native country. The third volume of his remarkable study, Les Populations Agricoles de la France (Paris, Guillaumin, 1893), has just been edited by his son Alfred, and is wholly devoted to the southern departments. It is marked by the same scrupulous exactitude of fact and limpidity of style that immediately won so favorable a reception for his earlier volumes. Although primarily an economic history, it contains many details of interest to a wider circle of students of general social development.

Several months ago attention was called (POLITICAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY, VIII, 355) to the work by Professor Cossa on the theory and history of economics. The promised English translation, by Louis Dyer, of Balliol College, has recently appeared under the title, An Introduction to the Study of Political Economy (Macmillan, 1893). The translator has compiled an index of subjects, has enlarged the index of authors and has added a list of sources. its present shape the book is undoubtedly the best history of political economy in the English language.

In

Macmillan has also brought out another translation for which the American student has long been impatiently waiting. It is the important work on Natural Value, by Professor Friedrich von Wieser, of the University of Prague, which was reviewed in this QUARTERLY shortly after its appearance in 1888 (IV, 681). The translation is by Christian A. Malloch, a former pupil of Mr. William Smart. Mr. Smart himself has supervised the work, and has added an analysis and a preface, in which he succeeds in putting the whole subject in the clearest possible light. The work is bound to become an economic classic, worthy of being ranked in the same category as the admirable translations of Böhm-Bawerk.

Not satisfied with the existing compilations and encyclopædias of political economy, Mr. Kuno Frankenstein has announced a scheme of such colossal scope as to exceed by far anything hitherto attempted. He has planned, under the title of Hand- und Lehrbuch der Staatswissenschaften, in selbstständigen Bänden, a series of works, written so as to form a homogeneous whole, which are to include the entire field of pure and practical economics, economic administration, finance, statistics and history of economic theory. There are to be about thirty-five large volumes, each undertaken by a separate author, to appear at the rate of five or six volumes a year. What the longsuffering German public will say to this is doubtful; but we shrink from contemplating the fate of this stupendous series at the hands. of the general scientific world. The first volume, however, has just

appeared, and really deserves serious consideration. It is written by Professor Lehr of Munich, and is entitled Grundbegriffe und Grundlagen der Volkswirthschaft (Leipzig, C. S. Hirschfeld, 1893). It is devoted in great part to the subjects of value and price, and is interesting as an attempt to show the connection of the newer Austrian theories with the older classical conceptions. The author's views are on the whole moderate. The mathematical illustrations, in which he is an expert, are for the most part relegated to the notes. A feature of each volume in the series is to be a bibliography, written in some cases by the librarian of the Prussian statistical bureau, and in others by the editor. In the present work the bibliography covers twenty-eight large pages.

Under the direction of Professor Conrad, of Halle, Mr. Leo S. Rowe has published Die Gemeindefinanzen von Berlin und Paris (Jena, Fischer, 1893). It is a praiseworthy attempt to give in a wholly unprejudiced manner the actual facts of their fiscal systems, and will not be without interest to the student of American municipal finance. The monograph, we believe, will soon be made available to American readers.

Several important documents on the currency problem have recently been published by the national government. The first in order is the Report on the International Monetary Conference held at Brussels; the second is a reprint of the English blue-books containing the Herschell Report on the Indian Currency, with all the accompanying correspondence and testimony; the third is a translation of the work on The Future of Silver, by Süss, which was noticed in this QUARTERLY, VIII, 365 (June, 1893).

Six new essays appear in a second edition of Professor J. S. Nicholson's Treatise on Money and Essays on Monetary Problems (London, A. & C. Black, 1893). As in the former edition, the whole discussion turns about bimetallism, of which the author is an enthusiastic supporter. The new essays contain timely discussions of Mr. Giffen's recent attack on M. de Rothschild's proposal to the Monetary Conference and of the new Indian currency experiment. The work is written in a popular and engaging style.

It cannot be said that The Life and Times of C. G. Memminger, by Henry C. Capers (Richmond, Everett Waddey Co., 1893), is an ideal biography. It is ill-proportioned, diffuse and poorly written. But it will none the less be of very great interest to the student of Confederate finance. Mr. Memminger was secretary of the treasury of the Confederate States from their inception almost to

their end, and in no work hitherto printed can there be found so many details of Confederate financial history. The Treasury had an up-hill fight, but the biography brings out prominently the fact that Congress and not Mr. Memminger was responsible for most of the financial blunders. The appendix of almost 200 pages contains among other documents the six valuable reports of the Confederate secretary.

Die Preisbewegung der Edelmetalle seit 1850, verglichen mit der anderer Metalle, by Dr. Samuel McCune Lindsay, Fellow in Political Science, University of Pennsylvania (Jena, Fischer, 1893), forms one of the collection of economic and statistical essays of Professor Conrad's seminar at the University of Halle. In it Dr. Lindsay examines with great care the statistics of prices and the method of index numbers according to different systems. He then examines the history of the production of gold and silver and the consumption of the two metals. In a second part he takes the metals iron, steel, coal, copper and lead, and examines their production, consumption and prices. In conclusion he considers the question, whether and how much prices have fallen, and the broader question of the standard of value. He decides against the practicability of the multiple standard of value proposed by Jevons and Marshall, and is inclined to think that the world will come to some international agreement for the use of both gold and silver as the standard of value. The work seems to be carried out with great thoroughness and with full use of the very latest scientific material.

