2. Give the proper signatures to the following keys :-C minor, A major, G minor, F# major, Eb minor, Ab major, B minor, and E major.

3. Write a brief description of the different kinds of time employed in music, and give illustrations of the most common.

SECTION III.

1. Explain the exact meaning of the following musical terms :adagio, andante, andantino, allegretto, allegro, calando, crescendo, legato, morendo.

2. Write from memory short passages of music illustrative of any of the above terms.

2. Explain the principal chords employed in music, and write them. down in different positions.

SECTION IV.

1. What is meant by modulation, and by what means is it effected?

2. What are the faults most necessary to be avoided in writing harmony? Give illustrations.

3. Compose a short passage of music in full harmony, and describe the manner in which it may be written in the figured notation.

SECTION V.

Write a figured bass to the following air :

VI.-INDUSTRIAL MECHANICS.

SECTION I.

1. How many bushels of coals must be expended in a day of 24 hours, in raising 150 cubic feet of water per minute, from a depth of 100 fathoms, the duty of the engine being 60 millions?

2. The piston of an engine is 3 feet in diameter, the length of the stroke is 6 feet, and 6 strokes are made per minute; under what effective pressure must the engine work, that it may yield 75 horse power on the piston?

3. Steam is admitted into the cylinder of an engine whose stroke is 10 feet, at a pressure of 34 lbs. per square inch, and cut off at onefourth the stroke; how many units of work will it do per stroke on each square inch of the piston?

SECTION II.

1. State the principle of the equality of moments, and prove it in the case of two pressures acting perpendicularly to the arm of a straight lever.

2. Show that the centre of gravity of a plane triangle is situated at two-thirds the distance from either angle to the bisection of the opposite side.

3. Show how the centre of gravity of any number of heavy bodies, whose respective centres of gravity do not lie in the same plane, may be determined.

4. Prove the principle of the parallelogram of pressures in the case in which the pressures are commensurable.

SECTION III.

1. Investigate an expression, or the space through which a body falls freely, by the action of gravity, in a given number of seconds.

2. Show that the amount of work which a body moving with a given velocity is capable of yielding, by reason of its momentum, is represented by half its vis viva.

3. The work of a pressure, whose direction remains parallel to itself but is not that in which its point of application is made to move, is measured by the product of the pressure, into the projection upon the direction of the pressure, of the space through which the point of application is moved.

4. Show that the additional velocity (f) per second (accelerating force) communicated by the constant action of giving pressure P to a. body whose weight is W, is represented by the formula—

f=

Р

W g

SECTION IV.

1. A rod 16 feet long is of uniform thickness and weighs 13 lbs. A weight of 25 lbs. is suspended from one extremity, and one of 9 lbs. from the other, on what point will it balance?

2. A stone is let fall from the top of a tower, and t seconds afterwards another stone is let fall from a window a feet below it; when and where will one stone overtake the other?

3. A train weighing W tons is impelled along a horizontal line by a a constant pressure of P lbs., what space will it have described in the first t seconds of its motion, the resistance of the rail being estimated at m lbs. per ton?

4. There is a sluice a feet high and b feet wide, situated at c feet from the top of a flood-gate; what is the pressure on this sluice when the water reaches the top of the flood-gate, and where must a single pressure be applied to sustain it?

VII. MENSURATION.

SECTION I.

1. Investigate a rule for finding the area of a trapezoid.

2. Show that the area of a circle is equal to the rectangle contained by the circumference and half the radius.

3. Show that the volume of a pyramid is equal to the third part of that of a prism of the same base and altitude.

4. Investigate a general expression for the solidity of a rectangular prismoid.

SECTION II.

1. Describe and explain the diagonal scale.

2. Describe and explain the vernier.

3. Describe and explain the theodolite and its adjustments.

SECTION III.

1. Draw a plan and find the area of a field from the following

2. What is the area of a circular table whose diameter is 5 feet 8 inches?

3. Estimate the cost of a standard rod of brickwork under the following circumstances :--The bricks cost 40s. per thousand at the kiln, and 10d. per ton cartage; a superficial foot of brickwork, standard thickness, weighs 120 lbs. ; two bricklayers with three labourers can build half a rod per day; a bricklayer earns 4s. per day, and a labourer 3s., and the mortar costs 5s. per rod.

4. The equidistant diameters of a cask taken at 12 inches apart are as follows, 50, 60, 70, 60, 54 inches. What is its contents in imperial gallons?

SECTION IV.

1. What is the length of a cord which will describe a circle containing of an acre?

2. Required the side of the equilateral triangle described in a circle whose diameter is 4.

3. A box and its cover are to be made with 54 superficial inches of tin. It is required to find its content first when it is a cube, and secondly when the sides of the base are 6 inches and 3 inches respectively.

