and bout' (a Vergilian variation for 'to race and bout' ad cursum). ictus is best taken of boxing, with Con. Most editors take cursu ictuque for chariot and spear-throwing, which is less likely.

167. ingentes, 'mighty', like all the heroic people. So x. 485, the beautiful and youthful Pallas has pectus ingens.

168. vocari, inf. after imperat, 35.

169. medius, 'in the midst', as often in Vergil with adj. of position.

172. silvis et religione, ‘groves and sanctity': a curious hendiadys, like Horace's currusque et rabiem parat (Od. 1. 15. 12), sceleris pudet fratrumque (1. 35. 34) where concrete and abstract are mixed.

173. primos, adverbial.

fasces, bundle of rods with axe, carried before supreme magistrate at Rome; Vergil of course makes the custom aboriginal, and so lends dignity to it.

174.

omen erat, a terse and effective way of saying 'it was a custom of good omen'.

curia to a Roman ear would mean the 'court-house' where the senate gathered, the most august institution of their state. He conceives Latinus a monarch of heroic type, only with a senate (patres 176)

like the Roman.

175. ariete caeso [ariete, three syllables, i being consonantal, 96] 'after slaughter of a ram', for sacrifice.

176. perpetuis, in unbroken line'.

So the whole senate had solemn public feasts on stated days at Rome: and the magistrates at Athens feasted in the public hall.

178. Italus and Sabinus are of course mythical ancestors of Italians and Sabines. The Sabine wine-culture is here dignified by being traced back to this sacred personage, who bears an 'image of the bent pruning knife' for the vines.

179. sub imagine falcem, Vergilian artificial turn for 'image of'. 180. For Saturnus, see note on 45.

Janus was a genuine old Latin deity, god of the morning (matutinus) and god of gateways, being himself represented as 'two-faced' (bifrons) looking before and behind as the gateway faces out and in. The old double archway near the forum was called Tanus, and was left open in war, and closed in time of peace.

The fact seems to be, that the Romans worshipped Ianus as 'god of beginnings': hence of gates, as entrances and beginnings of expeditions: and of the morning. It was like the Romans, as Mommsen (1. 173) remarks, with their worship of abstractions, to have a 'God of Beginning'.

182. i. e. and heroes'. The line is almost the same as VI. 660. 183. It was a natural custom to fasten captured trophies to the doorways of temples.

184. secures, 'battle-axes'. So the warrior-maiden Camilla has validam bipennem, XI. 151.

186. spiculaque, e long, a licence Vergil repeats several times 'lappaeque tribolique' (G. I. 153), 'tribulaque traheaeque' (ib. 164)

'liminaque laurusque' (Aen. III. 91), most however being before double consonants, probably in imitation of Homer, Aáμπov тe Kλútióv TE, &c.

rostra: Vergil was no doubt thinking of the famous orator's platform in the forum at Rome, adorned by the 'beaks' of the fleet captured at Antium in the Latin war, B.C. 338.

187. lituus was the augur's staff, with a crooked end. Quirinus (the old name of Romulus), as the first augur of Rome had the augur's badges, the lituus, and a toga with purple horizontal stripes, trabea. Notice the slight irregularity (quite natural, especially in Vergil) of having the word succinctus 'girt' grammatically with both ablatives, whereas it really suits only trabea. The order of the words makes it

quite easy.

Notice too how the religion of Rome is glorified and dignified by Vergil's representation of all the sacred implements and ceremonial dating from the beginning of things.

parva, 'small', because of the simpler dress of old time.

188. ancile: a shield fell from heaven in Numa's reign, which was religiously kept (with eleven others made to resemble it exactly); they were called ancilia, and were under the care of Salii, priests of Mars Gradivus, and on March 1st were carried in procession round the city.

189. coniunx, 'bride': she was only his lover in Ovid's story: 'ille ferox ipsamque precesque repellit', Met. XIV. 377.

190. aurea, a long, two syllables (synizesis).

191. avem, i.e. picum, the woodpecker, 45.

192. tali intus templo, lit. 'in such a temple within'; abl. of place, and adv. intus supplying the place of a prep., and defining the local relation more precisely; used, indeed, exactly as the prepositions originally were. The expression is archaic, and Lucretius has one or two like it.

[195-211. Trojans for we know you-what has brought you hither? do not fly our friendship; we are race of Saturn, righteous by our own free will. Dardanus, now a god, came from these lands'.]

195. Dardanidae, 'Trojans', from Dardanus son of Zeus, mythical ancestor of Trojans who came from Italy to Samothrace and settled in Troy; see 207.