Four recent numbers of the Social Science Series (Swan Sonnenschein, imported by Scribners) contain translations of works on German socialism. In Ferdinand Lassalle as a Social Reformer, which was originally written as a preface to the collected edition of Lassalle's writings, Mr. Edward Bernstein, formerly editor of Der Sozial Democrat, gives an interesting sketch of the great revolutionary leader, which differs from the host of other books on Lassalle in that it passes hastily over the well-known personal details and discusses more fully his philosophical and social writings. The preface contains a defense of Marx against some of his recent critics. The book is well translated by Eleanor Marx Aveling. Her husband, Edward Aveling, is the translator of the second work, Socialism: Utopian and Scientific, by Frederick Engels. This is the excerpt, familiar to all students and published, as we are told, in ten languages, from Engels's book in reply to Dr. Eugen Dühring. An appendix gives a popular account of the Marx system, without

adverting to any of the recent opponents of the theory. The special introduction to this English edition contains a labored defense of "historical materialism," which in Dr. Engels's mind naturally leads up to socialism. While these two books are written from the radical standpoint, the other side of the question is presented in Dr. Schäffle's The Impossibility of Social Democracy, in which the practical objections are pointed out. As the editor, Mr. Bosanquet, however, shows in the preface, many of the arguments are dependent on the peculiarities of the German conditions. The same may be said of the author's Theory and Policy of Labour Protection, in which an attempt is made to vindicate Emperor William's policy as shown in the convening of the Berlin Labor Conference. The von Berlepsch bill, brought in by the German government in order to carry out the recommendations of the conference, is printed as an appendix.

Swan Sonnenschein has also published independently Socialism: Its Growth and Outcome, by William Morris and E. Belfort Bax (imported by Scribners). Were the book to be judged by its literary merits, it would at once take a high rank; for it is not often that one reads so beautifully written a work. The poet shines through continually. The opening pages are themselves worth the price of the book. But Mr. Morris is a poet and not an economist or historian; and, although some of his facts are true, his history suffers not so much from the suggestio falsi as from the suppressio veri. The final chapter on "Socialism Triumphant" is alive with the glow of enthusiasm. It would be a pity to apply to it the icy touch of criticism.

After many years of diligent work, Mr. Josef Stammhammer, the librarian of one of the legal clubs in Vienna, has completed his Bibliographie des Socialismus und Communismus (Jena, Fischer, 1893). It contains an alphabetical list of authors, as well as a classified topical index of all books and articles on the subject, from the middle ages down to the present day. So far as we have been able to control the lists, they are surprisingly complete and accurate, not only for German, but also for French, Italian, English and American works. In many cases explanatory statements are appended. The book itself is only the first installment of a stupendous undertaking, which is to comprise the bibliography of the whole social-economic literature. The compiler promises within the next few years complete bibliographies of social politics, pure economics, practical economics and the science of finance.

The Handbuch des Socialismus, by Drs. Carl Stegmann and C. Hugo (Zurich, 1894), is to appear in from seven to eight parts, of which the first two (A-Ch) lie before us. The word socialism is taken in its widest sense, so as to cover such economic topics as factory laws, labor insurance, theory of population, etc. The chief value of the work, however, will be in the full account of practical socialistic movements, and the biographies of the socialistic leaders. Thus in these two parts we have excellent notices of the Alliance Internationale, of American labor parties, of the Anarchists, of the Allgemeiner deutscher Arbeiterverein, of the land nationalization movement, and of Christian socialism. The articles seem to be written from the moderate socialistic standpoint, anarchism and violence being denounced. Of a special value are the biographies of the often obscure heroes of socialism. No "village Hampden" is here forgot, but all the cobblers and cigar makers who have served in labor congresses, or edited socialistic papers, or written pamphlets denouncing capital, receive due notice. For college professors lecturing on the history of socialism this handbook will be a great saving of time and effort; for the history of the numberless universal, international, general and other congresses, federations, leagues, etc., through which socialism has attempted to revolutionize the world, lies buried for the most part in newspapers and forgotten pamphlets, and envious Time has striven to efface the memory of the numerous Beckers, Müllers, Sorges and others who have directed the great movement.

Die Statistik und die Gesellschaftswissenschaft, by Dr. Naum Reichesberg (Stuttgart, Enke), is a pamphlet of 111 pages, in which the author contends that the statistical method furnishes the true basis for social science. He rejects the sociological theories of Comte, Spencer, Carey and Schäffle, because they consist simply in carrying over the principles of natural science into the domain of sociology. This, however, is a false tendency, because we do not find either in society or in individuals anything which will serve as a type of social development. The author is disposed to look upon society as an agglomeration of associations serving different purposes. The individual belongs to numberless associations of such a kind. an individual he is controlled by the social influences; as a member of society he conforms to the social type, but yet preserves his individuality by varying from it. The object of social science is to differentiate from among the mass of influences controlling the individual, those which are purely accidental (ie., individual) and those