representing Canada, the winner of two out of three races to be declared the victor. The Esperanto captured two straight races, the first by a margin of 18 minutes, 28 seconds and the second by 7 minutes, 15 seconds thereby taking possession of the trophy and also winning a purse of $4,000.

The international races for the Harmsworth Motor Boat Trophy were held at Cowes, Isle of Wight, August 10 and 11, the regulations calling for the best two out of three races. Miss America, owned by G. A. Wood, United States, won two straight victories over a thirty-mile course. In the first race Maple Leaf VI, owned by Sir M. Edgar, England, finished second but in the second race Miss Detroit IV, another American boat, took second honors.

Miss America added to her laurels of the year by winning the Gold Cup championship at Detroit, Mich., and the Lake George one-mile trophy. This boat also established a new world's record by averaging 77.85 miles per hour.

YALE UNIVERSITY. A non-sectarian institution of the higher learning at New Haven, Conn., founded in 1701. The enrollment for the regular fall session of 1920 was 3896. The faculty numbered 569 including 52 additions. The endowment amounted to $24,049,730.45. Yale University was made beneficiary under the will of the late John W. Sterling of New York City, who left a bequest to Yale of about sixteen or twenty millions of dollars. The sum was to be held by the trustees for the University under Mr. Sterling's bequest and the money to be used for memorial buildings and for the foundation of scholarships, fellowships and lectureships, the endowment of new professorships, and the establishment of special funds for prizes. This in not included in the endowment figures mentioned above. Notable also were the annual gifts of the alumni during the past three years through the Yale Alumni University Fund Association, each year's contribution totaling over half a million dollars and the largest being in excess of $700,000 for a single year. The library contained 1,250,000 volumes not counting unbound pamphlets. The annual accessions exceed 40,000 including 5000 periodical publications, and about 60,000 volumes and 4000 pamphlets in the Yale Law School library and additional volumes in other school libraries of the university. A beautiful Memorial Quadrangle containing six campuses which was the gift of Mrs. Stephen V. Harkness, and covers an entire city square was the latest building under construction, at a cost of over a million dollars. Among the other gifts, the most important one was that of Mr. Sterling's. The annual gifts of the alumni during the past three years were a contribution of about 700,000 for each single year. In March, 1919, a thorough-going reorganization of the University was voted by the Yale Corporation. This included, among other features, the creation of a common undergraduate Freshman Year; the elimination of the Select Course from the Sheffield Scientific School and the extension of the course in that School from three to four years; the concentration of all post-graduate work not given in the professional Schools in the Yale Graduate School; the creation of several new offices, including the Provost, who is an educational assistant to the President; the Dean of Students, who is in charge of student morale, and the Dean of Freshmen, to administer with a separate

faculty the common Freshman Year; departmentalization of the faculty and other changes of far-reaching importance. Advance was made in 1920 in carrying out this programme. President, Arthur Twining Hadley, Ph.D., LL.D.

YAP. One of the Caroline Islands in the Pacific, the administrative centre of the western group, prominent in 1920 as the subject of disputed claims on the part of the United States and Japan. It contained an important wireless station. Japan claimed exclusive control to the cable, but the United States contended that as the German islands in the Pacific had been ceded to the Allied and associated Powers by the Treaty of Versailles, their property could not be disposed of without the consent of the United States. Japan had brought the matter to the attention of the Assembly of the League of Nations at Geneva and Great Britain had joined her in so doing. The United States government declared that it had served notice during the Peace Conference that it reserved the right to object to exclusive Japanese control of the cable. No agreement had been reached on the subject at the close of the year. The view of the United States was that Yap should be internationalized and should be an international cable landing station, not under the control of any single Power. The position of Japan was understood to be that as her laws provided for government ownership and control of all communications in Japanese possessions, the cable landing at Yap must be exclusively under Japanese direction.

