saris," Lips. 1827. Among modern works the best account of Caesar's life is in Drumann's Geschichte Roms. Caesar's campaigns have been 66 Précis criticised by Napoleon in the work entitled des Guerres de César par Napoléon, écrit par M. Marchand, à l'île Sainte-Hélène, sous la dictée de l'Empereur," Paris, 1836.)

For an account of Caesar's coins, see Eckhel, vol. vi. pp. 1-17. His likeness is given in the two coins annexed; in the latter the natural baldness of his head is concealed by a crown of laurel. (See also p. 516.)

Suet. Caes. 52, Aug. 17; Plut. Caes. 49, Anton. 54, 81, 82.)

CAESARIUS, ST. (Kaioάpeios), a physician who is however better known as having been the brother of St. Gregory Theologus. He was born of Christian parents, his father (whose name was Gregory) being bishop of Nazianzus. He was carefully and religiously educated, and studied at Alex

Caius was sent into Asia in B. C. 1, where he | passed his consulship in the following year, A. D. 1. About this time Phraates IV., king of Parthia, seized upon Armenia, and Caius accordingly prepared to make war against him, but the Parthian king gave up Armenia, and settled the terms of peace at an interview with Caius on an island in the Euphrates. (A. D. 2.) After this Caius went to take possession of Armenia, but was treacher-andria, where he made great progress in geometry, ously wounded before the town of Artagera in this country. Of this wound he never recovered, and died some time afterwards at Limyra in Lycia, on the 21st of February, A. D. 4. His brother Lucius had died eighteen months previously, on August 20th, A. D. 2, at Massilia, on his way to Spain. Their bodies were brought to Rome. Some suspected that their death was occasioned by their step-mother Livia. (Dion Cass. liv. 8, 18, 26, lv. 6, 9, 11, 12; Zonar. x. p. 539; Suet. Aug. 26, 56, 64, 65, Tib. 12; Vell. Pat. ii. 101, 102; Tac. Ann. i. 3, ii. 4; Florus, iv. 12. § 42; Lapis Ancyranus.)

C. Caesar married Livia or Livilla, the daughter of Antonia [ANTONIA, No. 6], who afterwards married the younger Drusus, but he left no issue. (Tac. Ann. iv. 40.) L. Caesar was to have married Aemilia Lepida, but died previously. (Ann. iii. 23.) There are several coins both of Caius and Lucius: their portraits are given in the one annexed. (Eckhel, vi. p. 170.)

C. CAESAR CALIGULA.

[CALIGULA.] CAESA'RION, the son of Cleopatra, originally called Ptolemaeus as an Egyptian prince, was born soon after the departure of Julius Caesar from Alexandria in B. c. 47, and probably accompanied his mother to Rome in the following year. Cleopatra said that he was the son of Julius Caesar, and there seems little doubt of this from the time at which Caesarion was born, from the favourable reception of his mother at Rome, and from the dictator allowing him to be called after his own name. Antonius declared in the senate, doubtless after Caesar's death and for the purpose of annoying Augustus, that the dictator had acknowledged Caesarion as his son; but Oppius wrote a treatise to prove the contrary.

