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14,632 pupils. In the former Austrian state In the new rethere were eight universities. public there remained only four of these, namely, those of Vienna, Graz, Innsbruck, and Salzburg. They are all maintained by the state. Besides the universities, education was provided in technical schools, mining, high schools, and various schools for special purposes.

ECONOMIC CONDITIONS. It appeared in the summer of 1920 that Austria had raised a little more than a quarter of the food it needed for the fiscal year, and could probably support its 6,000,000 people till the middle of November or December, after which time its population must live on food obtained from other countries. The year 1913 was the last in which normal conditions prevailed in those regions which form the present Austria, and in that year the production of staples was as follows: 300,000 tons of wheat, 650,000 tons of rye, 235,000 tons of barley, 545,000 tons of oats, 404,000 tons of sugar beets, 1,716,000 tons of potatoes. Even in a good year such as 1913, the amount of grain for bread was only 11,850,000 tons. If from this amount 45 per cent is deducted for seed, bran, and other by-products, there would be only 652,000 tons of home-grown flour for a population of 6,500,000. It was estimated by the Austrian Foreign Office that even in a favorable year before the war Austria, as it now exists, would have needed to import 482,000 tons of grain for bread, 272,000 tons of potatoes, 360,000 cases of milk, 112,000 tons of sugar, 38,000 tons of legumes, 40,000 tons of rice, 33,000 tons of meat, 40,000 tons of lard, 12,000 tons of cheese, 1,800,000 tons of fish, and 859,000 tons of grain for cattle and industry. In 1920 these quantities, though needed, were not and could not be imported. Most of the people were dispensing with many things that were formerly regarded as necessities. The scarcity of food, however, was not due to neglect of agriculture. Austria had about 40 per cent of its employed population, or 1,276,000 persons, engaged in agriculture and forestry. The care with which the land is culti vated is reflected in the number of small farms in Austria. There are 819,564 landed properties both private and public-most of them small holdings, under 5 hectares (12.35 acres) each. These include not less than 567,955 holdings under 5 hectares, aggregating an area of about 1,482,000 acres; 248,000 holdings from 5 to 200 hectares, aggregating an area of about 12,350,000 acres; 2123 holdings from 200 to 500 hectares, aggregating an area of about 1,600,000 acres; 1226 holdings over 500 hectares each, aggregating an area of a little over 7,410,000 acres. The public property covers a little more than 100,000 hectares, or 250,000 acres. See AGRI

CULTURE.

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ARMY. For statistics of Austria-Hungary before the war, see preceding issue of the YEAR BOOK. The defeat of the Central Powers naturally brought about the complete collapse of the military system and the terms of the Treaty strictly limited the military strength of the new Austrian republic. At the close of January, 1919, the government made an attempt to organize a limited military force by the crea tion of a Volkswehr or defense force, which in August, 1919, was estimated at a strength of 180,000 men. By the terms of the Treaty of St. Germain compulsory military service was abolished and the military forces were limited to a strength of 30,000 officers and men, which might be organized either in divisions or in mixed brigades. The details of the organization were not complete in 1920, but the following points were among those which had been deter: mined: It was provided that all officers should be regulars; that newly appointed officers must serve for 20 consecutive years and that officers now serving must continue to serve to the age of 40. Enlistment of officers and privates was for not less than 12 consecutive years of which at least six were to be passed with the colors. By the terms of the Treaty all mobilization measures were forbidden; police officers, gendarmes, etc., were to be kept down to the number employed in those capacities in 1913; and members of clubs and educational establishments were not permitted to concern themselves with military matters. As to the air forces of Austria, they were to be demobilized within two months after the ratification of the Treaty, and the future army must not include military or naval air forces, all the material pertaining thereto being forfeit to the Allies. During the six months following the ratification of the Treaty, the manufacture of air craft or any parts thereof was forbidden. See NAVAL PROG

RESS.

GOVERNMENT. The Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy of Austria and Hungary was disrupted and redistributed in the course of events beginning in October, 1918, when portions of the former Empire began to split off and to declare their independence. CzechoSlovakia proclaimed its independence, October 20. German Austria in its National Assembly declared its independence, October 21. The declaration of independence of the Austrian Ukraine followed, October 23; that of the Southern Slav States under the name of

Jugo-Slavia, October 30, and that of Hungary, October 31. See CZECHO-SLOVAKIA; HUNGARY; JUGO-SLAVIA. When the Austrian Republic was proclaimed, Nov. 12, 1918, the government was in the hands of the National Assembly which appointed a provisional cabinet and arranged for the election of a National Constituent Assembly. This election was held Feb. 16, 1918, on the basis of universal suffrage and the new assembly was the only source of governmental power at the beginning of 1920. It was composed as follows: Social Democrats, 72; Christian Socialists, 69; German Nationalists, 26; other parties, 3. Un