196. auditique advertitis, 'not unheard of is your coming'. aequore, Vergilian, abl. of place.

202. ignorate: the predicates are gentem, aequam, tenentem: ‘nor be it unknown, the Latins are of Saturn's stock, made righteous by no law nor tie, but of their own will and by the fashion of their ancient god they rule themselves'. In VIII. 322, Vergil, giving an account of the ancient time when Saturn ruled in Latium, says 'the rude race scattered over the high hills he settled and gave them laws': a slightly different picture of the 'golden age'.

206. Auruncos, the name of a tribe living in the lower valley of the Liris on the borders of Campania; orig. no doubt another form of the name Ausones or Ausonii, 39.

ferre, the strict Latin use of the present with memini of anything which the person has witnessed.

ut, 'how'.

207. Dardanus, 195. The story was that he was reputed son of Corythus and founder of Cortona, one of the most ancient Etruscan cities, north-west of the lake Trasimene.

his agris is therefore used in a wider sense, Italy, as opp. to Samothrace and the Troad.

208. Threiciam Samum, 'the Thracian Samos', the older form of Samothrace.

211. altaribus, dat. after auget, a variation for the gen. after numerum. [A less supported reading is addit, a more strained constr. with the same meaning.]

[212-248. Ilioneus replies: "Our purpose led us hither: of the Trojan war all the earth has heard: we escaped thence, and now ask a strip of land, where we shall harm no one, and not disgrace your realm. You will not repent. Dardanus came hence; Apollo recalls us hither; behold the gifts of Aeneas!]

212. Ilioneus, a leading Trojan (maximus, 1. 525) who in the first book (when Aeneas has vanished) implores Dido for help.

215. regione viae fefellit, lit. has misled us in the line of our course', i.e. has led us astray from our path', regio being properly a direction', from reg- 'to guide'.

217. regnis, poetic plur. for sing. : a touch of stateliness.

quae maxima, 'the mightiest that erst the sun beheld, as he came from the ends of heaven'. So Priam 11. 556 is called 'Proud ruler of all those lands and peoples'.

222. Mycenis, the royal city of Agamemnon in Argolis. Notice all the touches of rhetoric by which he makes more stately the description of the Trojan war: the storm, the fates, the clash of Europe and Asia, and the world-wide fame of it.

225 sqq. audiit, &c. 'he has heard, whomsoever the ends of earth where Ocean beats hold far away, and whomsoever the region of the cruel Sun, stretched in the midst of the four zones, parts from his fellows'.

i.e. the furthest dwellers on Atlantic shores, and those beyond the tropics, alike have heard.

refuso, baffled', of the sea beaten back by land; used of the wave against a breakwater, Georg. II. 163. The exaggeration here suits the rhetorical stateliness of Ilioneus. Compare the splendid lines about the empire of Augustus, 'extra anni solisque vias', &c., VI. 795. 226. plagarum; the earth is conceived as having five zones, two arctic at the poles, a torrid zone at equator, and two temperate zones between. This is the torrid zone. It is fully explained, G. I. 233. 228. diluvio: 'a flood' is a good metaphor for the destroying power of the Greeks.

229. litus innocuum, 'harmless shore', meaning plainly, 'inoffensive', where we shall dwell without troubling anyone. Others take it 'unharmed'; not so good. They are asking only for the humblest gifts, not protection, but a strip of land, and ‘air and water free to all',

231. regno indecores, 'a stain upon your realm'. feretur, 'shall

be told'.

235. 'Whether in troth has any proved it or in war and arms': the two things in which the strong right hand' would be shewn.

236. multi populi multae...gentes, rhetorical repetition, like petiere, voluere adiungere. The statement too is exaggeration. Vergil only mentions Dido as having done so, I. 572: 'vultis et his mecum pariter considere regnis?'

ultro, prop. 'beyond'; hence often used in Vergil to describe acts or feelings unprovoked, uncaused, spontaneous, over and above what circumstances call for. So ultro occurrere, 'to attack', X. 282: ultro compellare, to address first', x. 606. So here: 'scorn us not, that unasked we come with garlands in our hands and words of prayer'.

237 verba precantia, prob. like protinus omnia, vi. 33, to be scanned as an ordinary ending, -ia coalescing into one syllable (synizesis). This is better than supposing it to be cut off before Et, for in VI. 33 the next line begins with a consonant. Georg. 11. 69 (arbutus horrida, Et), III. 449 (vivaque sulfura, Idaeasque), we should probably explain by elision.

