tion open for their reinforcements to follow them, the difaffected there would have been encouraged to declare for them, and furnifh them with money, which they much wanted. Befides, England was very bare of troops at this time. But three battalions of the guards, and feven regiments of foot, arrived at Gravefend on the 22d of September, 1745. And happy it was they did; for the day before Sir John Cope was defeat. ed; an event which threw the kingdom into a confternation that will not be readily forgot, and made it neceffary to recall from the combined army in Brabant the greateft part of the English troops till employed in it. Accordingly, his majefty, on the 28th, ordered his royal highness to fend over immediately eight battalions and nine fquadrons more; and fhortly after his royal highness, the French be. ing gone into winter quarters, returned to England.

The rebels, in the long march they afterwards made to Derby, were joined but by very few; and had the mortification to find, in all the towns through which they paf. fed, that very many of the gentry, and the common people in gene. ral, instead of wishing them fuccefs, held them in great contempt, taking all opportunities to teftify their diflike and hatred to them. At Derby, finding their defigns fruftrated, and that, if they proceeded further fouthwards, they fhould meet the duke in front, while marshal Wade from Yorkshire came upon them in the rear, they determined to return back to Scot land. The duke, who had left

followed them fe very close, that at Carlile they were obliged to leave a garrifon of 400 men to fecure their retreat. The rebels found a very eafy admittance into this place, but the duke was obliged to lay fiege to it in form. The garrifon, however, fearing that, if they held out till a breach was made, they fhould be put to the fword, furrendered at difcretion, on the 30th of Dec. 1745. The duke, after the reduction of Carlifle, returned to London; and most of the army was ordered to march fouthward, not to leave that part of the kingdom too bare of forces, in cafe the French fhould attempt an invafion.

After the battle of Falkirk, the king was pleafed to direct the duke to repair to Scotland, to take on him the command of the army there, though his majefty was fo well fatisfied with general Hawley's conduct and behaviour, that he continued him next in command under the duke, with whom the general's credit was not in the least diminished. His royal highness fet out from St. James's on the 25th of Ja nuary 1746, and travelled with fo much expedition, that he ar rived at Edinburgh the 30th of the fame month between three and four o'clock in the morning. After a fhort repofe, and receiving the compliments of the clergy and ladies, and fome others, he held a council of war, in which it was determined to march the army against the rebels the next morning. They had gained fo long a refpite after the battle of Falkirk, as engaged them to try their ut..

moft efforts against Stirling caftle, though with very bad fuccefs.

The arrival of his royal highnefs in Scotland was extremely pleafing to the well affected there, who expreffed the greatest demonftrations of joy, and prefaged to themselves great wonders from this event. The common people, in particular, being naturally fuperftitious, thought they faw half accomplished in his arrival a pro. phecy then current amongst them, that the fon of James fhould win two battles, but the fon of George fhould win the third, which would be more glorious than the other

two.

His royal highnefs finding all things in readiness for a march, and the weather proving favourable, being clear and frofty, he marched, as he had determined, the morning after his arrival at Edinburgh, 10 Linlithgow, where he quartered at the provoft's houfe that night. As he paffed the army on its march, he spoke to feveral regiments with great affability, and was fo far from reproaching them with the ill fuccefs of the late action, that he only gently told them, he hoped they would be no more afraid of the rain. The rebels, on their fide, were obliged to alter their measures. Whatever feeming advantages they might boast of from the fight at Falkirk, the balance of the action lay entirely against them. The common men were greatly disheartened by it; and, though nothing was omitted to keep up their fpirits by the hopes of taking Stirling caftle, yet, when they found that enterprize rendered abortive, and that the king's troops, headed by the duke, whofe

name they greatly dreaded, were coming once more to look them in the face, their courage quite for fook them, and they daily deferted to their own country, in great num. bers. Upon this, their leaders, finding that thofe who remained were rather defirous of pursuing the fame courfe, than of another en gagement, came to a refolution to march back to the Highlands, where they might not only protract the war, but perhaps collect together again all thofe who had left them.

The

But they were fo long before they put this fcheme in execution, either through the perplexity of their councils, or the bad fituation of their affairs, that they had but just time to make their retreat, abandoning their battering cannon, and deftroying their magazine of powder and other ftores. The bad weather, that continued during the whole month of March, and a good part of April, hindered the duke from getting up with them, till the 16th of the latter month, when the battle of Culloden put an end to the rebellion. whole action did not laft, from the first cannonading to the flight. of the rebels, above half an hour; for, as the front line of the rebels was compofed of Highlanders, and their manner of attacking is to come down fword in hand, in a large body, and with great fury, on the enemy, and, if poffible, on one of his flanks, when, if they break him or put him in confufion, they make terrible havock; bnt, if once repulfed, never rally again, feeking their fafety only in flight, with very little lofs to the enemy: fo it happened on this occafion, his royal highness having ordered

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his infantry, before the engagement, to receive them with their bayonets, fo difpofed, -as to take them in that fide of their bodies where they leaft expected it, and which, of course, they were leaft prepared to defend with their targets. Many were the gratulations of his majefty's dutiful fubjects, on account of their happy deliverance by this victory.

