afford the means of subsistence, will yield a handsome income, when made on 2 or 3C0. The improved machinery and mode of management has also admitted the very important change of ploughing with two horses instead of four or six. The same causes have diminished the number of servants, necessary for doing the work of the farm; and one man with two horses is now found in general sufficient for 50 acres. It must be owned, that the view last given of the new system, is not precisely that, which we can regard with the greatest complacency. It tends indeed to augment the wealth of the landlord, probably also that of the nation at large; but it is not connected with any augmentation of the means of subsistence, perhaps even, though in a small degree, with the reverse. It certainly had the effect of transferring a large part of the population from the country to towns; and the thinning of a class of men so highly respectable as the Scottish peasantry, could not be viewed without considerable regret. It would appear, however, from some statements in the present work, as if this depopulating effect had been transitory, and the country were again attract ing the inhabitants which it had lost. Although the farmer employs fewer hands than formerly in the regular course of his business, he yet finds it convenient that there should be a supply of extra labour ers at command, for those emergencies, to which he is always liable. By the grant therefore of cottages, cows, and other advantages, he encourages the different classes of artificers to settle in his neighbourhood. It is a remarkable instance of this that, since the union of four farms in the occupation of Mr Walker of Mellendean, in Roxburghshire, the population has increased from 335 to 530; owing chiefly to the encouragement afforded by him to the settlement of strangers. On Mr Robertson's farm of Granton, in East Lothian, the population had, in the same manner, increased from 40 to 70. Mr Rennie of Phantassie's farm of 550 acres contained 163 persons. Artificers and manufacturers, thus settled in small villages or detached houses, seem to possess every advantage, both physical and moral, of rural life. Such seem to be the leading features of that important revolution, which has taken place in the system of Scottish agriculture. The causes of this, as of every great political change, are probably complex. In every free country, where full scope is given to exertion, there is a natural tendency in man to better his condition. The communication with England which, since the union had become continually more frequent, placed before the eyes of the Scots, a system of husbandry then decidedly superior to their own. The efforts of an enterprising people were roused, in order to equal this model; and it was natural, that having entered the career of improvement, they should not stop short. The English, whose system had long been good; had formed it into a sort of routine, which was transmitted from father to son, without variation. The Scots, on the contrary, who were under the necessity of making a complete change on their original procedure, were thus emancipated from the chains of habit, and were prepared to 2dopt all the improved modes of culture which recent observation had brought to light. The character and circumstances of the nation too were such as well fitted them for adding to the stock of information. The Scots have always been a reading and thinking people; and these meritorious habits, which have not not always received the best direction, being now exerted upon this useful art, led to a number of important discoveries. Nothing can better shew the strength of this spirit of enquiry than the circumstance that Scotland should have given birth to, and so long supported a periodical publication, decidedly superior to any other produced on the same subject, in the three kingdoms. From all these causes Scotland has now outstript her former preceptor, and is qualified, in her turn, to assume that office. The English accordingly begin unwillingly to acknowledge a truth so little flattering to their national pride; as well as to shake off that indolence, which would deter them from all attempts at imitation. It is now common for the sons of proprietors or farmers in that country, to be sent to Scotland, in order to be initiated into a superior mode of management. Considerable obstacles, however, are presented to its introduction, by the rooted habits of the farmers, and still more of the country labourers in England. The only effectual mode has hitherto been, to bring both these descriptions of persons out of