first local organization was established in the United States, and in 1817 the first session of the General Convention was held. Missionary work is conducted in Germany, France, Switzerland, Italy, Austria, Denmark, Sweden, and Czechoslovakia. A theological seminary is maintained at Cambridge, Mass. Statistics for 1920 showed that there are in this denomination, 101 societies, and 6582 members. The church property was valued at approximately $1,750,000. In 1891 a portion of this organization split off under the name of the General Church. This branch differs from the old body mainly in its attitude toward the writings of Swedenborg, which it regards as being "divinely inspired and thus the very Word of the Lord revealed at His second coming." In 1916 (the latest available statistics) there were 15 churches, 733 members. and church property valued at $55,032. The New Church Messenger, is the official organ of the General Convention, and is published at 134 Bowdoin St., Boston, Mass., where national headquarters of the denomination are also maintained. NEWLAND, H. OSMAN. British sociologist, died, June 27. He was one of the pioneers in the teaching of sociology in England, compiling the first course in that study pursued in Great Britain. He lectured extensively on sociology and English literature, and assisted in founding the Sociological Society. Among his other achievements was the introduction of the study of citizenship in the schools. He wrote, Short History of Citizenship; The Model Citizen; Sierra Leone; Origin and System of Empire, etc. NEW MEXICO. POPULATION. According to the preliminary report of the census of 1920, there were 360,350 residents in the State, Jan. 1, 1920, as compared with 327,301 in 1910. AGRICULTURE. According to the census of 1920, the number of farms was 29,841, a falling off of 16.4 per cent since 1910. The following table is compiled from the estimates of the United States Department of Agriculture, covering the years 1919 and 1920: MINERAL PRODUCTION. The output of the metal mines of New Mexico for 11 months of 1920 and the estimated output for December, as reported by the United States Geological Survey, amounted to $476,000 in gold, 762,000 ounces of silver, 2,600,000 pounds of lead, 54,000,000 pounds of copper, and 11,840,000 pounds of zinc. These preliminary figures represented a decrease from 1919 of $175,000 for gold, 60,000 ounces of silver, and 340,000 pounds of lead, but an increase of 3,000,000 pounds of copper and 3,840,000 pounds of zinc. ELECTIONS. The vote in the presidential election of 1920 was: Harding (Republican), 57,634; Cox (Democrat), 46,668; Farmer-Labor, 1097; as compared with the following vote in the presidential election of 1916: Wilson (Demoerat), 33,527; Hughes (Republican), 31,152; Socialist, 1999. The vote for governor was: Mechem (Republican), 54,161; Hancock (Democrat), 50,535. See ANTHROPOLOGY, and EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES. MANUFACTURES. Preliminary figures of the census of manufactures for the year 1919, applying to establishments conducted under the fac tory system showed a consistent increase over the year 1914. In the order of their importance from a percentage standpoint, the increases for the several items ranked as follows: Wages, 147 per cent; value added by manufacture, 107.1 per cent; value of products, 91.6 per cent; salaries, 77.8 per cent; cost of materials, 74.4 per cent; capital, 69.5 per cent; wage earners, 51.9 per cent; primary horsepower, 38.4 per cent; salaried employees, 16.8 per cent; number of establishments, 5.2 per cent; and proprietors and firm members, 3.4 per cent. The capital invested, as reported in 1919, showed a gain of $6,242,000, or 69.5 per cent, over that in 1914. The average capital per establishment was approximately $39,000 in 1919 and $24,000 in 1914. The cost of materials used in 1919 showed an increase over that for 1914 of $3,298,000 or 74.4 per cent. The average cost of materials per establishment in 1919 was approximately $20,000, and in 1914 $12,000. The value of products in 1919 showed an increase over that in 1914 of $8,537,000, or 91.6 per cent. The average per establishment in 1919 was approximately $46,000 and in 1914 $25,000. The value added by manufacture in 1919 showed an increase over that in 1914 of $5,239,000, or 107.1 per cent. The value added by manufacture in 1919 formed 56.7 per cent of the total value of products and in 1914 52.5 per cent. In 1919, as compared with 