December 31, numbered 1,645,000, of whom 273,000 constituted the permanent army. The following list of vessels completed at the end of 1920 was supplied by the Statesman's Year Book for 1920: Dreadnoughts Pre-Dreadnoughts Armoured cruisers. Light cruisers.. Torpedo gunboats, scouts, etc.. Torpedo boats. Submarines See NAVAL PROGRESS. concerning the admission or residence of foreigners. The treaty of 1911 gave the Japanese full rights of admission and residence, but it was conditioned upon Japan's voluntarily limiting emigration to the United States as agreed upon in 1908. The protest of the Japanese applied simply to the discrimination in respect to property rights against Japanese aliens, to whom the said 12 rights accorded to all other aliens had been denied. 9 13 13 4 100 The budget for 1921-22 provided about $371,500,000 for the army and navy, that is to say, $249,000,000 (498,000,000 yen) for the navy and $122,500,000 (245,000,000 yen) for the army. The army estimates in the United States for the same year were nearly four times as much and the navy estimates were over twice as much. GOVERNMENT. Executive power is in the Emperor who acts through a cabinet of ministers responsible to and appointed by him, and legisla tive power is in the Emperor and the Imperial diet which consists of two houses, namely, the house of peers and the house of representatives. Emperor Yoshihito (Harunomiya), born Aug. 31, 1869, succeeded to the throne July 30, 1912. The ministry in 1920 was constituted as follows: Prime Minister and Justice, M. Hara; Foreign Affairs, Count Uchida; Finance, Viscount Takahashi; Interior, M. Tokonami; War, Lieutenant-General, M. Tanaka; Education, M. Nakahashi; Agriculture and Commerce, Baron Yamamoto; Communications, M. Noda; Justice, Count Ohki; and Railways, M. H. Motoda. THE RACE ISSUE: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. One of the chief arguments against Japanese im43 migration into the United States is that they do not inter-marry with other peoples. Other arguments are the familiar one that in the first place their low standard of life enables them to work at wages that Americans cannot accept without degradation; that they do not assimilate Amer. ican ideas; and that they insist largely on remaining thoroughly Japanese, giving their own country the benefit of their experience and their earnings abroad. The Japanese view of the matter as frequently re-stated in 1920 emphasized the following points: As to inter-marriage it is argued that there has never been a chance to put the question to a test. As a matter of fact the marriages between the Japanese and the whites have been extremely rare, but everything has stood in the way of it. Owing to the legal and economic conditions of the situation, the Japa nese have been herded together and, moreover, owing to race prejudice the marriage of whites with Japanese has led to the ostracism of the former. Then the Japanese immigrants have not been of the financial or social class that would readily admit of such marriages. Other races in the same condition have shown the same inability to intermingle even when they were not divided by any color line. The Portuguese in Hawaii, for example, have formed "little Portugals" and have not married with other races any more freely than have the Japanese. Conditions then, have been so unfavorable to racial inter-marriage that nothing can be definitely established for or against it and the question is one for the future to determine. Japanese writers pointed out that vhen marriages have occurred between whites and Japanese they have succeeded better in the case of marriages between Japanese and French and Germans, than between them and Anglo-Saxons on account of the different standard of the women on the European continent in the matter of per sonal liberty. The main consideration in the United States has been the danger of economic competition. Here the Japanese pointed out that the danger has been greatly exaggerated in that their immigrants have done the kind of work that the American laborer would not perform and that at present the danger scarcely exists. Formerly Japanese laborers worked at a wage that would have meant starvation for an American, but of late years and especially as a result of the war, the low standard of living on the part of Japanese laborers had largely disappeared. As to the view commonly held that Japan must, on account of the overcrowding, send her overflow to America, it was said on behalf of Japan that she does not desire large emigration to distant countries. Although Japan is densely populated and although the ratio of density is even more serious than appears from the ngures, because much of the country is mountainous and therefore without economic value; nevertheless the change of Japan to an industrial JAPAN AND THE UNITED STATES. There was much ill-feeling between the two countries in the latter half of the year, arising especially from the vote in California in favor of restricting the