astronomy, arithmetic, and medicine. He after-
wards embraced the medical profession, and settled
at Constantinople, where he enjoyed a great repu-
tation, and became the friend and physician of the
emperor Constantius, A. D. 337-360. Upon the
accession of Julian, Caesarius was tempted by the
emperor to apostatize to paganism; but he refused,
and chose rather to leave the court and return to
his native country. After the death of Julian, he
was recalled to court, and held in high esteem by
the emperors Jovian, Valens, and Valentinian, by
one of whom he was appointed quaestor of Bithy-
nia. At the time of the earthquake at Nicaea, he
was preserved in a very remarkable manner, upon
which his brother St. Gregory took occasion to
write a letter (which is still extant, Ep. 20, vol. ii.
p. 19, ed. Paris, 1840), urging upon him the duty
of abandoning all worldly cares, and giving himself
up entirely to the service of God. This he had long
wished to do, but was now prevented from putting
his design into execution by his death, which took
place A. D. 369, shortly after his baptism. His
brother pronounced a funeral oration on the occa-
sion, which is still extant (Orat. 7, vol. i. p. 198),
and from which the preceding particulars of his life
are taken; and also wrote several short poems, or
epitaphs, lamenting his death. (Opera, vol. ii. p.
1110, &c.) There is extant, under the name of
Caesarius, a short Greek work, with the title
Пeúσeis, Quaestiones Theologicae et Philosophicae,
which, though apparently considered, in the time
of Photius (Biblioth. Cod. 210), to belong to the bro-
ther of St. Gregory, is now generally believed to be
the work of some other person. The contents of
the book are sufficiently indicated by the title. It
has been several times published with the works of
his brother, St. Gregory, and in collections of the
Fathers; and also separately, in Greek and Latin,
August. Vindel. 1626, 4to. ed. Elias Ehinger. The
memory of St. Caesarius is celebrated in the Rom-
ish Church on Feb. 25. (Acta Sanctorum, Feb. 25,
vol. v. p. 496,
vol. v. p. 496, &c.; Lambec. Biblioth. Vindob. vol.
iv. p. 66, &c., ed. Kollar; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol.
viii. pp. 435, 436.)
[W. A. G.]

CAESARIUS, a distinguished ecclesiastic of the fifth and sixth centuries, was born at Chalons in 468, devoted his youth to the discipline of a In consequence of the assistance which Cleopatra monastic life, and was elected bishop of Arles in had afforded Dolabella, she obtained from the tri- 502. He presided over this see for forty years, umvirs in B. c. 42 permission for her son Caesarion during which period he was twice accused of treato receive the title of king of Egypt. In B. c. 34, son, first against Alaric, and afterwards against Antony conferred upon him the title of king of Theodoric, but upon both occasions was honourably kings; he subsequently called him in his will the acquitted. He took an active share in the delibeson of Caesar, and after the battle of Actium (B. C. rations of several councils of the church, and gained 31) declared him and his own son Antyllus to be peculiar celebrity by his strenuous exertions for of age. When everything was lost, Cleopatra sent the suppression of the Semipelagian doctrines, Caesarion with great treasures by way of Aethiopia which had been promulgated about a century beto India; but his tutor Rhodon persuaded him to fore by Cassianus, and had spread widely in southreturn, alleging that Augustus had determined to ern Gaul. A life of Caesarius, which however give him the kingdom of Egypt. After the death must be considered rather in the light of a paneof his mother, he was executed by order of Augus-gyric than of a sober biography, was composed by tus. (Dion Cass. xlvii. 31, xlix. 41, 1. 1, 3, li. 6; his friend and pupil, Cyprian, bishop of Toulon.

CAESIA NUS, APRO'NIUS. [APRONIUS, No. 3.]

CAE'SIUS. 1. M. CAESIUS, was praetor with C. Licinius Sacerdos in B. c. 75. (Cic. Verr. i. 50.) 2. M. CAESIUS, a rapacious farmer of the tithes in Sicily during the administration of Verres, B. C. 73, &c. (Cic. Verr. iii. 39, 43.)

3. L. Caesius, was one of Cicero's friends, and accompanied him during his proconsular administration of Cilicia, in B. c. 50. (Ad Quint. Frat. i. 1. § 4, 2. § 2.) He seems to be the same person as the Caesius who superintended the building of Q. Cicero's villa of the Manilianum. (Ad Quint. Frat. iii. 1. §§ 1, 2.) There is a Roman denarius bearing the name L. Caesius (see above), but whether it belongs to our L. Caesius or not cannot be ascertained.

