the first for five, and the latter for eight years, according to the statement of Drs De Carrio and Sacco: and in the city of Geneva, the Smal! Pox has been nearly extirpated. In Switzerland in general, but more particularly in Geneva, the extension of the blessings connected with Vaccination has in a great degree depended on the warm and active co-operation of the Clergy, who were assiduous in recommending the practice to their Parishioners from the pulpit, as well as promoting it by every other exertion in their power. Impressed with the strongest conviction of the great advantage which Vaccination would derive from a similar co-operation in this country, the Board formerly considered it as a part of their duty to address the Bishops, for the purpose of soliciting their assistance in checking the ravages of the Small Pox, by rendering the benefits of the Vaccine Inoculation more extensively

known.

The Board has great pleasure in stating, that the Money granted by Parliament during the last Session, has been sufficient to defray the expenses of the year 1811, and they are of opinion, that the same sum will be adequate to the expenditure of the

current year.

By order of the Board,
James Hervey,
Register.

Aug. 12. The following rather uncommon exotics are at present in flower in the Royal Botanic Garden here: Stachytarpheta mutabilis of the new Hortus Kewensis; Sphærolobium vimineum, a New Holland plant; and Menyanthes Indica, or Indian Bogbean. The Hamanthus puniceus, or Bloodflower, though more common, may also be mentioned, as not often seen in fine state.

--20. A Short Sunfish (Tetrodon Mola of Linnæus) was taken in the Frith a little way off the village of Newhaven. It was swimming quietly along at the surface, when the crew of a fishing-boat observing it, rowed after it, and easily secured it. It was brought to Mr Wilson, College, and has been carefully preserved. It exhibited no phosphorescence, and has now in a great measure lost its silvery hue. It measures in

length, from the snout to the middle of the caudal fin, 1 foot 6 inches; in depth, from the middle of the back to the middle of the belly, I foot; and from the tip of the dorsal to the extremity of the anal fin, 2 feet 2 inches. The pectoral fins are very small. Both the upper and under mandible are bony and undivided. Dr Turton, aware that this fish pos sesses more of the character of a Diodon, and finding a Diodon Mola, a tropical fish, already in the Systema Naturæ, has, in his British Fauna, constituted a new genus, under the title of Cephalus, from the striking resemblance which the whole sunfish bears to the mere head of a large

tory.

is called Cephalus brevis. Two other specimens have at different times,

this season been greatly retarded by the snow and frost of March and April, the crops in general will be nearly a month later than usual. The general appearance at present, however, promises at least an average crop.

of Forth. They were both nearly of the same dimensions with the one above described; and all of them had the appearance of animals arrived at maturity.

HOOPOEA Hoopoe (Upupa epops) was some time ago observed

flying about the island of Stronsa in Orkney. This beautiful and rare bird, particularly remarkable for its fine crest of orange-coloured feathers tipped with black, did not fail to draw attention. It was chased several times, especially about nightfall, but escaped by flitting over the numerous hill-dikes, or mud-walls, which separate the arable from the pasture lands. At last it was caught alive by Mr Murray, farmer at Huip. It lived in confinement for about a week, feeding on worms and insects. The Hoopoe is mentioned by Mr

Wallace, in his book published before the close of the 17th century, as an occasional visitant of the Orkney Islands. Its English as well as its Latin names are founded on its uncommon call, which resembles the sound Opp, Opp, Opp. Mr Pennant, in his Supplement to the Arctic Zoology, mentions that it is not an uncommon bird in Sweden; and that its call being thought similar to the Swedish alarm To arms, it is thence named Harfogel, or the Soldier-bird. Canonmills, 28th Aug. 1812. S

N.

Remarks on the foregoing Table.