purchase and ownership of land by the Japanese, (See CALIFORNIA). In September and October there was much excitement in Japan over this matter, and the general tone was hostile to the United States. Meanwhile, the two governments were trying to reach an understanding and a discussion was going on between the Japanese ambassador and the American Secretary of State. At a meeting of the Japanese cabinets, September 21, the energetic carrying on of these negotiations was approved and it was decided to bring up the question of race equality before the League of Nations. The government expressed its confidence that a satisfactory adjustment would be made, but the opposition party declared the situation to be extremely serious, and indicated dissatisfaction with the government's course. September, a number of violent speeches and articles on the subject stirred up popular feeling against this country. The former Japanese prime minister, Marquis Okuma, declared that if the California question was not settled, Japan would have similar difficulties on her hands in Austria and Canada, New Zealand, and elsewhere. The essential points in the Japanese grievance were not the fact that Japanese alien residents of the United States were not eligible to citizenship or the contention on the part of Japan that its citizen residents of the United States should have greater rights than those bestowed on other aliens. Japan did not question the right of the United States to pass such laws as it sees fit In country might provide for this surplus, and Japan's national ideal being the concentration of her man power, she would desire to keep the outflow down to a minimum. The government therefore did not favor emigration to distant countries like the United States, Canada, and Australia, but rather a settlement of Japanese in Manchuria and Korea. As to the capacity of Japanese for American citizenship, the Japanese prime minister, M. Hara, expressed himself as follows, in an interview in 1920: "Despite the view of superficial observers that the Japanese cling to their habits and ideals, and insist upon Japanese language schools and publication of Japanese newspapers, they are in fact very proud of being Americanized. The Japanese in general regard the Americanization of the Japanese who were born in America as an entirely rational proceeding, and although a few extreme nationalists in Japan oppose it, the prej udice against it has almost disappeared." One feature of the difficulty was the tendency in foreign countries to regard a war between Japan and the United States as probable, and in France especially, as inevitable. It was frequently predicted in the foreign press that a war would soon break out between the two countries. A French deputy, for example, summed up the opinions on this subject and the reasons for the belief in the approach of a Japanese-American war, in a long paper of which a brief outline is here presented, because it fairly illustrated a common point of view. The storm had long been gathering and the only reason why it had not already broken was the wish on the part of each nation to carry its military preparation to the highest degree of perfection. The conflict would certainly break out in the near future. In the United States there was not generally a strong anti-Japanese feeling, but in Japan on the other hand there was great exasperation against everything American. This hatred of the United States went back to the Peace Conference when the recognition of the principle of race equality was opposed by the United States. This was so much resented in Japan that upon the return of their representatives hardly any honor was bestowed upon them, in spite of their having obtained some real success. The exasperation was carried to a further point by the restrictions placed upon the Japanese who had settled in California and the present Californian bill would greatly aggravate the situation, since it forbade their purchasing or possessing or leasing any part of the soil of California or establishing any enterprise except in a provisional way. In the commercial rivalry in China and Manchuria, which latterly had taken a serious turn on account of conditions in Korea and Siberia where the Japanese nationalists believed that the United States had worked against them, the United States and Japan were rivals on many points and the anti-Japanese feeling in the far west of the United States was certain to cause an answering hatred in Japan. Japan could not rely upon the military aid of England in case of war, but England certainly would not lament an event which would ruin the merchant marine of the United States and at the same time damage the Japanese navy, since both of these things would tend to her supremacy. Moreover, economic necessity would drive the two nations to hostilities. In the United States, there was need of outlet for her industry, but Japan stood in the way. In Japan on the other hand there was a bitter race antagonism and an equal necessity