Caesarius is the author of two treatises, one entitled Regula ad Monachos, and another Regula ad Virgines, which, together with three Exhortationes and some opuscula, will be found in the 8th volume of the Bibliotheca Patrum, Leyden, 1677; and were printed in a separate volume, with the notes of Meynardus, at Poitiers (Petavium), 1621, 8vo. His chief works, however, consist of sermons or homilies. Forty of these were published by Cognatus, at Basle, 1558, 4to., and 1569, fol., and are included in the Monumenta SS. Patrum Orthodoxographa of Grynaeus, Cologne, 1618, fol. p. 1861; a collection of forty-six, together with some smaller tracts, are in the 8th volume of the Bibliotheca Patrum referred to above; and the 11th volume of the Bibliotheca Patrum of Galland (Venice, 1776) contains fourteen more, first brought to light by Baluze (Paris, 1699, 8vo.); but, besides these, upwards of a hundred out of the 317 discourses falsely attributed to Augustin are commonly assigned to Caesarius. (Vita S. Caesarii, Episc. Arelatensis, a Cypriano, ejus Discipulo, et Messiano Presb. et Stephano Diac. conscripta duo-ceived the Roman franchise from Cn. Pompeius, bus libris, in the Vitae SS. of Surius, 27 August. the father of Pompey the Great. (Cic. pro Balb. p. 284. See also Dissertatio de Vita et Scriptis 22.) There is a letter of Cicero (ad Fam. xiii. 51) S. Caesarii, Arelatensis Archiep., by Oudin in his addressed to P. Caesius (B. c. 47), in which Cicero Comment. de Scriptt. Eccles. vol. i. p. 1339; in ad-recommends to him his friend P. Messienus. From dition to which, Funccius, De Inerti et Decrepita the manner in which Cicero there speaks (pro Senectute Linguae Latinae, cap. vi. § viii.; and Baehr, nostra et pro paterna amicitia), it would almost Geschichte der Römischen Literatur, Suppl. vol. ii. seem as if there was some mistake in the praenop. 425.) [W. R.] men, and as if the letter was addressed to M. Caesius of Arpinum. But it may be, that there had existed a friendship between Cicero and the father of Caesius, of which beyond this allusion nothing is known.

CAÉSE'NNIUS, the name of a noble Etruscan family at Tarquinii, two members of which are mentioned by Cicero, namely, P. Caesennius and Caesennia, first the wife of M. Fulcinius, and afterwards of A. Caecina. (Cic. pro Caecin. 4, 6, 10.) The name is found in sepulchral inscriptions. (Müller, Etrusker, i. p. 433.)

CAESE'NNIUS LENTO. [LENTO.]
CAESE'NNIUS PAETUS. [PAETUS.]

C. CAEʼSETIUS, a Roman knight, who entreated Caesar to pardon Q. Ligarius. (Cic. pro Lig. 11.)

P. CAESE TIUS, the quaestor of C. Verres. (Cic. Verr. iv. 65, v. 25.)

CAESE TIUS FLAVUS. [FLAVUS.] CAESE TIUS RUFUS. [RUFUS.] CAEʼSIA, a surname of Minerva, a translation of the Greek γλαυκώπις. (Terent. Heaut. v. 5, 18; Cic. de Nat. Deor. i. 30.) [L. S.] CAEʼSIA GENS, plebeian, does not occur till towards the end of the republic. [CAESIUS.]

On the following coin of this gens, the obverse represents the head of a youthful god brandishing an arrow or spear with three points, who is usually supposed from the following passage of A. Gellius (v. 12) to be Apollo Veiovis: "Simulacrum dei Veiovis sagittas tenet, quae sunt videlicet paratae ad nocendum. Quapropter eum deum plerique Apollinem esse dixerunt." The two men on the reverse are Lares: between them stands a dog, and above them the head of Vulcan with a forceps. (Eckhel, v. p. 156, &c.)

|
4. M. CAESIUS, of Arpinum, an intimate friend
of Cicero, who held the office of aedile at Arninum,
the only municipium which had such a magistracy,
in B. c. 47. (Cic. ad Fam. xiii. 11, 12.)

5. P. CAESIUS, a Roman eques of Ravenna, re

6. SEX. CAESIUS, a Roman eques, who is mentioned by Cicero (pro Flucc. 28) as a man of great honesty and integrity. [L. S.]