der the Constituent Assembly, March 15, 1919, a ministry was appointed which was holding office in 1920, as follows: State Chancellor and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Dr. Karl Renner (Social Democrat); Vice Chancellor, Jodok Fink (Christian Socialist); Minister of Commerce, Johann Zerdik (Non-Party); Minister of Social Insurance, Ferdinand Hanusch (Social Democrat); Minister for Military Affairs, Dr. Julius Deutsch (Social Democrat); Minister for Socialization, Dr. Wilhelm Ellenbogen (Social Democrat); Minister of Agriculture, Joseph Stöckler (Non-Party); Minister of Finance, Richard Reisch (Non-Party); Minister of Justice, Dr. Rudolf Ramek (Christian Socialist); Food Controller, Dr. Johann Löwenfeld-Russ (NonParty); Minister of the Interior and of Education, Mathias Eldersch (Social Democrat); Minister of Railways, Dr. Ludwig Paul (NonParty); and Minister of Constitutional Reform, Michael Mayr (Christian Socialist). For new ministry after the October elections, see below, under History.

On Feb. 15, 1920, the draft of a constitution was published, making Austria a Federal Republic in which Vienna was to be separated from Lower Austria and to form a constituent part of the new state. The draft proposed a double legislative authority consisting of the Federal Diet and the Council, the President of the Diet to be President of the confederation. The component parts of the state or "lands" were each to have its provisional Diet and were to continue under the forms of the former provincial legislative bodies. Under the constitution as adopted the Republic became a confederation of the following states: Lower Austria, which was subdivided into the province of Lower Austria and the city of Vienna; Upper Austria, Styria, Carinthia, Salzburg, Tirol, Vorarlberg, and Burgenland. The last-named was the portion of Western Hungary which had been awarded to Austria by the Peace Treaty. The executive power was in a president elected by the Federal Assembly. Legislative power was in the Federal Assembly which consisted of two chambers, namely: the National Council elected by direct proportional vote and the Federal Council elected by the Legislatures of each state. The Federal Council consisted of 46 representatives of whom 12 were from Vienna, 10 from the Province of Lower Austria, 6 each from Upper Austria and Styria, and 3 each from the other States, with the exception of Burgenland whose representation was not yet determined. The National Council consisted of 175 members.

HISTORY

GERMANY AND AUSTRIA. On April 22nd, Dr. Renner announced that after the ratification of the Treaty, Austria would ask permission to enter the League of Nations in order that she might then be re-united to Germany. On June 20th, President Seitz publicly expressed this view and it was approved by the greater part of the Austrian press, several of the most influential journals having already carried on an active campaign to this end. A German labor federation was organized in Vienna on behalf of German unity and on June 22nd a motion was offered in the Assembly for the union of Austria with Germany. The Assembly voted that the question should be submitted to the people in

the elections of October 17th and meanwhile it invited the government to take measures for effecting the union. The Assembly was unanimously for this action. The question whether such a union was in conformity with the Treaty of Versailles was much discussed and provoked especially sharp replies in the negative on the part of the French whose point of view may be illustrated by the following summary of the articles written by the former President of France, M. Raymond Poincaré, in October: It was admitted that Austria had been left in a critical condition by the Treaty-having a territory of only about 83 square kilometers and a population of little more than 6,000,000, of whom 2,000,000 were at the capital, Vienna. It was described politically as a state which had a very large head and a very small body. Within its limits there was little land for the raising of grain and its situation in respect to foodstuffs was deplorable. The public finance was in a chaotic condition, the value of the crown having fallen to eight centimes and the country being flooded with paper currency. Nevertheless, the Austrian section of the Committee on Reparations had shown much zeal in devising means for relief. Moreover there were other little states in Europe less populous than Austria which prospered and Austria was geographically in a good position for the development of commerce, being on the route from Germany and Czecho-Slavia to the Mediterranean and to the Adriatic and on the route from western Europe to Asia Minor. She also possessed large mineral resources and forest wealth; and the water power, though as yet undeveloped, was fairly considerable. The Allies were ready to aid her in all possible ways including the development of her resources, the opening of food markets, the supply of coal, and the promotion of commerce with her neighbors. Austria, however, could not plead her financial condition, as Germany had done, as an excuse for release from the obligations of the Treaty. In its financial administration the government had shown itself inert. It had not, for example, reduced the number of its official servants which was excessive. It appeared to go on the same principle as the government at Berlin, that is to say, to fold its arms and let the conquerors take what action they might to get the money due them. On July 19th, the President of the Council had said Austria was waiting for the gentlemen of the Reparations Committee to aid her as they had promised. This attitude was followed by the vote of the Assembly above-mentioned which was plainly the result of Pan-German politics. The Allies had been negligent in this matter. They had not made it plain that Austria could not escape the obligations of the Treaty. They had not sufficiently warned her Slav neighbors in the newly made states of the danger involved in a united Germany and Austria and they had not held Germany to strict account in respect to article 88 of the Treaty of Saint-Germain which had condemned any such undertaking as the union of Germany and Austria. By articles 80 to 118 inclusive of the Treaty, Germany was required to respect the independence of Austria at the frontiers fixed by the Treaty and to recognize the permanence of this independence, except with the consent of the Council of the League of Nations. Now, according to article 5 of the Covenant, that consent must be unanimous, so the

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