On the 14th of June following, his majefty gave his royal affent to an act for fettling an additional revenue of 25,000l. upon his royal highness, and the heirs male of his body, for the fignal fervices done by him to his country: and the city of London, on the 6th of September, after his royal highnefs's return from Scotland, prefented him with the freedom of their corporation in a gold box of curious workmanship.

The campaign in the Netherlands was unfuccefsful this year, and too far fpent for his royal highness to refume his command there; but, in order for opening the next early in the fpring, he went in the depth of winter to concert measures with the States General, for a vigorous profecution of the war against France. This campaign alfo proved decifive in favour of the French, by the famous battle of Val, and their other fucceffes, which foon after brought about the peace of Aixla-Chapelle in 1748.

On the breaking out of the laft war, his royal highness was appointed to the command of an ar my of obfervation, intended for the protection of Hanover, for which place he fet out the 9th of April 1757, attended only by his aid-decamps for it is well known, and

will be long remembered, that not one regiment of English was al lowed him, though, a year or two after, more than 20,000 were sent to Germany. The events of that campaign; the battle of Haftenbeck, on the 25th, 26th, and 27th of July, in which, notwithstanding his great inferiority, his royal highnefs withstood for three days marfhal d'Eftrees's numerous army; his fubfequent retreat towards Stade, and the convention of neutrality between his royal highnefs and the marshal de Richlieu, figned at Clofter-feven, September 8, need only be mentioned, in order to obferve, that, whatever odium might attend thofe mea fures, none could justly fall on the duke of Cumberland, who acted, as he afterwards proved, in obe. dience to pofitive orders. No wonder then, that on his return to England, October 12, finding his reception very different from what he expected and had deferved, he refigned all his military employments; and, though ftrongly urged, could never be prevailed with to refume them. For the remainder of that reign, he lived for the moft part retired at Windfør, and at the funeral of his royal father, November 11, 1760, affifted as chief

On the 31st of October, 1765, having appointed. to affift that evening at a council, he came to town from Windfor, and went to court, though he had fome alarming fymptoms the evening before, while at cards. And about the fame hour, viz. 8 o'clock, being then at his house in Upper Grof venor-ftreet, juft as the duke of Newcastle and the lord chancel lor came to the council, he was feized in an inner room, in much the fame manner; on which he faid to the earl of Albemarle, who was with him, "Tis all over" and funk down fenfelefs in his lordship's arms. He was interred privately, but with military honours, in Westminster Abbey, on the 9th of November.

who underflood more artificially to difguife her pallions than the late queen. Upon her first coming to the throne, the duchess of Marlborough had loft all favour with her, as her majefty had often acknowledged to those who have told it me. That lady had long preferved an afcendant over her miftrefs, while fhe was princefs, which her majefty, when the came. to the crown, had neither patience to bear, nor fpirit to fubdue. This princefs was fo exact an obferver of forms, that fhe feemed to have made it her ftudy, and would often defcend fo low, as to obferve in her domeftics of either fex, who came in her prefence, whether a ruffle, a periwig, or the lining of a coat, were unfuitable at certain times. The duchefs, on the other fide, who had been used to great familiarities, could not take it into her head that any change of ftation thould put her upon changing her behaviour; the continu ance of which was the more offenfive to her majetty, whofe other fervants, of the greatest quality, did then treat her with the utmost refpect.

The earl of Godolphin held in favour about three years longer, and then declined, although he kept his office till the general change. I have heard several reafons given for her majesty's early difguft against that lord.

The

duchefs, who had long been hia friend, often prevailed on him to folicit the queen upon things very unacceptable to her, which her majefty liked the worfe, as knowing from whence they originally came; and his lordship, although he en deavoured to be as refpectful as B 4

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his nature would permit him, was, upon all occafions, much too arbitrary and obtruding,

To the duke of Marlborough The was wholly indifferent (as her nature in general prompted her to be), until his reftlefs, impatient behaviour had turned her against

him.

The queen had not a ftock of amity to ferve above one object at a time; and further than a bare good or ill opinion, which fhe foon contracted and changed, and very often upon light grounds, the could hardly be faid either to love or to hate any body. She grew fo jealous upon the change of her fervants, that often, out of fear of being impofed upon, by an over-caution fhe would impofe upon herself; fhe took a delight in refufing those who were thought to have greatest power with her, even in the most reafonable things, and fuch as were neceffary for her fervice; nor would let them be done till fhe fell into the humour of it herself.

Upon the grounds I have already related, her majefty had gradually conceived a moft rooted averfion for the duke and duchefs of Marlborough, and the earl of Godolphin; which spread in time, through all their allies and relations, particularly to the earl of Hertford, whofe ungovernable temper had made him fail in his perfonal refpects to her majeftv.

This I take to have been the principal ground of the queen's

refolutions to make a change of fome officers both in her family and kingdom; and that thefe re folutions did not proceed from any real apprehenfion the had of dan ger to the church or monarchy. For, although fhe had been ftrict ly educated in the former, and very much approved its doctrine and difcipline, yet he was not fo ready to foresee any attempts against it by the party then prefiding, But the fears that most influenced her were fuch as con. cerned her own power and prerogative, which those nearest about her were making daily encroachments upon, by their undutiful behaviour, and unreasonable des mands.

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