YELLOW FEVER. We condense slightly the following item from the Medical Record for Dec. 18, 1920. "Mr. George Vincent, President of the Rockefeller Foundation, authorizes the announcement of the discovery by Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, of a vaccine for yellow fever which promises to confer immunity against the disease. The discovery of the yellow fever organism has also made it possible for Dr. Noguchi to develop a serum which, it is believed, will reduce the mortality from yellow fever. Already vaccination against yellow fever of people going to tropical countries is being done at the Broad Street Hospital, New York, with vaccine furnished by the Rockefeller Institute. The first shipment of vaccine to tropical countries was made a year ago when three hundred bottles were sent to Mexico; other shipments have been made since, the latest on Nov. 10, 1920. The Central American authorities are so well convinced of the efficacy of Dr. Noguchi's vaccine that those who have been successfully vaccinated are permitted to travel without quarantine detention."

In the latter part of 1919 yellow fever had practically been extinguished for the time in the Western continent, but during the present year there was a recrudescence of cases and Dr. Noguchi repaired to Yucatan to make first hand studies of the disease.

YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION. A Christian organization for the promotion of social, economic, recreative, physical, educational, and spiritual development of men and boys throughout the world. It offers a chance for fine fellowship, enjoyment, and self-betterment among young men.

UNITED STATES AND CANADA. The International Committee, as the agent of the International Convention, promotes the general work and policies of the movement. This Committee

is composed of 200 business and professional men representing each state and Canadian province, and elected triennially by the International Convention of the North American local Associations. Of this Committee, with its headquarters in New York, Mr. Alfred E. Marling is chairman and Dr. John R. Mott, general secretary. There are 47 State, group, and national Committees in Canada and the United States with their 1314 business men, that give closer and more direct help and encouragement to the 2194 local Associations in their respective States. In addition, there are a number of metropolitan committees, also county organizations giving special service to the local Associations in large cities, and to those in rural districts respectively. To aid in training the personnel for the movement in America, there are three Association colleges at Springfield, Mass., Chicago, Ill., and Nashville, Tenn.; also nine Summer Schools in various sections of the country, and twentyseven local training centres. The Association in its various local organizations conducts definite forms of activities for symmetrical manhood and boyhood-building such as social and recreative, physical and body-building, educational, commercial, industrial, and vocational training, Bible study, religious meetings, personal interviews, life work guidance, and spiritual develop

ment.

Statistics for April 30, 1920 showed 85,106 business and professional directors, and committee men giving volunteer service; 5199 employed general secretaries and assistants; 868,892 members, of which 199,615 are boys, and 157,135 are in industrial occupations. The total net property and funds paid in is $128,019,000. Contributions from friends in America, $8,354,000, and the total operating expenditures, $38,484,800 for 1920 or an increase of 31 per cent over the previous year. The service of the local Associations to men and boys includes a great variety of features, among the more important of which are: 75,305 socials, entertainments, banquets, receptions, etc.; 117,731 situations or positions secured for men through the employment sections; 308,971 different educational courses conducted by the Association; 136,255 different men and boys enrolled in the regular courses in Bible study; 26,105 decisions for the Christain life, and 8771 united with the church of their choice as a direct result of Association efforts.

The most notable event of the year was the Fortieth International Convention held in Detroit. This was the largest and most representative gathering in the history of the Brotherhood. The Canadian National Convention in Toronto was another similar important event with special significance for the growth of the movement in the Dominion of Canada. An important Boy Workers' Assembly was held in Blue Ridge. Another notable gathering was that of the Student Volunteer Convention, attended by over 7000 students and professors from nearly a thousand universities and colleges.