1914, the number of salaried employees shows an increase of 83, or 16.8 per cent, while the average number of wage earners increased 1960, or 51.9 per cent. A comparative summary for the State for 1914 and 1919 follows: Per cent. of increase, 1914-1919 5.2 4,594 44.7 336 325 3.4 Wage earners (average number) 576 493 16.8 5,736 17,260 3,776 51.9 $15,226,000 Salaries 7,686,000 12,468 $8,984,000 3,273,000 577,000 38.4 * 69.5 134.8 77.8 Materiais 6,660,000 NEW SOUTH WALES. A state of the Commonwealth of Australia; situated in the southeastern part of the continent and bounded by Queensland on the north, Victoria on the south, South Australia on the west, and the Pacific Ocean on the east. Capital, Sydney, the second largest city in the southern hemisphere, being next to Buenos Aires. Area, of New South Wales, 310,372 square miles, including the Federal territory; population estimated June 30, 1919, 1,960,597, of whom 983,127 were males and 977,470 were females. Forest land covers about one-fourth of the area. Education, which is under State control is compulsory between the ages of seven and 14. In 1916 there were 3424 public schools with 289,655 pupils enrolled and 9022 teachers; private schools 698 with 73,560 pupils and 3806 teachers. Besides that there were 438 Roman Catholic denominational schools with 2281 teachers and 59,136 pupils. The State religion was abolished in 1862, but the Church of England predominates. In 1920 there were about 630 miles of government railway under construction according to the report of the railway commissioners of New South Wales, Australia, for the year ending with June, 1920. This mileage was included in 16 lines of 20 to 95 miles each, and in several instances construction work had been interrupted for two years or more on account of the war. Even in 1920 shortage of explosives, cement, ties, and other materials was delaying progress considerably. Preparatory work was under way for the electrification of the suburban lines near Sydney. Double tracking and four tracking of portions of the main lines was also in progress. Executive power is in a governor assisted by a cabinet. Governor at the beginning of 1920, Sir Walter Edward Davidson, Prime Minister, W. A. Holman. See AUSTRALIA. NEW SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA. See MUSIC, Orchestras. the fact that no long term bonds had been sold and to the normal increase in the sinking funds for the redemption of the debt. The total revenue receipts available for general budget purposes were $115,591,606.99, an increase over the previous year of $35,757,973.14, or nearly 45 per cent. The total expenditures for general budget purposes were $94,024,215.47 for the year, an increase of $15,682,902.46, or 20 per cent. The general revenue receipts exceeded the expenditures for general budget purposes by $21,567,391.52. The valuation of real and personal property as fixed by the State tax commission subject to taxation for State purposes amounted to $12,989,433,733, an increase over the preceding year of $231,411,779. The general budget for the current year (1920-1921) as approved by the legislature and the governor amounted to 145,219,906.60 of which $141,885,474.39 was appropriated at the ordinary session and $3,334,432.21 at the extraordinary session during September, 1920; and, as the estimated revenues for the year were not expected to be sufficient to meet the entire amount appropriated, it was contemplated that the balance of the budget requirements would have to be financed from the surplus treasury funds. TRANSPORTATION. The total railway mileage of the State in 1919 was about 8500. In the counties of the Bronx, New York, Kings, Queens, and Richmond the Public Service Commission reported, Dec. 31, 1920, the number of transportation companies at 73, divided as follows: Street and electric railroad companies, 58; steam railroads, 11; baggage transfer companies, 2; stagecoach companies, 2. The street and electric railroad companies operated about 1900 miles of single track railroad, including subway, elevated and surface railroads. In the operation they used about 13,000 passenger cars. For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1920, they carried 2,364,775,067 passengers, an increase of 284,830,770 passengers, or 13.69 per cent over the previous year. Their total operating revenue for the year was $127,880,161, an increase of more than $17,000,000 over the previous year. Their operating and maintenance expenses were $96,059,605, which was an increase of nearly $22,000,000 over the previous year. The combined net corporate income for all companies showed a deficit of $10,735,399, as against a deficit for the previous year of $8,556,408. The increase in the deficit in the face of a large increase in operating revenue was ascribed to a greater proportionate increase in operating expenses, including 58,532,000 large advances in the wages of employees. 