240. imperiis...suis, 'by their commands', almost personifying 'fata'. So nearly the same phrase VI. 463.

hinc, see his agris, 207.

241. huc repetit, best taken, as Con., with Apollo: 'recalls us hither, and speeds us with mighty behest, &c.' [Others take it with a different pause: hinc Dardanus ortus huc repetit; iussisque, &c. 'Dardanus, sprung from hence, hither returns (in the person of Aeneas and the Trojans); but the sense is more obscure, and the use of repeto less likely.] The meaning of repeto is slightly stretched.

242. Tyrrhenum Thybrim; he calls it the Tuscan Tiber' appropriately, as Dardanus came from Etruria.

Numici, 150.

·

243. dat, he gives', Aeneas of course: 'He', without a name, is the king.

245. hoc auro, with this gold', majestic phrase for 'cup'.

246. [Priami, the old king of Troy, whose tragic end is told II. 554.]

iura...more daret, 'gave justice as he was wont'; the Homeric idea of the ancient king, sitting in state and hearing complaints and giving awards.

247. tiaras (Greek word), eastern royal cap or tiara.

[249-285. Latinus remains silent, brooding over the fates foretold by Faunus, and sees that Aeneas is the destined son-in-law. He then joyfully accepts the offered alliance, vows his daughter to Aeneas, and sends away the messengers with royal gifts.]

249. defixa, 'cast down'.

250. solo haeret, rooted to the earth'; sitting however, not standing, sede sedens, 193.

252. picta, often used of embroidery, acu pingere.

253. moratur, metaphorically 'broods'. conubio, 96.

255. The acc. and inf. gives the thoughts of Latinus, acc. tò

the common idiom; the oratio obliqua being led up to by volvit sub pectore.

hunc illum, 128.

256. paribus auspiciis in structure of course goes with vocari, 'called with equal auspices into the kingdom'; and as the auspices were the province of the king according to the old Roman idea, the phrase is equivalent to ' enthroned with equal power'.

So paribusque regamus auspiciis, IV. 102.

258. quae occupet, final subj. 'destined to', as 99.

261. nec sperno, understatement [meiosis], meaning 'I accept '.

rege Latino, abl. abs. 'while Latinus reigns'.

262. The splendour and richness of Troy was to be made up to them by the fertility of Latium. Thus the poet's beloved land is set above the greatest empire the sun beheld', 217.

263. (nostri, gen. of nos: if so he longs for me'.)

266. 'part of my league shall be to touch...'; the sense is clear; before finally agreeing to make peace he must see their king.

269. caelo, Vergilian abl. of place, in heaven'.

270. generos, plur. 96.

271. restare, remains', i.e. 'is the destiny of'.

272. hunc illum poscere fata, 'that this is he whom the fates demand', hunc acc. object, illum predicate.

277. alipedes; fanciful use of the adjective 'wing-footed', 'swift', for the subst. 'horses'.

279. A certain feeling of splendour is produced by the repetition aurea, auro, aurum. So Ov. Met. II. 107, " aureus axis erat, temo

aureus, aurea summae curvatura rotae'.

sub dentibus mandunt, variation for abl. instr.

282. patri quos...creavit, 'which wily Circe reared for her father by stealth, bastards from an earthly mare'.

patri, the Sun, whose horses were immortal; and even the halfbreed offspring are 'breathing fire from their nostrils'.

daedala [Greek word daidalos, 'artificer', applied to the inventive Daedalus, VI. 4] 'crafty'.

283. supposita, lit. 'mated' (with one of the divine horses). nothos, acc. plur. of Greek word votos, 'bastard'.

furata, 'by stealth'.

The whole passage is suggested by a similar idea in Iliad v. 265, where Anchises gets horses for Aeneas by pairing mares with horses given by Zeus to Tros.

284. donis dictisque, an extension of the abl. of circumstances, 'at such words and gifts'; it is easy enough with dictis, but a little strained with donis.

Aeneadae, properly patronymic, 'sons of Aeneas', used (regularly in Verg.) in a kind of old-fashioned way for Trojans, 'followers of Aeneas'.

[286-322. Iuno coming from Argos to Carthage sees the Trojans settling in Italy. 'Alas', she cries, accursed race, have they escaped 'all dangers? as though my wrath were sated, or my power gone! All 'has been vain; Mars and Diana can avenge their wrongs, I the wife 'of Jove, am beaten! I will not despair. Hell if not heaven can