T. CAE'SIUS, a jurist, one of the disciples of Servius Sulpicius, the eminent friend of Cicero. Pomponius (Dig. 1. tit. 2. s. un. § 44) enumerates ten disciples of Servius, among whom T. Caesius is mentioned, in a passage not free from the inaccuracy of expression which pervades the whole title De Origine Juris. His words are these: "Ab hoc (Servio) plurimi profecerunt: fere tamen hi libros conscripserunt: ALFENUS VARUS, A. OFILIUS, T. CAESIUS, AUFIDIUS TUCca, Aufidius NAMUSA, FLAVIUS PRISCUS, ATEIUS PACUVius, LABEO ANTISTIUS, Labeonis Antistii pater, CINNA, PUBLICIUS GELLIUS. Ex his decem libros octo conscripserunt, quorum omnes qui fuerunt libri digesti sunt ab Aufidio Namusa in centum quadraginta libros." It is not clear from this account whether (according to the usual interpretation of the passage) only eight of the ten were authors, or whether (as appears to be the more correct interpretation) all the ten wrote books, but not more than eight wrote books which were digested by Aufidius Namusa. In the computation of the eight, it is probable that the compiler himself was not included. T. Caesius is nowhere else expressly mentioned in the Digest, but "Ofilius, Cascellius, et Servii auditores, are cited Dig. 33. tit. 4. s. 6. § 1, and the phrase Servii auditores occurs also Dig. 33. tit. 7. s. 12, pr., and Dig. 33. tit. 7. s. 12, § 6. In Dig. 39. tit. 3. s. 1. § 6, where Servii auctores is the reading of the Florentine manuscript of the Digest, Servii auditores has been proposed as a conjectural emendation. Under these names it has been supposed that the eight disciples

of Servius, or rather Namusa's Digest of their
works, is referred to. If so, it is likely that the
eight included T. Caesius, and did not include
A. Ofilius. Dirksen (Beitraege zur Kunde des
Roem. Rechts, p. 23, n. 52, et p. 329), who thinks
this supposition unnecessary, does not, in our
opinion, shake its probability. Gellius (vi. 5)
quotes the words of a treaty between the Romans
and Carthaginians from Alfenus, "in libro Diges-
torum trigesimo et quarto, Conjectaneorum [al.
Conlectaneorum] autem secundo." As it is known
from the Florentine Index, that Alfenus wrote
forty books Digestorum, and as no other work of
his is elsewhere mentioned, it has been supposed
that the Conjectanea or Conlectanea cited by Gel-
lius is identical with the compilation of Namusa
in which were digested the works of Servii audi- |
tores. It must be observed, however, that the
Florentine Index ordinarily enumerates those works
only from which the compiler of the Digest made
extracts, and that the Roman jurists frequently
inserted the same passages verbatim in different
treatises. That the latter practice was common
may be proved by glancing at the inscriptions of
the fragments and the formulae of citation, as col- |
lected in the valuable treatise of Ant. Augustinus,
de Nominibus Propriis Pandectarum.
ample, in Dig. 4. tit. 4. s. 3. § 1, Ulpian cites
Celsus, "Epistolarum libro undecimo et Digesto-
rum secundo." (Bertrandi, Bío Noμikov, ii. 13;
Guil. Grotii, Vitae JCtorum, i. 11. § 9; Zimmern,
R. R. G. i. § 79.)

CAE'SIUS BASSUS.
CAE'SIUS CORDUS.

For ex

[J. T. G.]

[BASSUS.]
[CORDUS.]