6,188,000 In the other counties of the State there were 29,664,000 224 railway corporations, of which 132 were 23,705,000 team and 92 street railways. NEW YORK. POPULATION. According to the preliminary report of the census of 1920, there were 10,384,829 residents in the State, Jan. 1, 1920, as compared with 9,113,614 in 1910. AGRICULTURE. According to the census of 1920, the number of farms was 193,060, a falling off of 10.5 per cent since 1910. The following table is compiled from the estimates of the United States Department of Agriculture, covering the years 1919 and 1920: Value 7,433,000 3,445,000 2,958,000 4,410,000 CHARITIES AND CORRECTIONS. The following 19,247,000 is a list of the various State charitable and re- FINANCE. According to the comptroller's report at the close of the year 1920 the net State debt had been reduced $5,094,982.03 owing to try, 715; Institution for Feeble-Minded Children, Syracuse, 638; Thomas Indian School, Iroquois, 178; Craig Colony for Epileptics, Sonyea, 1348, Woman's Relief Corps Home, Oxford, 163; Hospital for Care of Crippled and Deformed Children, West Haverstraw, 174; Hospital for Treatment of Incipient Pulmonary Tuberculosis, Raybrook, 284; Letchworth Village, Thiells, 360; Reformatory for Women, Bedford Hills, 371. At the close of the fiscal year, June 30, 1920, there were under supervision of the State Board of Charities 248 hospitals and 215 dispensaries, a total of 463 institutions. As compared with the previous year this number represents an increase of seven hospitals and a decrease of three dispensaries. In the institutions for mental defectives and epileptics the admissions and discharges during the fiscal year and the population, June 30, 1920, were as follows: Admissions, 1773; discharges, 1465; population, June 30, 7626. The children cared for in institutions or maintained at public expense in tamily homes June 30, 1920, were distributed as follows: salaries of the teachers in the public schools was passed, carrying an appropriation of $20,500,000. Among other measures passed may be mentioned: Regulation of boxing matches and creating of State boxing commission; provision for consumers' coöperatives; provision of teachers' retirement fund; bonus to military and naval veterans of the late war, the bond issue not to exceed $45,000,000 was authorized. Among the measures that failed to pass were: Bills for placing industrial illness under the workingmen's compensation law, for a minimum-wage commission, for the application of the eight hour day to all women and minors, and other measures of social welfare. The housing situation became so acute that in April the Legislature by almost unanimous vote passed the "rent laws," the most important of which provided in chapter 136, section 1 that: "Unjust, unreasonable and oppressive agreements for the payment of rent having been and being now exacted by landlords from tenants under stress of prevailing conditions whereby the freedom of contract has been A bill passed in 1920 created a commission to examine laws relating to child welfare, investigate their effect and propose remedial legislation in relation thereto. LEGISLATION. During the first part of the year interest centered in the proceedings against the Socialists in the New York legislature. Immediately after the session was opened, the five Socialist members were ordered before the bar of the Assembly (January 7) and charged with belonging to a party disloyal to the government and being elected on a platform hostile to the interest of the State and of the country. A resolution referring the question of their exclusion to a judiciary committee, to be appointed by the speaker, was passed without debate. The committee decided at the end of March, in favor of expulsion and it was then too late to hold an election to fill the vacancies. The report of the committee was approved in the case of three of the Socialists by a vote of 116 to 28 and in the case of the other two by a vote of 104 to 40. The State Reconstruction Commissions' proposals for