Along with many other organizations, the Association has turned during 1920 to many international considerations. The World's Committee held its first meeting since 1914. The World's Student Christian Federation brought together in Europe the leaders in the work of Christ among students of thirty-five or more nations. FOREIGN. Entirely aside from its war service

to young men in the armies and navies of the world, the Association movement of America today ministers through its leaders and financial friends, to the whole range of the life of the young manhood and boyhood of some twenty nations, including the most progressive lands of Asia, Latin-America, Africa, South America and the Pacific islands world. Through the International Committee of North America, and the friends of this great work throughout the world, over 200 experienced general secretaries are leading the development of this work in foreign lands. Coupled with the forces sent from America for this service, there are over 600 native secretaries employed at local expense. While this service of the American Associations in foreign lands has been influenced by the war and its after conditions, yet in practically every foreign field the service has shown constant growth of the Associations, an increase in the spirit of voluntary service and sacrificial giving, in the multiplication of the number of native secretaries, and in the central emphasis on the distinctively spiritual and Christian character of the work. Special attention should be called to the fact that during each of the recent years there has been large growth of self-support and of indigenous leadership in most of the foreign lands. One of the most remarkable contributions of the Association is its far-reaching influence as a unifying force among the different nations and racès. The plans of the foreign work were being seriously affected by the prevailing financial conditions, the exchange problem alone involving an enormous increase in the budget. During this thirtieth year of the development of Association work in foreign lands as directly related to the International Committee, there were profound changes in the social, political, religious and industrial life of the people during the period of transition from world war to world reconstruction. Japan, China, India and the Near East especially faced most difficult national crises. Latin-America was confronted afresh with her most difficult and unsolved problems. These countries, therefore, were led to consider anew what were the real constructive agencies and influences at work, and the Association was examined and tried out as never before.

The expense for the leadership and promotion of this work from America among the National Committees of foreign lands, and their local Associations was $1,124,112 for 1920. In China the 25th anniversary of the founding of the Association in that nation was celebrated with a great convention. The first industrial Association in Japan was opened in Tokio. A Japanese secretary directs this pioneer work which is supported by Japanese funds. In India where conflicts between labor and capital are making their appearance, the Tata Steel Works has provided a fund of $66,000 and asks the Association to begin the first welfare work among India's needy industrial classes. Similar work is beginning in other foreign lands and the Association is asked to conduct it. The foreign Associations have now come to the time when

they are strong enough to take the lead in serving their communities in times of emergency when other organizations fail. During the great influenza epidemic in Brazil, the Association in several cities rendered notable service in relief and sanitation measures, receiving much praise from the public press and the officials of the Re

public. In Porto Rico, the San Juan Association likewise ministered to the needy during the earthquake disaster. In Foochow, China, the Association quickly and successfully mobilized its forces to combat the cholera epidemic in the summer of 1920 and took the lead in organizing the Heth Committee which carried a campaign of relief and prevention which finally rid the city of that disease, Just now at the end of the year there were calls for directors and play leaders from 25 different countries. The International Olympic Committee through its president, asked the Association to assist in a plan to democratize the World Olympics and to make these games more truly a world influence.

ASSOCIATION WAR WORK. Although nearly two years have elapsed since the signing of the armistice, the war work of the North American Associations during 1920 constituted one of its three principal activities. In America, notwith standing the putting into effect of the new policy of the War and Navy Departments, by which the government planned to conduct the larger part of the welfare work within training camps and stations, the Association carried on its work both in the army and navy among far larger numbers of soldiers and sailors than during the pre-war period, and it was evident that this service must be greatly enlarged, especially in communities adjacent to the great military camps and naval stations. Work was accomplished along educational, re-employment, and general rehabilitation lines among hundreds of thousands of ex-soldiers during the critically important demobilization period. In extent, however, by far the greatest work being accomplished by the North American Association in the midst of war conditions or in critical circumstances occasioned by the war, was that still in progress among the young men of Allied countries and among prisoners of war. The North American Associations were ministering in their war work to more than twice as many young men as they were serving in the large and growing Home Work and Foreign Work combined. In each of two fields, Poland and France, the war service plans embraced fully one million men.

The National War Work Council had hoped to be able to disband during the past year and to hand over any of its unfinished tasks to the permanent Association and other agencies; but, after prolonged consideration, it decided that, owing to the volume of the work, the size of the fund entrusted to the Council, as well as owing to the fact that America had not yet made peace, and the further fact of the alarmingly unsettled conditions in the war areas, it was their "clear duty to continue to discharge their trust until conditions were more nearly stable and normal." Headquarters are maintained at 347 Madison Ave., New York City.