THE foregoing Table may suggest some curious observations on the rapidity with which population increases in America. It will be observed, that though the population of all the states has increased much between the years 1790 and 1810, the southern states have advanced faster than the northern, and the western states fastest of all. The increase of Kentucky in particular, would be almost incredible, were it not attested by unexceptionable documents. Dr Adam Smith, about the year 1772, stated, that the population of the United States doubled in 25 years. On reference to the foregoing Table, it will be found, that in the twenty years elapsing between 1790 and 1810, the population of Kentucky has nearly sextupled. In 1790, it was 73,677, and 1810, it was 406,511. It is fair to observe, however, that this unprecedented increase of Kentucky is to be ascribed, not only to the rapid reproduction always occasioned by abundance of land, and unrestrained freedom, but also to the numerous and freqent emigrations which have taken place from the older and more fully peopled states, into that fertile and growing region. This, while it swells the population of Kentucky, lessens proportionably that of the other states.

The great towns have advanced with no less rapidity than the country at large. In the year 1756, New York had 10,881 inhabitants. In 1800, it had 60,489; and in 1810, it had 93,914, a number equal to the whole population of the state in 1753. It will be observed, that in the foregoing Table, Virginia is placed at the head of the Union; her population having all along entitled her to

that pre-eminence. New York, however, has been hastening to overtake her competitor; and it is understood, that in the course of next year, the population of New York will exceed that of Virginia. She will send, therefore more members to Congress, and will henceforth be regarded as the leading state in the union. This circumstance, while it will increase the ill-will which the Virginians have always borne to the northern parts of the union, will favour the elevation of Mr De Witt Clinton to the presidential dignity. It is understood, that Mr Madison will be re-elected at the next election; but on the expiry of his second four years, it is thought likely, that the eastern and middle states will assert the right which their increasing population and wealth bestow on them to give a president to the United States. Of the four Presidents America has hitherto had, three have been Virginians, and one has been a native of New England. In the course of four or five years, New York will, in every point of view, be well entitled to nominate a President of the United States; and Mr De Witt Clinton is already designated for that important office.This gentleman is nephew to the present vice-president of the United States; of a family that has great influence in the state of New York, and has always been attached to the republican party. Whatever, therefore, may be the sentiments of Mr Clinton with regard to Great Britain, it is likely, that in the exercise of the chief magistracy of the union, he would shew more regard to the inte. rests of commerce than has been ma nifested by the Virginian obligarchy, that has so long swayed the councils of America.

His

Historical Sketch of the Origin of the Revolution at BUENOS AYRES. By a Native.

L

(Concluded from p. 488.)

INIERS executed all his measures in the most dexterous manner, without closing the way against the introduction of his own plan, and without losing sight for a moment of his attachment to the French. The proclamation he issued, announcing the state of Spain, and the disappearance of the reigning family, will be an eternal monument of his sinister intentions, as well as a source of shame to the people, for having suffered him to insult them, by invoking the name of Napoleon in order to influence their conduct.

It is naturally to be supposed, that he would still keep on the best terms with the French officer, whom he treated in private with every civility; and in order that he might shelter him from the insults of the multitude, who began to be disgusted at transactions which they could not comprehend, as well as that the real nature of his intentions might not transpire, he persuaded this officer to go to Monte-Video, where he might expect an early opportunity of returning to France, the brig that brought him having been run aground, to avoid an English frigate which was in chase of her. In the course of a process afterwards instituted respecting the flight attempted by this individual, an official letter has been published, from Liniers to the Governor of Monte-Video, in which he enjoins that the greatest respect and attention be paid to the person of the emissary, as charged with matters of the greatest importance to the interests of the nation, and orders that every facility may be afforded him for a speedy return to Europe.