of an outlet for her trade. In the circumstances, it was impossible to foresee any way of insuring the peace. In reply to those who in the United States as well as in foreign countries constantly insisted on the ultimate necessity of war Professor John Denely who for the past two years had been in China studying conditions in the Far East offered the following considerations: "War deliberately entered into by Japan against the United States is unthinkable, as unthinkable as between the United States and Colombia. This extreme statement is made advisedly. Individuals in Japan commit hari-kari, but not the nation, and every intelligent person in Japan knows that for Japan an aggressive war with America would be national suicide. They did not know it before the last war; but then the demonstration was more than Euclidean in its rigor. When one thinks of how the United States was taxed in the last war, in spite of its railways, its financial resources and its raw materials, the idea of Japan, with its few narrow gauge railways, few forests, few mines, relatively few factories and shortage of food supply, waging a successful war with any first class industrial Power is simply silly. "At present, having spent her war gains in enterprises in China which are not yet remunerative, and in Siberia-where they will never be remunerative until Kolchak comes to life and successfully resurrects the Omsk government-and having increased her already burdensome taxation to the stretching point, Japan is on her back financially. If she gets control of the manpower and natural resources of the continent, the case will be different. But, short of that time, which, of course, is artificially hastened by encouraging Japan to exploit Asia for her own benefit, any war between Japan and America will be the result of a series of accidents due to drifting and not to the deliberate choice of the rulers of Japan. There is at least one exception to every "never." The exception in this case is that militarists threatened with downfall at home might try to restore their prestige and power by the last desperate gamble of war." ECONOMIC DIFFICULTIES. The series of strikes which began in December continued during the winter months, including strikes in the government steel mills and on the street car lines of Tokyo. There was a financial depression at the end of April after a period of great speculation and stocks on the Tokyo exchange underwent an enormous decline. Among other aggravating circumstances were the difficulty of securing loans, the disappearance of gold, and the unfavorable balance of trade, which was due largely to the Chinese boycott. During the first three months of 1920 the excess of imports over exports was $130,000,000, which was equal to about 50 per cent of the total exports. Conditions grew worse and toward the close of the year the nation was facing a crisis. See above Commercial Crisis. THE SUFFRAGE QUESTION. The willingness professed by the government to extend the suffrage was noted in the preceding YEAR BOOK. Measures to that end were prepared at the beginning of the year. There were three of these measures each supported by a group in parliament and when their discussion began February 14 the government opposed them all on the ground that the time for action had not yet come. Thereupon there were scenes of great disorder in the house and people from the outside tried to break in. Manifestations in favor of extending the suffrage followed in the streets of the cities and in Tokyo attacks were made on persons and on houses. Finally, February 26, when the bills were up for final consideration the prime minister declared that it was doubtful whether the majority of the people desired universal suffrage, and he announced the dissolution of the Diet by imperial decree. Enemies of the government attributed this action to fear of defeat for other reasons, especially on the policy pursued in Siberia and criticisms of its failure to reduce prices, and of its policies in respect to national defense, taxation, and foreign affairs. Elections were held in May with the result that the government party, the Seiyu-Kai, won 265 seats while the three opposition groups won respectively 199, 29 and 39. After the elections there was still much agitation on the question of suffrage. KOREAN POLICY. The severity of the Japanese continued and so did the resistance of the Koreans. Serious riots broke out at Gensan, where students destroyed a number of Japanese business houses and where twenty-five persons were killed. This was followed by a vigorous search on the part of Japanese troops and armed civilians throughout the country for suspected persons. It was decided at a cabinet meeting on October 9 to reënforce the troops along the Korean frontier on the Chinese side. SIBERIA. The prime minister, Hara, declared, September 22 that the government had decided to withdraw Japanese troops from Siberia, except where their presence was absolutely necessary for the defense of the