CAE'SIUS NASI'CA. [NASICA.] CAE'SIUS TAURI'NUS. [TAURINUS.] CAESO'NIA, or according to Dion Cassius (lix. 23), MILONIA CAESONIA, was at first the mistress and afterwards the wife of the emperor Caligula. She was neither handsome nor young when Caligula fell in love with her; but she was a woman of the greatest licentiousness, and, at the time when her intimacy with Caligula began, she was already mother of three daughters by another man. Caligula was then married to Lollia Paullina, whom however he divorced in order to marry Caesonia, who was with child by him, A. D. 38. | According to Suetonius (Cal. 25) Caligula married her on the same day that she was delivered of a daughter (Julia Drusilla); whereas, according to Dion Cassius, this daughter was born one month after the marriage. Caesonia contrived to preserve the attachment of her imperial husband down to the end of his life (Suet. Cal. 33, 38; Dion. Cass. lix. 28); but she is said to have effected this by love-potions, which she gave him to drink, and to which some persons attributed the unsettled state of Caligula's mental powers during the latter years of his life. Caesonia and her daughter were put to death on the same day that Caligula was murdered, A. D. 41. (Suet. Cal. 59; Dion Cass. lix. 29; Joseph. Ant. Jud. xix. 2. § 4.) [L. S.]

CAESONI'NUS. [Piso.]

CAESONI'NUS, SÚI'LIUS, was one of the parties accused A. D. 48, when Messalina, the wife of Claudius, went so far in contempt of her husband as to marry the young eques, Ĉ. Silius. TaC. citus says, that Caesoninus saved his life through his vices, and that on the occasion of Messalina's marriage he disgraced himself in the basest manner. (Tac. Ann. xi. 36.) [L. S.]

M. CAESO'NIUS, one of the judices at Rome, an upright man, who displayed his integrity in the inquiry into the murder of Cluentius, B. C. 74, when C. Junius presided over the court. He was aedile elect with Cicero in B. c. 70, and consequently would not have been able to act as judex in the following year, as a magistrate was not allowed to discharge the duties of judex during his year of office. This was one reason among others why the friends of Verres were anxious to postpone his trial till B. c. 69. The praetorship of Caesonius is not mentioned, but he must have obtained it in the same year as Cicero, namely, B. C. 66, as Cicero writes to Atticus in 65, that there was some talk of Caesonius becoming a candidate with him for the consulship. (Cic. Verr. Act. i. 10; Pseudo-Ascon. in loc.; Cic. ad Att. i. 1.) This Caesonius is probably the one whom Cicero speaks of in B. c. 45. (Ad Att. xii. 11.) CAESO'NIUS MAXIMUS.

[MAXIMUS.]

L. CAESULE'NUS, a Roman orator, who was already an old man, when Cicero heard him. Cicero (Brut. 34) calls him a vulgar man, and adds, that he never heard any one who was more skilful in drawing suspicions upon persons, and in making them out to be criminals. He appears to have been one of the many low persons of those times, with whom accusation was a regular business. [L. S.]

C. CAETRO'NIUS, legate of the first legion in Germany at the accession of Tiberius in A. D. 14. A mutiny had broken out among the soldiers, but they soon repented, and brought their ringleaders in chains before C. Caetronius, who tried and punished them in a manner which had never been adopted before, and must be considered as an usurpation of the soldiery. The legions (the first and twentieth) met with drawn swords and formed a sort of popular assembly. The accused individual was led to some elevated place, so as to be seen by all, and when the multitude declared him guilty, he was forthwith put to death. This sort of court-martial was looked upon in later times as a welcome precedent. (Tacit. Ann. i. 44; Ammian. Marc. xxix. 5.) [L. S.]

CAFO or CAPHO, a centurion and one of Caesar's veteran soldiers, was a zealous supporter of Antony after the murder of Caesar in B. c. 44, and is accordingly frequently denounced by Cicero. (Phil. viii. 3, 9, x. 10, xi. 5.)

CAIA'NUS or GAIA’NÚS (Taïavós), a Greek rhetorician and sophist, was a native of Arabia and a disciple of Apsines and Gadara, and he accordingly lived in the reign of the emperors Maximus and Gordianus. He taught rhetoric at Berytus, and wrote several works, such as On Syntax (Пepì Zuvráĝews), in five books, a System of Rhetoric (Téxνn 'Pηтоpik), and Declamations (Méλerα); (Τέχνη Ρητορική), (Μέλεται); but no fragments of these works are now extant. (Suidas, s. v. Faïavós; Eudoc. p. 100.) [L. S.]