YOUNG, WILLIAM. Author and play writer died, October 2. He was born in Illinois, in 1847. He was the author of volumes of verse and of a number of plays including The Rajah (1883); Young America (1894); Woman's Wiles (1898); a dramatization of Ben Hur (1899); and A Japan ese Nightingale (produced in 1903).

YOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION. This is a national organization "to advance Christian social service by advancing the physical, social, intellectual, moral, and spiritual interests of young women." Total membership in 1920 in the national organization num

bered 559,315 of whom 100,000 were girls between the ages of 12 and 18 enrolled in the Girls Reserve Corps of the Association. The headquarters of the National Board are in New York City, besides which there are branch offices in Philadelphia, San Francisco, Richmond, Chicago, St. Louis, Denver, Dallas, Minneapolis, Seattle, and Cincinnati. These cities are headquarters for field committees which the National Board appoints to represent it in various sections of the country. Each field committee employs a staff of secretaries to do the direct work of organizing local associations and to aid in developing the activities for girls and women which form the general Association programme. At the end of 1920 there were 185 field secretaries being employed. Figures for Jan. 1, 1921 show that there were 347 city associations in 234 cities, 78 town associations, 27 county associations, and 711 student associations. The national programme includes classes in Bible and mission study, physical training, commercial subjects, language study, domestic arts and sciences, vocational training, elocution, and dramatics, trained attendance, business law, parliamentary law, and current topics; clubs: recreational, musical, and social; management of cafeterias, boarding residences, housekeeping apartments, room registries, residential and transient hotels, summer camps, vacation homes, employment bureaus, health centres, and home investigation bureaus. Special attention is given to industrial workers, colored women, Indian women, business and professional women, women of foreign birth, and students. In 1920 the National Board conducted 40 10-day summer conferences for girls, with a total attendance of 10,840. A national training system to prepare young women for executive positions is maintained. Part of this course must be taken in residence at the National Training School, 135 East 52nd St., New York City.

The National Board has extended its work into the foreign field so that in October, 1920, it had 59 centres in Europe and the Near East with 118 secretaries, and in the Orient and South America 32 centres with 118 secretaries.

The official organ of the National Board is the Association Monthly. The officers in 1920 were: President, Mrs. Robert E. Speer; chairman executive committee, Mrs. John French; secretary, Mrs. Lewis H. Lapham; treasurer, Mrs. Samuel A. Broadwell; and general secretary, Miss Mabel Cratty.

Area,

YUKON. A territory of Canada, bounded by Alaska on the west and the Northwest Territories on the east and extending from British Columbia at the 60th parallel to the Arctic Ocean. 207,076 square miles, of which 649 are water; pop. in 1911, 8512; capital, Dawson with a pop. in 1911 of 3013. Commissioner in 1920, George Black. See CANADA,

ZANZIBAR. A British protectorate of east Africa, comprising the island of Zanzibar (640 square miles), the island of Pemba (380 square miles), and several islets; situated off the coast of the former German colony of German East Africa. Population of Zanzibar, (1910) 113,624; of Pemba, 83,109. The Europeans numbered about 200. The chief town is Zanzibar with a population of about 35,000; and it is one of the best African ports. The natives for the most part are Mohammedans. The industry is mainly limited to the production of cloves of which the output in 1918-9 was £24,980,977. Imports,

York from which with a temporary rally in August it steadily declined to about 6 cents in December. In like fashion the year started with a high rate of production although there were numerous strikes at the smelters, but this decreased in the second half of the year and was accompanied by decreased efficiency in labor which was able clearly to sense the prevailing situation. In 1920 it was stated that at a plant working under usual conditions the smelting of a ton of ore required 72 per cent more labor paid for at a rate 22 times greater while the extraction obtained had fallen from 88 per cent to about 82 per cent. Coal also cost more as did other plies, but the newer mines of Oklahoma were able to produce concentrates from rich ores which made the output as regards price compare with conditions before the war. See METALLURGY. ZIONISM. See JEWS.