Empire. They had by that time evacuated the Usuri Valley and the city of Khabarovsk and they were soon to leave Nikolaevsk. The regions formerly occupied by the Japanese were to come under the authority of the government of Vladivostok. FOREIGN POLICY. The foreign policy of Japan is described in the article WAR OF THE NATIONS. The main point in it concerned relations with China, with the United States, and with the Russian government. In respect to its Russian policy there was wide divergence of view in Japan itself, where a strong element criticized the government for its course in Siberia. As noted under WAR OF THE NATIONS Japan had assumed control of Eastern Siberia, ostensibly for the purpose of counteracting Bolshevism. In the summer, the massacre of the Japanese garrison at Nikolaevsk further exasperated popular sentiment and a mass meeting at Tokyo made a demonstration against the government calling for the resignation of the prime minister, Hara. JAYNE, HENRY LA BARRE. Lawyer, died, May 10. He was born at Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 3, 1857; graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1879; and was admitted to the Philadelphia bar in 1881. During the next few years he pursued political and legal studies in Germany. He then returned to Philadelphia where he entered into partnership with Arthur Biddle, the firm subsequently becoming Biddle, Paul, and Jayne. He interested himself in politics, particularly on the side of reform. He was president of the American Society for the Extension of University Teaching and was prominent in va rious philanthropic, scientific, military, and legal societies. JAYNES, ALLEN BROWN. Lawyer and politician, died, November 7. He was born in Delaware, Ohio, Dec. 4, 1879; and graduated at the Ohio State University in 1900. He went soon afterwards to Tuscon, Arizona, where he became secretary of the Chamber of Commerce and published successively the Tucson Post and the Tucson Citizen. He was admitted to the bar in 1912. From 1916 to 1920 he was a member of the Republican National Committee. Former JENNINGS, WILLIAM SHERMAN. governor, died, February 28. He was born at Centralia, Ill., Mar. 24. 1863; studied law in Chicago and was admitted to the Florida bar in 1886. He was elected county judge in 1888 and was a member of the Florida House of Representatives, 1893-5, being speaker in 1895. In 1898 he became chairman of the Democratic State Convention. From 1901 to 1905 he was governor of Florida. He was prominent in the project for the draining of the Everglades. He drew up the drainage law and the plan for the drainage and was special counsel in respect to the contract for the investigation and survey of the Everglades. JETTE, Sir LOUIS AMABLE. French Canadian jurist, died in May, 1920. After 1909 he was chief justice of the Court of King's Bench, in Quebec. He was born in the province of Quebec, Jan. 15, 1836 and called to the bar in 1857. In the course of his career he practiced journalism; was elected to the House of Commons in 1872; was professor of Civil Law at Laval University, and dean of the law faculty at Montreal. From 1898 to 1908 he was Lieutenant-Governor of the province of Quebec. In 1903 he was one of the members of the Alaskan Boundary Tribunal. JEWS. POPULATION. An attempt was made by the Jewish Bureau of Social Research in 1920 to estimate the Jewish population of the various countries as affected by the war and the resultant changes. The figures brought out the fact that while before 1918 nearly half of the Jews in the world were under the dominion of the Czars of Russia the partition of the Russian-Jewish community in the new states of Poland, Ukraine, Czecho-Slovakia, Lithuania, Hungary, and Rumania, and the distribution of the Jews in other countries left the Jewish population of the United States practically the largest of all the single Jewish communities in the world. The estimate of the total population of the Jews of the world was 15,744,662, of whom 11,435,968 were in Europe and 3,379,668 in North America. The following table shows Jewish population and per cent of total population by countries: Be Soviet Russia. There was little change in the condition of the Jews of Soviet Russia. The most trustworthy reports indicated that the bulk of the Jews there, while not victims of pogroms, were nevertheless in a wretched plight. Their economic situation was described as desperate. There was no place in the Bolshevist scheme of things for a middle, a mercantile class, to which the bulk of the Jews of Russia belonged. sides this, the Soviet government was continually placing obstacles in the path of Jewish educational and spiritual effort, notably against Hebrew education, the use of the Hebrew tongue, and the Zionist movement. It was stated that while there was a comparatively small number of the younger Jews who were adapting themselves to the new order, the great mass of the Jews were longing for a way out of a life for which they were totally unfitted, their