Correspondence.

(The Editor begs to state distinctly that he is not answerable for the opinions of his Correspondents.)

LESSONS AND EXPERIMENTS PROPER FOR WINTER. SIR, The diligent schoolmaster will avail himself of the present season to make a series of little experiments, which can only be successfully presented to the children during winter. Does he wish to teach them that the different degrees in which bodies absorb heat depends much upon colour? He will repeat the celebrated experiment of Dr. Franklin; and getting some pieces of cloth, of different colours from the village tailor, he will place them upon snow in the presence of his scholars, and see under which the snow melts most quickly. He will then ask, which is the warmer for winter-a black coat or a white one? A black hat or a white one? &c., &c.

Again, he will ask, what is snow? Rain, snow, and hail are formed by the precipitation of vapour, when two bodies of air of different temperatures, and saturated with moisture, become mixed together; the nature of the precipitation depending on the temperature of the region of the atmosphere, through which the watery particles come down to the ground. Now, when these particles are frozen in separate crystals of ice, and these afterwards unite together in such a manner as to reflect light to the eye in great abundance from all, thus producing a sensation of whiteness, this assemblage of crystals constitutes snow. Why does it float about in the atmosphere? Because the surface of the flakes is great when compared with their volume. Compare a piece of thin paper, placed over a stove; a boy's paper balloon, when it is balanced by a cork, and gets into a draught of air.

Different shapes of snow. Starlike shapes, cylinders, &c., said to be dependent on the electricity of the atmosphere. There are often animalculæ in snow. One gentleman put a quantity of fresh snow into cold water of great purity, in which the microscope showed no life, and immediately the water was filled with myriads of animalcules, like shrimps, jumping about. Snow-water is bad to drink. Diseases of the throat in Switzerland come from the use of snow-water. Travellers crossing the Alps are warned by the guides not to suck it, or to carry it in their hands. Why not to carry it in their hands? Sometimes snow is of a red colour. Why? The botanist says that he can trace a fungus in it. The chemist says, that when he has analyzed it, he finds in it peroxide of iron, silicious matter, alumina and lime. The zoologist refers it to the presence of an insect, perhaps something like that which makes the banks of some rivers, when the tide has retired, red, as if bloody.

The uses of snow-brought from the mountains in hot climates to cool drinks-keeps the earth warm in winter-refrigerates the winds which pass over it-why north-west wind is so cold in Canadaforests keep the snow from melting.

Passages in the Holy Bible which speak of snow. Lepers said to

be white as snow-Miriam and Gehazi-Benaiah slew a lion in a pit in the time of snow. Job compares false friends to the turbid torrents which, in Arabia, rush down the hills when the snows are melting, and gratify the thirsty traveller, but soon dry up and disappear; Job vi. 15-17. Rosenmuller tells us that snow-water was thought to possess greater cleansing properties than most other water; compare Job ix. 30. "WHITE AS SNOW IN SALMON;" what does this mean? Psa Ixviii. 14. "When the all-powerful God dispersed hostile kings on your account, ye became as splendid and conspicuous as the bright snow on the lofty hill of Salmon," "6 snow like wool"-hoar-frost, con

gealed or frozen dew.

Such are some of the topics to which I have called the attention of the children of my school in December, and I trust they will be suggestive in their way to other teachers in January.

I am, Sir, your constant reader,

D.

DEATH OF THE QUEEN DOWAGER.

SIR,-It has pleased Almighty God, of His great mercy, to take to Himself the soul of Her Most Gracious Majesty, Adelaide, the Queen Dowager. She has died full of honour, and a weeping nation has accompanied her to her tomb. At such a time, I trust I am not out of place in suggesting, through the pages of your excellent periodical, that every church schoolmaster should take some early opportunity of giving a lesson to the children intrusted to his care on her late Majesty's life and character; and in days when loyalty is regarded by many as an almost exploded obligation, such a lesson ought to be accompanied by a strong inculcation of the reverence due to Her Most Sacred Majesty, Victoria the First.

I am, Sir, your obedient servant,

A LOYAL SUBJECT.

Notices of Books.

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FESTIVAL AND Lenten lectureS; DELIVERED AT ST. GEORGE'S CHAPEL, WINDSOR, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ECCLESIASTICAL AND SOCIAL QUESTIONS OF THE DAY, IN 1848-9, BY THE REV. C. J., ABRAHAM, B.D., FELLOW OF KING'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, AND ASSISTANT MASTER OF ETON. (Oxford: John Henry Parker.) THIS volume derives much interest from the fact, that Mr. Abraham, relinquishing all his bright prospects of preferment in England, is about to proceed to New Zealand, and to spend the remainder of his days, as Head of the New College at Auckland founded by the Bishop of