Scotland. Mr Brougham of Howis, near Penrith, has thus introduced Scottish agriculture into Cumberland; Admiral Bentinck into Norfolk; Mr Wolstenholm into Dorset; and Mr Dallas of Tremanney into Wales. Brougham calculates, that an average saving of 10s. an acre might be made on all the lands in England, were this mode of management generally diffused. But the most striking example of its benefits has been exhibited on the estates of Mr Stratton in Oxfordshire. This gentleman, being distressed for money, and happening to fall in with a tract on rural affairs, by Mr John Loudon, began to suspect, that his Mr land did not yield him all the income of which it was capable. He sent therefore for Mr Loudon, who soon satisfied him, that his suspicions were just, and immediately offered to take a large portion of his estate, at L.10,000 a year, instead of the former rent of L.4,000. So advantageous a proposal was immediately accepted, and Mr Loudon was put into possession with all possible dispatch. The experiment is as yet but newly begun; but there seems every prospect of its being attended with success. Some very useful statements are given in this volume, respecting the advances necessary for agricultural operations, and the profits which they yield. In general, the average estimate of the capital, required for stocking a farm, is from 8 to L.9 per Scots acre. Mr Dudgeon of Prora, who resides in the most highly cultivated part of East Lothian, has given an estimate of the particulars required for a farm of 300 acres, from which we shall make the following abstract. 12 Horses at L.50 L.600 0 678 17 0 Servants maintenance 133 10 0 Feeding of horses Seed corn Lime, &c. Extra for labourers and cattle Interest ၁၀၀ 442 0 0 350 0 650 0 627 O 135 0 0 L.3616 7 0 This is about L.12 per acre. On the other hand, in some districts less highly cultivated, a smaller sum has been found sufficient. In the Mearns and Forfarshire, the estimate is only about L.6 per acre. A farmer in Roxburghshire stocked 200 acres for L.1127. But in the Carse of Gowrie, the estimate is L.10; and in Morayshire, where the farmer is expected to build the houses, and, to to enclose his own fields, it rises so high as L.13. 13s. It is not less important to ascertain, what is the amount of the profit to be made by farming. On this subject, statments are given by two intelligent farmers in East Lothian, Mr Rennie of Phantassie, and Mr Murray, lately residing at Kirkland this estimate, is not separated from the other articles. New Works published in Edinburgh, A CATALOGUE of a valuable languages, for 1812. By William Blackwood, 8vo. 3s. 6d. We cannot forbear recommending this catalogue to our readers as containing collection of books, in various one of the most extensive and curious collections ever offered for sale in this country. In Scottish history and antiquities, and in historical tracts, it is perhaps unrivalled. hill. Mr Rennie's farm consisted of 553 acres, of which 252 were clay soil, and 301 light soil; the rent L.4. 10s. per acre. The total produce on an average of 7 years, amounted to L.5,888. 14s. The expences are estimated as follow, Seed L.526 6 0 Observations respecting Prece. 640 16 8 dence, and some of the distinctions 692 0 0 of rank, ecclesiastical and secular, 450 0 0 on which it is founded, referring 190 0 190 0 0 especially to the Clergy of the Church of Scotland. 4to. 7s. 6d. Horses Servants Extra work Taxes and Incidents Deducted from produce, leaves 2499 2 8 2488 10 0 4987 12 8 901 1 4 We have omitted, under the head of expences, the article of cows, kept for the use of the family"; because this is merely a mode in which the farmer spends his income for his own accommodation. Hence the above estimate exceeds, by L. 30, that of Mr Rennie. Taking the profit, however, at the utmost, it cannot be considered as an extravagant return for the employment of a capital of L.6000, and for the superintendance of so extensive a concern. Mr Murray's testimony is nearly to the same effect; not quite so favourable. On a farm of 400 acres, estimated at L.4 per acre, the total produce was L.3975, or L.9. 18s. 9d. per acre. The rent and labour amounted to L.2621, leaving L.1554 for seed, manure, utensils, and for profit, which, in A Treatise on the British Constitution, pointing out its superior excellence, and comparing it with other forms of Government; with an Appendix, containing Magna Charta, and other important documents. By the Rev. Ebenezer Marshall, Cockpen. 