only hope lying in a gradual restoration of normal economic life under a stable democratic government recognized by the other civilized governments of the world. Lithuania. The Jews of Lithuania would have been in a position of comparative ease and comfort, but for the recent war between Russia and Poland, and the difficulties resulting from the capture of Vilna by a Polish army which at the close of the year were the subject of consideration by the League of Nations Council. See War of THE NATIONS. The Jews coöperated cordially with other elements in the struggle for the independence of Lithuania, and though it was not unnatural that in this as in other parts of the former Russian empire traces of anti-Semitism should survive, it was authoritatively stated by the representatives of the Jews, that the general population cherished nothing but good-will towards the Jews. A ministry was established for the purpose of looking after Jewish educational and cultural interests. The economic situation of the Jews was considerably altered by the war. While a considerable part of them were formerly engaged in mercantile pursuits, a large number followed industrial and professional callings. The war with the attendant uprooting of many Jews from their homes, greatly altered the situation and threw most of the Jews into mercantile lines. Active measures were being taken to restore industry and to assist professional men to reëstablish themselves. The Ukraine. There were insistent reports of the continuation of anarchy in the Ukraine. The Jewish community of America had tragic evidence in the murder of the two martyrs, Israel Friedlaender and Bernard Cantor, the former a member of the Joint Distribution Committee. At the close of the year there did not seem to be any indication that conditions were likely to improve in the near future, and the only hope for the restoration of order and civilized life in Southwestern Russia lay in the setting up of a constitutional government, amenable to the influence of the public opinion of the rest of the world. Hungary. During the greater part of several centuries the Jews of Hungary were practically free from the discrimination from which their brethren suffered in Rumania and Russia. During the year 1920, however, conditions changed to such an extent that the Jews of Hungary were reduced to a deplorable condition. There were frequent outbreaks conducted by sections of what is termed the White Army, which resulted in the murder of many Jews, in the looting of their property, and in the perpetration of horrible indignities. They were humiliated and libeled, and the newspapers sought to make them responsible as a body for the actions of Bela Kun and his associates, with the result that conditions became intolerable and the Jews were practically driven to despair. Rumania. The condition of Jews in Rumania has greatly improved and according to the most recent reports was considerably better than it had been since the Treaty of Berlin. This improvement came as part of the programme of a more enlightened governmental policy following closely upon the territorial enlargement of Rumania, which in 1920 had a Jewish population of about one million. Discriminatory laws and regulations were abolished in harmony with the terms of the treaty with the Allied and Associated Powers, and in this respect Rumania was rapidly taking its place beside the great liberal nations of the West. Palestine. On April 25, 1920, the political status of Palestine was definitely settled at a conference of the Allied Powers at San Remo, Italy. It was then announced that Great Britain would be appointed the mandatory over Palestine. Although the terms of the mandate have not at the close of the year been laid down by the League of Nations, the draft treaty with Turkey definitely stated that the mandatary "will be responsible for putting into effect the declaration originally made on November 2, 1917, by the British government and adopted by the other Allied Powers in favor of the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country." There were indications that political conditions in Palestine were rapidly improving. Now that its status had been decided, there was no doubt that racial antagonisms would be soon allayed or disappear altogether and that the progress of Palestine towards the goal set by the Powers would be orderly, well-planned, and permanent. See SYRIA Poland. Details of the present condition of the Jews of Poland indicated that it was just as pitiable as it was following the conclusion of the world war. The reports of the American and British Commissions to investigate the situation showed that there existed between the different classes of the population a mutual distrust and antagonism. In July, during the crisis in the RussoPolish War, information received from reliable sources indicated that attempts were being made by the Polish press and anti-Jewish agitators to incite riots against the Jewish population of several large centres