an executive budget, for the lengthening of the governor's term, and for the reconstruction of scattered administrative boards were rejected, but other amendments tending to the same end in the matter of the administrative departments were approved. An amendment for a legislative budget was approved. The bill defining intoxicating liquors as those which contain 2.75 per cent alcohol was passed. The three sedition bills introduced by the Lusk committ ee were vetoed by the governor and so were bills making Socialists ineligible for political office, and for making members of other parties ineligible, if the courts decided that the government was endangered by their principles. A bill providing for a considerable increase in the impaired and congested housing conditions resulting therefrom have seriously affected and endangered the public welfare, health and morals in certain cities of the State, and a public emergency existing in the judgment of the legislature by reason thereof, it shall be a defense to an action for rent accruing under an agreement for premises in a city of the first class or in a city in a county adjoining a city of the first class occupied for dwelling purposes, other than a room or rooms in a hotel, lodging house or rooming house, that such rent is unjust and unreasonable and that the agreement under which the same is sought to be recovered is oppressive." The law declared that an increase of rent by more than 25 per cent over the year before was presumptively unreasonable. According to the report of the legislative committee on housing, the 1920 rent laws were generally successful in preventing evictions, but partially failed to stop exorbitant increases of rent. ELECTION. The vote in the presidential election of 1920 was: Harding (Republican), 1,868,240; Cox (Democrat), 781,485; Debs (Socialist), 203,400; Watkins (Prohibitionist), 23,612; Christensen (Farmer-Labor), 18,787; Cox (Socialist Labor), 4358; as compared with the following vote in the presidential election of 1916: Hughes (Republican), 869,0666; Wilson (Democrat), 759,426; Benson (Socialist), 45,944; Hanly (Prohibitionist), 19,031; Hughes (Amer.), 10,172; Reimer (Socialist Labor), 2666. The vote for governor was: Miller (Republican), 1,335,617; Smith (Democrat), 1,261,729; Cannon (Socialist), 171,907; Malone (Farmer-Labor), 49,953; Thompson (Prohibitionist), 16,978; Quinn (Socialist Labor), 4641; and the vote for United States Senator: James W. Wadsworth, Jr. (Republican), 1,431,347; Harry C. Walker (Democrat), 885,061; Ella A. Boole (Prohibitionist), 159,477; Jacob Panken (Socialist), 151,247; Rose Schneiderman (Farmer-Labor), 15,086; Harry Carlson (Socialist Labor), 6522. The referendum proposal in respect to the soldiers' bonus was passed by a large majority. This called for the authorization of bonds to the amount of $45,000,000, redeemable in twentyfive yearly installments, for the payment of bonuses to soldiers and sailors of the late war; each bonus not to exceed $250; $10 to be given for each month of service if length of service exceeds two months. There was also a favorable vote on each of the following amendments to the State constitution: State authorized to issue bonds in anticipation of revenues; contracting of certain debts prohibited till authorized at a general election; provision for sinking fund on debts already incurred; popular vote of approval required of debts incurred for highway building. OFFICERS. Governor, Nathan L. Miller, Rep.; Lieutenant-Governor, Jeremiah Wood, Rep.; Secretary of State, John J. Lyons, Rep.; Comptroller, James A. Wendell, Rep.; Treasurer, N. M. Marshall, Rep.; Attorney-General, Charles D. Newton, Rep.; Engineer and Surveyor, Frank M. Williams; Commissioner of Education; Superintendent of Insurance, Jesse S. Phillips, Rep.; Adjutant-General, Colonel J. Lester Kinkaid. JUDICIARY. Court of Appeals: Chief Judge, Frank H. Hiscock; Associate Judges, E. A. Chase, Frederick Collins, J. W. Hogan, B. N. Cardozo, C. W. Pound, C. B. McLaughlin, F. E. Crane, W. S. Andrews. See EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES. NEW YORK BARGE CANAL. See CANALS. NEW YORK CITY. See CITY PLANNING; MUNICIPAL OWNERSHIP; RAPID TRANSIT; ROADS AND PAVEMENTS. NEW YORK SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA. See MUSIC, Orchestras and Novelties. NEW YORK UNIVERSITY. A non-sectarian State institution of the higher learning in New York City; founded in 1830. Including the summer school, there were 