8vo. 7s. Literary Intelligence. MRDIRDIN announces Biblio theca Spenceriana, or a Descriptive Catalogue of the early printed Books, and of many important first editions, in the library of Earl Spencer, accompanied with notes, plates of fac-sim lies, and numerous appropriate embellishments. The above celebrated lib rary comprehends books printed in the fifteenth century, and first editions of many distinguished authors. Of its extraordinary value, it is scarcely necessary to apprise the classical student and collector. It is the liberal wish of its noble owner, that a collection, which has been obtained at a very great expence, during a series of years, should be Mr Ralph Dodd, engineer, has Mr Hamilton, an eminent drawing-master, has just finished a complete practical work on the Elements of the Art of Drawing. It combines written instruction, with nearly fifty beautiful engravings. Representations of China, its Costumes, Arts, Manufactures, &c. from the French of M. Bertin, are in forwardness, in four volumes, with seventy-nine fine plates. A Poem, entitled' India, will make its appearance in a few weeks. Dr Aikin has undertaken to superintend the Annual Register, originally published by Mr Dodsley. A new edition is announced, of the General Biographical Dictionary, under the care of Mr Alexander Chalmers, F. S. A. to be published in monthly volumes, of about five hundred pages each, printed with a new type, in a fullsized demy octavo, price 12s. in boards; and, although it is impossible, in the present state of the work, to announce the exact num✩ Mr Henry Mill, of East-row, City-road, intends to publish, early. in the present month, a Genealogical Account of the Barclays of Urie, for upwards of seven hundred years; containing Memoirs of Colonel De Barclay, and his son Robert Barclay, author of the Apology for the People called Quakers, together with letters that passed between him, the Duke of York, afterwards James II., Elizabeth Princess Palatiné of the Rhine, Archbishop Sharp, Earl of Perth, and other distinguished Characters. Mr Colburn, of Conduit-street, has announced his intention of publishing a Dictionary of all the Living Authors of the British Empire; containing, 1. Biographical particulars of each writer. 2. A complete catalogue of their respective works, with remarks. To render this work as perfect as possible, he solicits authors, booksellers, and all who feel interested in its accuracy, to favour him with information on the subjects which it is designed to em brace. Mr Shober is proceeding diligently in the translation of Chateaubriand's Spirit of Christianity, or Beauties of the Christian Religion. It will be accompanied by a preface and notes, from the pen of the Rev. Henry Kett, of Trinity college, Oxford. Lord Byron's Satires are in the press, containing Hints from Horace, and the Curse of Minerva. Schleusner's Novum Lexicon, Græco-Latinum in Novum Testamentum, cum variis Observationibus Philologicis, is in the press, to form 2 thick volumes in 8vo. and to be printed from the third edition, published at Lepsic in 1808. The The Rev. Mr Faber is preparing for the press, a work entitled, Origines Mythologica. The object of it is to show the fundamental identity and common origin of the various mythological systems of' Paganism: whether Greek, Etruscan, Egyptian, Persian, Iliensian, Phoenician, Chinese, Indian, Scythian, (that is Gothic,) Celtic, or American, &c. The coincidences between them are such as to prove, that they must have been originally one system, though consisting of two grand kindred branches, some times distinct, and sometimes blend. ing themselves together. The promised work on the Calamities of Authors, including some inquiries respecting their Moral and Literary Characters, by the author of Curiosities of Literature, has been some time in the press, and will shortly appear. The characters and feelings of authors will be drawn from their own confessions, and deduced from the prevailing events of their lives; and they will further be illustrated by many original documents. Poetry. Monody on the untimely Death of a virtuous Young Lady, Miss Catherine Craufurd. WILD rose the night sp'rit's dismal screams, And roused to wo the slumb'ry tides, Heaven took its subject star of youth, tomb. Pale the bewildered moonlight shone, Wailed from his pristine rocks, While robed in awe, stern destiny lowered, And with the puissant host empowered, Shook o'er the land his shadowy locks. Aloud the wintry whirlwinds beat, And swept each frozen dreary dell, When on Balclutha's reverend seat The flower of youth and beauty fell, Glasgow. As oft the evening hours return, Sweet slumber's visionary powers, Mild o'er her grave, the weeping moon Congenial shed the dewy showers, |