CAICUS (Kaïkós), two mythical personages, one a son of Oceanus and Tethys (Hesiod, Theog. 343), and the other a son of Hermes and Ocyrrhoë, who threw himself into the river Astraeus, henceforth called Caicus. (Plut. de Fluv. 21.) [L. S.]

CAIETA, according to some accounts, the nurse of Aeneas (Virg. Aen. vii. 1; Ov. Met. xiv. 442), and, according to others, the nurse of Creusa or Ascanius. (Serv. ad Aen. l. c.) The promontory

of Caieta, as well as the port and town of this name on the western coast of Italy, were believed

to have been called after her. (Klausen, Aeneas ù.
d. Penat. p. 1044, &c.)
[L. S.]
CAIUS or GAIUS (Táïos). 1. The jurist.
[GAIUS.]

2. A Platonic philosopher who is mentioned as an author by Porphyry (Vit. Plot. 14), but of his writings nothing is known. Galen (vol. vi. p. 532, ed. Paris) states, that he heard the disciples of Caius, from which we must infer that Caius lived some time before Galen.

3. A Greek rhetorician of uncertain date. Stobaeus has preserved the titles of, and given extracts from, six of his declamations. (Stobaeus, Florileg. vol. i. pp. 89, 266, vol. iii. pp. 3, 29, 56, &c., 104, 135, 305, &c.)

4. A presbyter of the church of Rome, who lived about A. D. 310. He was at a later time elected bishop of the gentiles, which probably means, that he received a commission as a missionary to some heathen people, and the power of superintending the churches that might be planted among them. (Phot. Cod. 48.) While he was yet at Rome he engaged in the celebrated disputation with Proclus, the champion of the Montanist heresy, and he subsequently published the whole transaction in the form of a dialogue. (Euseb. H. E. ii. 25, iii. 23, vi. 20.) He also wrote a work against the heresy of Artemon, and a third work, called Aasúpulos, appears likewise to have been directed against Artemon. (Euseb. H. E. v. 28; comp. Theodoret. H. E. iv. 21.) Caius is further called by Photius the author of a work Пepì TŶs Tavros ovoías, which some consider to be the same as the work ПIEρì TOû Taνтós, which is still extant, and is usually ascribed to Hippolytus. He denied the Epistle to the Hebrews to be the work of St. Paul, and accordingly counted only 13 genuine epistles of that apostle. (Cave, Hist. Lit. i. p. 65; Fabricius, Bibl. Graec. x. p. 693, &c.) [L. S.]

CAIUS CAESAR. [CALIGUla,] CALABER. [QUINTUS SMYRNAEUS.] CALACTI'NUS. [CAECILIUS CALACTINUS.] CAʼLAMIS (Káλaμis), a statuary and embosser,| whose birth-place and age are not mentioned by any of the ancient authors. It is certain, however, that he was a contemporary of Phidias, for he executed a statue of Apollo Alexicacos, who was believed to have stopped the plague at Athens. (Paus. i. 3. § 3.) Besides he worked at a chariot, which Dinomenes, the son of Hiero, caused to be made by Onatas in memory of his father's victory at Olympia. (Paus. vi. 12. § 1, viii. 42. § 4.) This chariot was consecrated by Dinomenes after Hiero's death (B. c. 467), and the plague at Athens ceased B. c. 429. The 38 years between these two dates may therefore safely be taken as the time in which Calamis flourished. (Sillig, Cat. Art. s. v.) Calamis was one of the most diligent artists of all antiquity. He wrought statues in bronze, stone, gold, and ivory, and was, moreover, a celebrated embosser. (Plin. H. N. xxxiii. 12. s. 15, xxxvi. 4. s. 3.) Besides the Apollo Alexicacos, which was of metal (Sillig, Cat. Art. p. 117), there existed a marble statue of Apollo in the Servilian gardens in Rome (Plin. H. Ñ. xxxvi. 4, 5), and a third bronze statue of Apollo, 30 cubits high, which Lucullus carried to Rome from the Illyrian town Apollonia. (Strab. vii. p. 319.) A beardless Asclepios in gold and ivory, a Nike, a Zeus Ammon (consecrated by Pindar at Thebes), a Dionysos, an Aphrodite, an Alcmene, and a Sosandra, are men

tioned as works of Calamis.