10,522 students enrolled for 1920. There were 541 members in the faculty. The funds for the year amounted to $2,139,069.91. The library contained 153,766 volumes. The 90 Trinity Place building which was purchased for the Wall St. Division in December, 1919, was ready for occupancy and the Graduate School of Business Administration was created. The engineering building at University Heights was partly completed. The most recent gift was that of Jacob H. Schiff's bequest of $50,000 to the School of Commerce. President, Elmer Ellsworth Brown, Ph.D., LL.D. NEW ZEALAND, DOMINION OF. A selfgoverning British dependency in the south Pacific, comprising three larger islands and several smaller ones. Capital. Wellington. AREA AND POPULATION. The length of the group of islands is 1000 miles and the greatest breadth, 180 miles. It includes the two large islands known respectively as North and South islands and the smaller Stewart island along with a number of still smaller ones, including the Cook islands, annexed in 1901 and various small islands in the Pacific Ocean. Area of North Island, 44,130 square miles; South Island, 58.120; Stewart, 662; total, 103,581. Other esti mates place it higher, 104,751 square miles. It has a coastline of 4330 miles. Total population. at the census of October 15, 1916, 1,099,449. An estimate of 1920 placed it at slightly under 1,200,000. The largest cities with their population on Oct. 15, 1916, are: Auckland, 133,712 (estimated in 1920 at 135,000); Wellington, 95,235; Christchurch, 92,733; Dunedin, 68,716. In 1918 the immigrants numbered 11,906 and the emigrants, 11,606. The deaths in that year numbered 16,364 (above the average on account of the influenza epidemic); births, 25,860; and marriages, 6227. EDUCATION. Illiteracy is rare. In 1916, 95 per cent of the population over five years of age, were reported at the census as able to read and write. At the end of 1917 the public primary schools numbered 2368 with 5766 teachers and 190,354 pupils enrolled, and there were 34 secondary schools with 349 teachers and 7590 pupils. There were also 60 district high schools and eight technical high schools. The university is simply an examining body, but there are four affiliated colleges as follows: The Otago University at Dunedin; Canterbury College at Christchurch; Auckland University at Auckland, and Victoria University at Wellington. The graduates admitted for examination to the university of New Zealand in 1918 numbered 2317. The following information in respect to production, commerce, finance, etc., was supplied by the United States Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce in 1920: PRODUCTION. The season of 1919 was far below normal so far as agricultural interests were concerned. The exceptionally severe winter and the late spring, followed by a very severe drought, seriously affected the crops, especially wheat and oats. The acreage was greatly decreased, and the estimated yield of wheat is only 4,100,000 bushels, compared with the actual yield of 6,567,629 bushels for the season 1918-19. The estimated yield of oats was 5,575,000 bushels, compared with the actual yield of 6,884,609 bushels for the previous season. (See AGRICULTURE.) Nor was the year a very profitable one for the fruit growers. The season was late and the yield below normal. The quality was below the average for most kinds of fruit, especially for stone fruit. The fruit industry of the dominion is on the increase, and is quite well scattered over the country. The principal centres are at Auckland, Nelson, and Otago, where there is a majority of the 13,865 acres of the non-bearing fruit trees, and 12,689 acres of the bearing fruit trees of the country. According to figures given out by the Director of Horticulture, there were more than $40,000,000 invested in orchards, orchard plants, and fruit canneries. At the close of the year 1919 there were 363,188 horses in the Dominion compared with 378,050 the year before; 3,350,274 cattle, compared with 2,869,467 at the end of 1918; 25,828,554 sheep, compared with 26,538,302 at the end of the previous year, and 235,347 pigs, compared with 258,694 at the end of 1918. Notwithstanding the loss in the number of sheep, horses, and pigs in the country, there was a large gain in the number of cattle, and with the increased value of all kinds of stock, the stock raisers were in a much better position than at the beginning of the year. The New Zealand wool clip for 1919-20 was somewhat short