vember 21, 1564. The four hundred men who went with Legaspi and Urdaneta had no other purpose than to spend their lives in the Philippines in the interest of the crown of Spain or of the Church.

Legaspi conquered Cebu, and, by firmness tempered with great kindness, convinced the islanders that he could rule, and that he meant to rule justly. Portugal now gave him much trouble. Pope Alexander VI had made an absurd attempt to divide the earth between the rival powers, Spain and Portugal, by fixing upon the meridian on which the Cape Verde Islands are situated as the boundary-line. All non-Christian lands east of that meridian should be exploited commercially and religiously by Portugal, and all similar countries west of that meridian were to be ruled and exploited by Spain. By this division the Philippines fell into Portuguese territory. But Spain had discovered them, and Legaspi had no intention of permitting this right of discovery and prior occupation to be set aside by any papal order. He fought off the fleet sent by Portugal to attack him in Cebu, and did it with such vigor that the attempt was abandoned.

Legaspi wisely left native chiefs in power, letting them continue to rule in the name of the King of Spain. In 1571 he removed the capital of the new government to "Maynila," a city on the island of Luzon, which his nephew, Juan Salcedo, had captured from its Mohammedan ruler.*

*From_an_ancient document the following account of the capture of Manila has been taken:

"In the island, called by the natives 'Luzon the Greater,' in a town and river of the same called Manila, on the sixth of June in the year 1570, the Hon. Martin de Goiti, His Majesty's Master of Camp in these Western Islands, declared before me, Hernando

This city was made the seat of an archbishopric, and Friar Salazar named as the first archbishop. On August 20, 1572, Legaspi died from overwork and the effects of the climate. He was buried in the St. Augustine Chapel of San Fausto, in Manila. At the time of his death, it might be said that the work he came to do had been accomplished. The Philippine Islands were conquered, and its principal native rulers were carrying on their simple governments in the name of the King of Spain. It was not the purpose of Legaspi to interfere in the political, commercial, or industrial conditions of the conquered territory. His idea was that of the average Spanish colonizer-to secure the largest possible terri

Riquel, Chief Gov't. Notary, and in the presence of the undersigned witnesses, that inasmuch as a thing well and generally known, His Excellency being in this river of Manila with the men and ships accompanying him, and having made peace and drawn his blood with two chiefs styling themselves kings of said town (by name Soliman and Raxa respectively), and without giving them cause or treating them in a manner that would make the said natives change their attitude, the above chiefs began war treacherously and unexpectedly without advising him beforehand, and wounded and seized certain Indians accompanying us. After that they discharged the artillery in their fort, two balls from which struck the ship San Miguel, on board of which was the said Master of Camp. He, in order to guard himself from the injury which the said Moros were doing in starting the war, and to prevent their artillery from harming his men, attacked the said fort of the Moros, and captured it by force of arms, and is now in possession of it. And, inasmuch as the said fort and town of Manila have been won in lawful and just war, and since, according to the said natives, Manila is the capital of all the towns of this said Island: therefore, in His Majesty's name, he was occupying and did occupy, was taking and did take royal ownership and possession, actual and quasi, of this said Island of Luzon and of all the other ports, towns, and territories adjoining and belonging to this said island.” (Follow formalities of the Notary.)

torial possessions for his royal master-leaving their political conditions and their industries to take care of themselves.

The infant colony was soon confronted with peril from the north. A Chinese buccaneer named Lee-mahong, being hard pressed by imperial ships, conceived the idea of capturing the Philippines and building up a government there. He was a man of great native ability, a born ruler of wild and lawless men. By extraordinary exertions he got together a fleet of sixty-two armed junks, having two thousand sailors and a number of mechanics to build the cities he expected to found. He sailed into Manila Bay November 29, 1574, and immediately gave battle. The Spanish soldiery finally triumphed, driving Lee-ma-hong from the bay, but it was at fearful cost. That pirate captain and his chief helper, Sioco, cut down hundreds of the best troops the small colony could muster. Some hundreds of the Chinese were deserted by the ships, and took refuge in the mountains. It is commonly believed that the race of Igorrotes still show the admixture of blood from this defeated and abandoned contingent of Lee-ma-hong's army of invasion.

Friars made all possible capital for the Church out of the victory over the Chinese. They boldly declared that St. Andrew appeared on the field of battle and gave them victory. "This saint was declared thenceforth to be the patron saint of Manila, and in his honor high mass is celebrated in the cathedral at 8 A. M. on the 30th of each November." It was a public holiday and galaday until the end of Spanish supremacy, and all the high officials, military and civil, as well as religious, attended the ceremonies, though it is doubtful if one in twenty could have told what event the day was supposed to