ZONING. See CITY PLANNING.

ZOOLOGY. Earlier YEAR BOOKS have noted the expedition to the African Congo sent out by the American Museum of Natural History in New York City in 1909 to 1915. A survey of the collections made on this expedition showed that there were 6,000 specimens of mammals. birds and fishes, 500 reptiles and batrachians, and 100,000 invertebrates. Materials for preparing mounted groups of the Okapi and of the Square Lipped Hippopotamus were also obtained.

Slotopolsky Zool. Anz., Aug.) discussed the question of natural and accidental death in the sense in which this distinction was made by Weismann, and concluded that the Protozoon has a certain portion of its plasma set apart for reproduction and this part is therefore, immortal: just as a similar separation has been supposed to occur in the Metazoa.

Orton (Jour. Marine Biol. Ass. of United Kingdom) reviewed the conditions of breeding in various marine organisms and concluded that temperature is the most important single factor, being more important than food, which indeed, seems to have little influence. Herdman, in his address as President of the Zoology section at the meeting of the British Association, discussed the generally held opinion that arctic pelagic life is more abundant than either temperate or tropic. Herdman's opinion was that variations in oceanic currents are of more importance in this connection than are differences in latitude. It seems true, however, that the greater abundance of individuals of any species in the colder waters is due to the slower rate of metabolism at these temperatures, and a corresponding greater duration of life for the individual.

The Gifford Lectures delivered in 1915 and 1916 at the University of St. Andrew by J. Arthur Thompson have been published in book form under the title of The System of Animate Nature. Under the general heading of "The Realm of Organisms" Professor Thompson took up such topics as the "criteria of livingness." "animal behavior" and "adaptiveness and purposiveness," in which discussion he takes a decided stand against the extreme mechanistic interpretation of vital phenomena, citing such cases as the migration of birds, and examples of the regulation and readjustment of developing eggs both under normal and under experimentally determined conditions. The farther we go into developmental mechanics the more do we rec ognize that physical and chemical processes are in evidence, but at the same time we do not

In the series of Monographs on Experimental Biology (see YEAR BOOK for 1919) two volumes appeared in 1920: "Inbreeding and Outbreeding" by East and Jones, and "The Nature of Animal Light," by Harvy. (See below) East and Jones discussed the question whether, as has generally been believed since Darwin's time, inbreeding in plants and animals is in itself injurious to the race, citing results of this inbreeding from the literature relating to both plant and animal heredity. In some instances (that of maize seems to be one of the most extreme) the immediate results of inbreeding are found to be not only injurious but often disastrous, though this does not happen in all cases. When the question is asked whether inbreeding is injurious simply because of the consanguinity, the answer is "most emphatically no." If unfavorable traits appear after inbreeding it means simply that they were originally present but were concealed by other characters. The authors believe that all inheritance is in accordance with Mendel's law, and in this it is evident that characters originally not in evidence because concealed by other characters may through recombinations make their appearance. Two results might follow. Since these characters are thus made evident, it should be possible for the breeder to eliminate them from the race; and on the other hand, the favorable characters could be freed from attachment to these unfavorable ones, and thus the race improved. Whether inbreeding is or is not injurious depends, then, entirely on the composition of the hereditary material of the breeding organisms. Heterosis or outbreeding, or crossing of distinct races (in cases where normal hybrids are obtained) often results in an increase in vigor of the offspring over that of their parents. East and Jones explained this on the assumption that each parent has some genes which make for vigor and some which tend to reduce this vigor. In crossing, both vigor-producing genes are brought together in the hybrid and being dominant, affect the character of this hybrid. Later generations, because they tend to repeat the genetic composition of the original parents in consequence of a redistribution of the genes may lose some of this vigor. Any individual which happened to be homozygous for the vigor-producing genes, and happened to mate with another of similar composition, would establish a vigorous race, but this combination would very rarely be accomplished. The authors conclude that the mechan