by seeking to identify the Jews with the Bolsheviki. The American Jewish Committee immediately transmitted this information to the American government with the prayer that it employ its good offices to prevent threatened outbreaks. The crisis passed without any concerted attacks, although sporadic disorders continued to occur. Conditions of the Jews in Poland were thoroughly gone over in correspondence and conference between the American Jewish Committee and the Polish minister at Washington with a view to mutual understanding and improvement. The United States. In the United States Jewish organizations sought to defend themselves against charges expressed or implied in various widely circulated books, documents, and articles. They complained that a violent anti-Jewish propaganda was being carried on in this country and in England. Among the chief causes of offense was the circulation of the so-called "Protocols of the Elders of Zion" and the articles appearing in a newspaper of which Mr. Henry Ford was said to be the owner. On De cember 30th the American Jewish Committee made an appeal to the public on the subject, from which the following passages are extracted or summarized: During the war a document variously called "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion," "The Protocols of the Meetings of the Zionist Men of Wisdom," "The Protocols of the Wise Men of Zion" was clandestinely circulated for the purpose of showing that the Jews along with the Freemasons had for centuries been engaged in a conspiracy to produce anarchy and revolution. It was published in England in the summer and afterwards printed in the United States where it was extensively circulated. The London Morning Post published a series of articles as a commentary on the "Protocols" in which the charge of an unholy conspiracy between Jews and Freemasons is elaborated, and Bolshevism is characterized as a movement of, for, and by the Jews and is declared to be a fulfillment of the "Protocols." These articles, whose authorship was not disclosed, were afterwards published in book form under the title The Cause of World Unrest. During the latter half of the year were sent forth weekly in Mr. Henry Ford's organ, The Dearborn Independent, attacks upon the Jews, founded on the "Protocols" and on the discredited literature of Russian and German anti-Semitism. As to the authenticity and truth of these publications, the American Jewish Committee made the following assertions: "The 'Protocols' are a base forgery. There has never been an organization of Jews known as The Elders of Zion, or The Zionist Men of Wisdom, or The Wise Men of Zion, or bearing any other similar name. There has never existed a secret or other Jewish body organized for any purpose such as that implied in the 'Protocols.' The Jewish people have never dreamed of a Jewish dictatorship, of a destruction of religion, of an interference, with industrial prosperity, or of an overthrow of civilation. The Jews have never conspired with the Freemasons, or with any other body, for any purpose. "To say that the Jews are responsible for Bolshevism is a deliberate falsehood. The origi nators of Bolshevism were exclusively non-Jews. While it is true that there are Jews among the Bolshevists, notably Trotsky, they represent a small fraction of the Jews and of the followers of Bolshevism. Lenin, who belonged to the Russian aristocracy and has not a drop of Jewish blood in his veins, was the creator as he has been the motive power of the Soviets. Tchicherin, who has conducted their foreign affairs, Bucharin, Krassin and Kalinin, all non-Jews, are, with Lenin, the brains of the Communist party. The Bolshevist cabinet, known as the People's Commissars, consists of twenty members, of whom Trotsky and Sverdlov are the only Jews, and they are Jews merely by birth. Of the Central Committee of the Communist party, including Trotsky, there are four Jews out of thirteen. The so-called Extraordinary Commission, whose function it is to suppress opposition to the Bolshevist régime from within, is directed by a triumvirate consisting of a Pole and two Letts, none of whom is of Jewish origin. Although Trotsky is the head of the War Department, his General Staff is composed exclusively of nonJews." JOACHIM, PRINCE. Youngest son of the exKaiser, committed suicide at Pottsdam, July 17. He had been long a sufferer from nervous depression and shot himself while staying at the Villa Liegintz, inflicting injuries of which he died a few hours later. He was born in Berlin, Dec. 17, 1890, and entered the army in 1911. In the war he served as aid-de-camp in the firing line in September, 1914, where he was slightly wounded, and he was at the front for a short time in the Russian campaign of January, 1915. In March, 1916, he married Princess Marie Augusta of Anhalt, by whom he had one son. The princess left her husband in 1919, and previous to his death there had been talk of a divorce. He was in Munich during the Spartacide trouble in 1919. |