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years by the bureau of which Dr. David P. Barrows has been superintendent, identifies the Negrito as the true aboriginal inhabitant. He is probably related to the pure Negro of Melanesia, being dwarfed by long centuries of forest life, with its exposure and poor fare. A timid tribe of savages they have so far successfully resisted such rude attempts to civilize or Christianize them as Spain and her friar agents knew how to make. It is to be feared that they will perish from among the inhabitants of the Philippines in obedience to the law which exacts obedience and labor from all who would continue to live on the face of the earth.

The Igorrotes (Ig-or-rōtěś) are a more formidable race of savages. They are as decidedly a mountain people as the Negritos are forest dwellers. The Igorrote is found in the lofty Cordillera that runs northward through the body of Luzon. There are several tribes, each having its own habits, customs, and dialect. They are of medium stature, with strong marks of Malay blood in their forms and features. Ethnologists are inclined to regard them as aboriginal Malays, strongly mixed with Chinese blood. Later chapters will show that Spain drove many Chinese to take refuge in the mountains of Northern Luzon, and it is known that they lived among the Igorrotes. The Igorrote is sturdily independent. Three Spanish governor-generals tried to add to their military laurels by conquering them, and defeat attended each attempt. Friars have exhausted every effort to reach the Igorrote, but entirely in vain. He still lives and hunts, and takes the heads of his enemies in the tribal race-feuds, exactly as he did when Spanish occupation began.

He is usually a peaceable savage so far as outsiders are concerned. Only when they mix in his quarrels do the Igorrotes trouble other races. He is trusted entirely

by those who know him best. I saw an American officer of police hand over five thousand dollars in silver coins to a half-dozen Igorrote carriers, telling them plainly what was in the boxes, take their rude scrawl of a receipt, and let them start off with that specie on their backs for a three-days' march into the mountains, and later heard that every package came through safe. As laborers they are quite satisfactory while they care to work; but with a few coins over and above present needs, they quit, and enjoy their gains. On their own lands, nearly all of which they rescue from steep hillsides by a laborious method of terracing with stone walls, they work with patient and really skillful hands. Dr. Barrows says, "The Igorrote is the only scientific agriculturist which we have discovered in the Philippines." They carry water for irrigating these pitiful little patches, in ditches of their own devising, around mountain sides, and across valleys even, by means of pipes or stone sluices carried on pillars of rock. Two or three crops a year are wrung fron these bits of hillside terraces, and carried hundreds of feet up or down to the huts of the tribe.

There is no political organization beyond that of the village. Union of village with village is unknown. An American official told me of having spent the night in an Igorrote town from which five other clusters of huts could be seen on near-by mountain sides. Every one of these villages was at feud with all the others, and no one ventured five miles from his own home without imminent risk of losing his head. It is estimated that at least sixty Christianized Filipinos have lost their heads at the hands of these savages within the past twelve months; while the number slain in village feuds and in payment of "the debt of life" between tribes is many times greater. Some hundreds of Igorrote children are now in the public

schools. What the influence of education may be on these stolid, filthy, industrious savages it is difficult to predict. Many who know them quite intimately are very sanguine. It is a long leap from savagery, with its inherited instincts, to high schools and normal training. The children of the Igorrote may take it in safety; but our experience with the black man and the red man is not such as to make it entirely certain that the sudden change will bring about unmixed good.

The Tinguianes are a queer people in Northern Luzon. They are an agricultural people, and have many curious. customs. The head man, assuming his duties takes the following oath: "May a pernicious wind touch me, may a flash of lightning kill me, and may the alligator catch me asleep, if I fail to fulfill my duties!" By their laws, says Mr. Foreman, "the crime of adultery is punished by a fine of thirty dollars value and by divorce; but if the adultery was mutual, the divorce is pronounced absolute, without the payment of a fine." They are pure pagans. They have no temples. Their idols are hidden away from public gaze in remote caves and ravines.

Where an epidemic is raging, certain small idols, called Anitos, are carried about and exhorted to stay its dread effects. When a child is to be named, the infant is carried into a dense forest, and the priest pronounces a name, at the same time raising a heavy knife over the child's head. On lowering the knife he strikes it deeply into a tree. If sap flows freely from the knife-wound, the name first pronounced is fixed upon. If not, the ceremony is repeated until the will of their Anitos is discovered in a prompt gush of sap. These people are strict monogamists, the bride being bought by the father of the bridegroom before she has attained maturity. They live in small huts, built high up among the branches of

large trees to be above their enemies. From their custom of tattooing themselves and blacking their teeth, it is supposed that they are descendants of shipwrecked Japanese or of the members of a stray Japanese colony. Catholic friars abandoned all attempts to gain any religious hold upon either the Tinguianes or Igorrotes many years ago.

It was a strange fate that met the Spaniards in these. Eastern seas. In their own land they had long fought with the Moor, or Moro, as they called him. That they should find the followers of Mohammed in these fardistant islands must have filled them with dismay. But the Moro was here. When Legaspi came to complete the conquest and organization of lands discovered by Magellan, he found Mohammedan Malays from Borneo rapidly gaining ascendency in the Archipelago. Much of the southern part was already overrun. Mindoro was wholly Mohammedan, and Manila was under the control of an insolent and fiery Moslem datto, or petty sultan. Though driven out of Manila and off both Mindoro and Luzon, the Moros still hold all the Jolo group of islands, and practically all of the large and fertile island of Mindanao. The Moro is a Malay, with little admixture of blood. His religion is a degraded Mohammedanism. He writes and prints his books in the Arabic character, though his speech is a strange mixture of pure Malay, Visayan, and Arabic. He is a warlike man, having held the officials in terror during nearly the entire period of Spanish occupation. With his own weapons he is practically irresistible. Like "Fuzzy-Wuzzy,"

'E rushes at the smoke when we let drive,
An' 'fore we know 'e 's 'ackin' at our 'ead;
'E's all 'ot sand an' ginger when alive,

An' gen'r'lly a-shammin' when 'e 's dead,"

Like all Mohammedan warriors, they are taught to believe that special rewards await him who dies fighting "the infidel." Warriors who are lusting for an opportunity to die are desperate fighters.

"All males above sixteen years of age go armed, unless prevented from doing so by law. The Moros make their own steel weapons, which are often beautifully finished, and are always admirably adapted to the purposes for which they are intended. In close combat they usually trust to the barong—a weapon fashioned somewhat on the plan of a butcher's cleaver, with thick back and thin razor edge. It is capable of inflicting fearful injury. To lop off a head, arm, or leg with a barong is merely child's play. The strong and skillful warrior prides himself on being able to halve an opponent if he can catch him fairly across the small of the back.

"The straight kris (pronounced kreese) is a narrowbladed, doubled-edged sword, used for cutting and thrusting. The serpent kris, with its wavy, double-edged blade, is used for thrusting, and inflicts a horrible wound. The campilan is a straight-edged, two-handed sword, with a blade wide at the tip, and steadily narrowing toward the hilt. It is used for cutting only, and is tremendously effective. Under all circumstances a Moro carries a barong, kris, or campilan thrust into his sash. If he expects serious trouble, he has, in addition, a shield of light wood, and a lance with a broad, keen head. The Moro is crazy to get hold of firearms.

"The men are very skillful boatmen and sailors. Their praus, which are carved out of logs with great skill, are frail-looking affairs, but bamboo outriggers prevent their sinking, even when filled with water.'

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Among the Moros the custom of "running amuck," or "juramentado," still prevails. When a Moro wishes to end his life in a blaze of religious glory, and make

*Worcester, pp. 154-158.

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