The Governor of Monte-Video, at this period, was Don Xavier Elio, the same man who was there, until lately, Aug. 1812.

under the title of Viceroy, conferred on him by the Junta of Cadiz. He had very powerful motives for disapproving the conduct of the chief, who was now beginning to get into notice. Not a word had been said on the oath of allegiance to Ferdinand VII., and the steps which the Government took were so indirect, that very little penetration was necessary to discover reasons for doubting the sincerity of their intentions. Don Xavier Elio rebelled from the submission due to the authority of the Viceroy, and forming a Junta at Monte-Video, in imitation of several provincial Juntas which were already known to have been constituted in Spain, declared that he would obey no ordinances emanating from the capital of the province, which he considered to be oppressed under the command of a traitorous chief. Thus a pernicious lesson was inconsiderately given, by which the people did not fail to profit; and whatever attempts may be made to exculpate the refractory proceedings of a subaltern governor, who would in no degree have endangered the cause of his nation by acting prudently, and might at all events have adopted measures of moderate precaution, it cannot be denied that this scandalous example of insubordination must have cost dear to its instigators. An expedition of troops was sent by the Viceroy against Monte-Video, and thus, for the first time since the days of Pizarro, a civil war broke out in the Spanish Americas.

Meanwhile, Liniers was extending the scope of his ambitious views, and in proportion as the accusations against him multiplied, he saw the necessity of proceeding more openly in the execution of his plans. His first object was to gain a formidable party in the country, who might second his measures; and he began, by raising to the rank of officers, the most abandoned members of society, and others whose want of honour assured him that they

would

would act whatever part he assigned them. The invasions of the English had required an augmentation of the troops, beyond the means of the colonial treasury to maintain; but, far from reducing the supplementary force, as might have been expected when the urgency of the occasion which called it forth had subsided, he daily augmented it, by creating new regiments, one of which he distinguished by the name of the Grenadiers of Liniers, and reserved it as his bodyguard. The administration of justice, which, by an absurd provision in the constitution of the colonies is vested in the Viceroys, was subjected entirely to his favourite project; despotic as have been all the chiefs sent by the court of Spain to these territories, Liniers exceeded them all by his iniquitous proceedings in gaining partisans. These disorders, and the multiplied grievances of the public, at length produced a great number of malcontents in Buenos Ayres itself, and the authority of the Viceroy was combated not only in Monte-Video, but also at home.

In this interval, arrived from Spain, Don Joseph Manuel de Goyeneche, who had been appointed brigadier by the Provisional Junta of Seville, anterior to the formation of the Central Junta, and was sent as their Commissioner to promote unity and conformity of sentiment between the colonies and the metropolis. This man, whom America will ever blush to number among her sons, is a native of Arequipa, and a member of a rich family, in whose commercial concerns he had gone, some years before, to the Peninsula, where having dissipated the money intrusted to him by his father, he assumed the uniform of a captain of militia, and became one of the numerous class of loungers in Madrid. At the entrance of the French into that city, he obtained from Murat a commission to go to America to support the French cause;

but on his journey into Andalusia, he changed his mind, and obtained from the government of that province, the charge of Royal Commissioner for South America. On his arrival, he thought of nothing but making his fortune; and, adhering to the interests of those who had raised him to the rank of brigadier, recommended, that at all events the colonies should preserve their union with the provinces of Spain, which had now begun to raise their voice against France. In MonteVideo, he professed his assent to the views of its Majesty the Provincial Junta just then established, and stated, that his commission directed him to form others in all the cities of that continent. On his arrival at Buenos Ayres, and at his first conference with Liniers and the magistrates, he entirely changed his language, and declared, that the Monte-Videans deserved to be called refractory, for having constituted themselves in a manner not at all legitimate or proper in America. By this concession, however, he was enabled to procure a solemn adjuration of the capital to Ferdinand VII., which ceremony had been hitherto postponed, as well as a recognition of the Junta of Seville, as the legal representative and depository of the powers of the sovereign.

The commissioner assumed as many characters as the scene required.— Seeing that the opponents of the Administration were headed by men respectable for their wealth and reputation, he was unwilling to leave means untried to conciliate them; and he therefore insinuated, that the precedent of Monte-Video was proper to be followed. The Cabildo, which was the centre of opposition to Liniers, gave the signal for an insurrection on the 1st of January 1809, by forming a popular commotion in favour of the establishment of a Junta; but this movement had only the effect of causing the banishment of its leaders, who were overpowered by the troops