of the average clip of the dominion, but the quality was considered above an average. The returns for the 1918-19 season showed a gain over 191718. During the 1918-19 season, the weight per bale was slightly less than an average with a small increase in the average price. At the average price, the total value of the clip would be $63,483,443, compared with $57,701,005 for the 1917-18 clip. During the 1918-19 season, the New Zealand woolen mills took 18,821 bales, compared with 20,692 bales during the 1917-18 season. The total quantity of wool acquired in the dominion for the British government from the commencement of the government wool commandeer, Dec. 21, 1916, to Dec. 31, 1919, amounted to 1,925,367 bales, for which the British govvernment paid $220,722,424. Of this quantity, France took 49,207 bales, the United States 44, 373, and Canada 21,738. The farmers' coöperative associations in New Zealand have steadily developed until they are now important factors in the business life of the dominion, and are very rapidly gaining in strength. These associations have taken up different lines of development and trade and formed plans for building and operating their own flour mills, establishing hydroelectric plants for the benefit of members of the association, as well as using their influence for better roads throughout the dominion. They are also interested in fertilizer and cement plants, and, in the aggregate, control a large portion of the business of the country. Soldiers bought 217,484 acres of land in 1919, compared with 86,720 acres during 1918, while other interests purchased 963,439 acres, compared with 755,025 acres for 1918. During the preceding five years, 5,008,225 acres were taken over for cultivation. Discharged soldiers pur animals would have been more marked had it not been that numbers were trapped for export and canning purposes, as well as for the sale of the skins, which became quite an important item in the exports of the country. The exports of rabbit skins during 1919 amounted to 2,437,693 pounds, valued at $3,734,289, compared with 1,359,290 pounds, valued at $1,458,806 for 1918. Very high prices ruled for rabbit skins in New Zealand during the closing weeks of 1919. Enormous numbers of rabbits were destroyed by trapping, but the greater number by poisoned phosphorized pollard or oats and the use of strychnine, distributed along the rabbit runs. netting was used as a protection in other cases, and according to an amendment to the Rabbit Pest act it became compulsory for adjoining property owners to join in the payment of dividing-line fences. Wire COMMERCE. The foreign trade of the dominion more than doubled after 1913. American interests fared exceptionally well in the general increases. New Zealand's foreign trade for 1919 amounted to $408,873,304, of which $149,290,584 was for imports and $259,582,720 for exports, compared with a total foreign trade of $256,500,761 for 1918, and $255,573,064 for 1917. The balance of trade in favor of New Zealand was $110,292,136, compared with $20,631,785 for 1918, $51,965,858 for 1917, and $33,810,758 for 1916, making a total foreign trade balance for the four years of $216,700,537, or nearly $200 per capita, for a country with a population of less than 1,200,000. The following table gives the foreign commerce of New Zealand by countries, including specie save when otherwise indicated, for 1914, 1916, 1918, and 1919: 21,072 551,628 1,997,572 20,863 269,190 503,615 278,969 618,230 344,840 113,264 388,429 500,081 340,013 159,646 336,392 561,419 512,148 912,473 2,739,712 158,007 36,870,130 14,352,588 $128,180,121 $117,934,488 $149,263,805 $130,762,797 $88,784,304 $215,158,782 4,770,093 8,372,932 Total 1918 figures include specie exported other than gold specie. 1919 figures include gold bullion and specie for the last six months only. chased 76.702 acres in December, 1919. The New Zealand government was assisting discharged soldiers as far as possible to go on the land, and meeting with very good results. The increase of the rabbit pest in New Zealand during the war period is accounted for principally by the scarcity of labor. The increase of these $138,566,273 COMMUNICATIONS. Railways open for traffic according to the latest statistics available in 1920 had a mileage of 3012, of which the State owned 2983. The oversea shipping in 1919 showed a tonnage of 1,480,883 entered and 1,505,256 cleared, and the coastwise shipping, 7,366,129 entered and 7,357,874 cleared. |