Resolved, That it is the duty of the federal government to relieve itself from all responsibility for the existence or continuance of slavery wherever the government possesses constitutional power to legislate on that subject, and it is thus responsible for its existence.

7. Resolved, That the true, and, in the judgment of this convention, the only safe means of preventing the extension of slavery into territory now free, is to prohibit its extension in all such territory by an act of Congress. 8. Resolved, That we accept the issue which the slave power has forced upon us; and to their demand for more slave states, and more slave territory, our calm but final answer is, no more slave states and no more slave territory. Let the soil of our extensive domains be kept free for the hardy pioneers of our own land, and the oppressed and banished of other lands, seeking homes of comfort and fields of enterprise in the new world.

9. Resolved, That the bill lately reported by the committee of eight in the Senate of the United States, was no compromise, but an absolute surrender of the rights of the non-slaveholders of all the states; and while we rejoice to know that a measure which, while opening the door for the introduction of slavery into the territories now free, would also have opened the door to litigation and strife among the future inhabitants thereof, to the ruin of their peace and prosperity, was defeated in the House of Representatives, its passage, in hot haste, by a majority, embracing several senators who voted in open violation of the known will of their constituents, should warn the people to see to it that their representatives be not suffered to betray them. There must be no more compromises with slavery; if made, they must be repealed.

10. Resolved, That we demand freedom and established institutions for our brethren in Oregon, now exposed to hardships, peril, and massacre, by the reckless hostility of the slave power to the establishment of free government and free territories; and not only for them, but for our brethren in California and New Mexico.

11. Resolved, It is due not only to this occasion, but to the whole people of the United States, that we should also declare ourselves on certain other questions of national policy; therefore,

12. Resolved, That we demand cheap postage for the people; a retrenchment of the expenses and patronage of the federal government; the abolition of all unnecessary offices and salaries; and the election by the peo

ple of all civil officers in the service of the government, so far as the same may be practicable.

13. Resolved, That river and harbor improvements, when demanded by the safety and convenience of commerce with foreign nations, or among the several states, are objects of national concern, and that it is the duty of Congress, in the exercise of its constitutional power, to provide therefor. 14. Resolved, That the free grant to actual settlers, in consideration of the expenses they incur in making settlements in the wilderness, which are usually fully equal to their actual cost, and of the public benefits resulting therefrom, of reasonable portions of the public lands, under suitable limitations, is a wise and just measure of public policy, which will promote in various ways the interests of all the states of this Union; and we, therefore, recommend it to the favorable consideration of the American people.

15. Resolved, That the obligations of honor and patriotism require the earliest practical payment of the national debt, and we are, therefore, in favor of such a tariff of duties as will raise revenue adequate to defray the expenses of the federal government, and to pay annual installments of our debt and the interest thereon.

16. Resolved, That we inscribe on our banner, "Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor, and Free Men," and under it we will fight on, and fight ever, until a triumphant victory shall reward our exertions.

CHAPTER XV.

TAYLOR AND FILLMORE'S ADMINISTRATIONS.

1849-1853.

TAYLOR'S POLICY.

Taylor was not a partisan. He was a whig, but from the nature of his profession had not been much identified with the distinctive policy of the whig party. In taking upon himself the duties to which he had been called, he proposed to be the President of the country rather than his party. In answer to certain inquiries, prior to his election, the General professed an aversion to the frequent use of the veto power, believing that it should never be resorted to except in "cases of clear violation of the constitution, or manifest haste and want of consideration by Congress." Upon the subject of the tariff, the currency, the improvement of our great highways, rivers, lakes, and harbors, he thought the will of the people, as expressed through their representatives in Congress, ought to be respected, and carried out by the Executive. He rejoiced at the successful termination of the Mexican war, and declared that the principles of our government, as well as its true policy, are opposed to the subjugation of other nations and the dismemberment of other countries by conquest. In dictating terms of peace with Mexico he believed that, as our national honor had been amply vindicated, forbearance and magnanimity should be exercised. He determined to conduct his administration free from the influence of pro-slavery advocates, and appealed for support to certain statesmen who accorded with his views on the extension of slavery. Senator Seward responded and became the executive's confidential

advisor. The power of removal and appointment was exercised with care and deliberation, with a view to the efficiency of the government service rather than the advancement of party favorites.

SQUATTER SOVEREIGNTY.

Upon the accession of the pro-slavery whigs to power, there came into prominent existence the doctrine that the constitution gave Congress no power to interfere with slavery in territories, and that the people of each territory should allow or prohibit slavery as they pleased. This was called squatter sovereignty. By this doctrine, of course, the Missouri compromise of 1820, which prohibited slavery in the territories north of 36°, 30', was discarded. This was a strict constructionist theory, and the southern leaders of the democratic party espoused it in opposition to the doctrine of the Wilmot proviso, which forbade slavery in the new territory.

Congress met December 3, 1849; the democrats having a Thirty-first Congress, majority in the Senate, and the free First Session. soilers holding the balance of power between the other two parties in the House. After balloting a great number of times, Howell Cobb, of Georgia, a democrat and a slavery man, was chosen speaker. On the 24th, the President submitted his message. He suggested that the deficit in the treasury be supplied temporarily by loans, and permanently by an increase of tariff duties. The continuance or modification of the sub-treasury was left to the wisdom of Congress, while it was recommended that the people of the territories of California and New Mexico be left to take the initiatory steps for admission as states.

GOVERNMENT FOR THE MEXICAN CESSION.

In December, 1849, Congress began legislation for the establishment of government over the territory acquired from Mexico. The subject of slavery rendered the task a difficult