Besides the statues of gods and mortals he also represented animals, especially horses, for which he was very celebrated. (Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 8. s. 19.) Cicero gives the following opinion of the style of Calamis, which was probably borrowed from the Greek authors :"Quis enim eorum, qui haec minora animadvertunt, non intelligit, Canachi signa rigidiora esse, quam ut imitentur veritatem? Calamidis dura illa quidem, sed tamen molliora quam Canachi, nondum Myronis satis ad veritatem adducta." (Brut. 18; comp. Quintil. xii. 10.) [W. I.]

CALAMITES (Kaλaμírns), an Attic hero, who is mentioned only by Demosthenes (De Coron. p. 270), and is otherwise entirely unknown. Comp. Hesych. and Suid. s. v. Kaλauírns.) The commentators on Demosthenes have endeavoured in various ways to gain a definite notion of Calamites: some think that Calamites is a false reading for Cyamites, and others that the name is a mere epithet, and that larpós is understood. According to the latter view, Calamites would be a hero of the art of surgery, or a being well skilled in handling the káλauos or reed which was used in dressing fractured arms and legs. Others again find in Calamites the patron of the art of writing and of writing masters. (Comp. Jahn, Jahrb. für Philol. u. Paed. for 1838.) [L. S.]

CA'LANUS (Káλavos), one of the so-called
gymnosophists of India, who followed the Mace-
donian army from Taxila at the desire of Alexander
the Great; but when he was taken ill afterwards,
he refused to change his mode of living, and in
order to get rid of the sufferings of human life
altogether, he solemnly burnt himself on a pyre in
the presence of the whole Macedonian army,
without evincing any symptom of pain. (Arrian,
Anab. vii. 2, &c.; Aelian, V. H. ii. 41, v. 6; Plut.
Alex. 69; Strab. xv. p. 686; Diod. xvii. 107;
Athen. x. p. 437; Lucian, De M. Pereg. 25;
Cic. Tusc. ii. 22, De Divinat. i. 22, 30; Val. Max.
i. 8, Ext. 10.) His real name was, according to
Plutarch (Alex. 65), Sphines, and he received the
name Calanus among the Greeks, because in
saluting persons he used the form kaλé instead of
the Greek xaîpe. What Plutarch here calls kaλé
is probably the Sanscrit form calyána, which is
commonly used in addressing a person, and signi-
fies good, just, or distinguished. Josephus (c.
Apion. i. p. 484) states, that all the Indian philo-
sophers were called Káλavo, but this statement is
without any foundation, and is probably a mere
invention. (Lassen, in the Rhein. Museum. für
Philol. i. p. 176.)
[L. S.1

|
CALAS or CÁLLAS (Káλas, Káλλas). 1. Son
of the traitor Harpalus of Elimiotis, and first cousin
to Antigonus, king of Asia, held a command in the
army which Philip sent into Asia under Parmenion
and Attalus, B. c. 336, to further his cause among
the Greek cities there. In B. c. 335, Calas was
defeated in a battle in the Troad by Memnon, the
Rhodian, but took refuge in Rhaeteum. (Diod.
xvi. 91, xvii. 7.) At the battle of the Granicus,
B. c. 334, he led the Thessalian cavalry in Alex-
ander's army, and was appointed by him in the
same year to the satrapy of the Lesser or Helles-
pontine Phrygia, to which Paphlagonia was soon
after added. (Arr. Anab. i. p. 14, e., ii. p. 31,
d.; Curt. iii. 1. § 24; Diod. xvii. 17.) After
this we do not hear of Calas: it would seem, how-
ever, that he died before the treason and flight of