399. acies, prop. 'edge' or 'sharpness', often used of ‘eyesight', here of the eye itself.

torvum (adj. neut. as adv. by cognate constr.), fiercely'.

401. piis, 'good', with a notion of duty to gods or kindred. Here it gives the idea of feeling to the outraged mother; and is practically explained in the next line materni iuris cura.

403. orgia (Greek word, connected with epy-), 'rites'.

405. agit undique, 'plies her on all sides',- suggesting the ceaseless urging.

stimulis Bacchi means the fury like that of Bacchus, 385.

[406-434. Allecto then goes to Ardea to Turnus, and in the form of a priestess of Iuno appears to him, and bids him act, lest he be cheated of his bride; let him attack the Trojans.]

407. vertisse, troubled', slight stretch of meaning.

408. fuscis, 'dark', and tristis, 'gloomy', are appropriate to the spirit from the nether world.

410. Acrisioneis colonis, best taken as abl. instr. 'with her Acrisian men'; for the adj. see 372; it seems formed from Acrisio, another form of Acrisius.

411. delata, 'landed'; agreeing of course with Danae.

412. avis, dat. by our forefathers'; a rather Greek use of the dat. (after perf. and aor. passive), the agent being regarded as the person who is affected by the result of the deed (ἐμοὶ πέπρακται τοὔρ You). So VI. 794, regnata per arva Saturno quondam'.

413. fuit, emphatic, 'is past'. So 'fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium', II. 325.

417. obscenam, 'evil'; there is a notion of evil omen about the word.

419. Iunonis anus templique sacerdos, the words go best as they stand, Aged servant of Iuno, and priestess of her temple' [not 'old priestess of Iuno and her temple' as C., which is duller repetition].

421. fusos, 'spilt' lit., i.e. 'spent'. The perf. here, as compared with transcribi, is obviously right; the labour was over.

422. transcribi, a law term, to 'make over'; the use of it is bold, and adds to the contemptuous effect.

423. quaesitas sanguine: from this and 426 we infer that Turnus had helped Latinus against the Tuscans. [Vergil forgets 'longa placidas in pace', 46.]

425. I nunc, go now' ironical, as often.

ingratis, by a natural transference 'thankless'.

The sense is how vain to face danger and attack the Tuscans in order to protect the thankless Latins!

426. tege pace, protect with peace', a terse and forcible way of putting it; he means protect them, by winning peace for them by conquest.

427. haec adeo; adeo as often enclitic on a demonstrative: Ipsos adeo, is adeo, nunc adeo, &c. It picks out the word before it: This it was Saturnian Iuno bade'.

iaceres; the subj. is due to the orat. obliq. The orat. rect. would be 'fare, cum iacet'.

429. armari...para, 'that thy men be armed and march from the gates, make them ready, eager for the war'. Observe three things: the acc. inf. after para by a stretch of constr.; the repetition armari... arma, which must be an oversight; the Vergilian phrase laetus in arma (which the order makes us take together, and not in arma para, as C.).

433. ni...fatetur, unless he consents', vivid present for the more ordinary future: so XII. 568 (evidently an echo of this), 'ni... parere fatentur eruam'.

fateor, used by Vergilian stretch of meaning (and construction), perhaps in imitation of Greek ὁμολογέω.

dicto parere in its usual sense 'to obey orders' is unlikely here; it is too violent; it probably means 'keep his word'.

434. sentiat, jussive, 'let him feel’.

Your days of

[435-444. Turnus replied scornfully, 'Don't conjure up such terrors: I know the news that the Trojans are come. prophecy are over: leave peace and war to men'.]

435. ordior being often used for 'to begin speech', 'to speak'; so orsa (here passive) is used here for words by a stretch.

436. classes invectas, acc. inf. after nuntius; so 'verus mihi nuntius ergo venerat extinctam', VI. 457; quite natural, but a stretch.

invectas undam is again Vergilian; in prose undae or in undam. 440. victa situ verique effeta, very characteristic words; all forcible, and a little unusual in sense and structure. 'Weakened by decay and powerless to divine' is the meaning.

situs is the mouldering decay (lit. or metaph.) that comes from being left alone (sino), or lapse of time [cf. loca senta situ, of the 'mouldering house of Hades', VI. 462].

effetus, prop.

'exhausted by bearing', so quite fit for the prophetess whose fruit is her utterances.

veri, gen. either like Greek (respect), or following the construction of words meaning empty.

444. quis, old dat. plural of qui.

[445-474. He stops suddenly, for the Fury appears in her true form, enraged and fearful, and maddens him with a torch. He wakes in a warlike fury and rouses the men to war.]

446. oranti, 'speaking'; old sense, regularly seen in orator, oratio. 448. tanta se facies aperit, so huge a shape unfolds itself': the Fury becomes her own fearful self again.

450. erexit crinibus, 'lifted from her hair', which was all snakes. 451. verberaque insonuit, and loudly lashed' her whip, not the snakes, which would not suit erexit. The 'lifting two snakes' is only a horror to the sight.

456. iuveni, see 346.

458. olli, antiquated form of illi.

459. proruptus, participle passive, corresponding to prorumpor, 'to burst forth', which is found. Cic. (Rosc. Am. 24) has 'prorupta audacia'.

460, Notice emphatic position of arma. (toro tectisque, Verg. abl. place.)

462. For the simile see Preface; but observe the stately diction;

sonore (unusual word); aeni for 'cauldron'; aestu, aquai, exuberat amnis.

464. aquai, archaic form of gen. in -ae, common in Lucret. So VI. 747, aurai simplicis ignem.

467. iter indicit...polluta pace, the peace broken, he bids them go'. This may mean 'break the peace and go', or 'go because the peace is broken'. The first is the most natural from the order of the words: moreover Latinus had not broken the peace.

470. Orat. obliq. quite natural after the obliq. petit. iubet parari, 255, 390. The sense is plain, though the words are a little unusual: 'his force sufficed for'. [Notice que elided before Haec in 471.]

471. in vota, 'to hear his vows', more elaborate than votis.

473 sqq. 'One is stirred by his noble beauty and his youth, one by his royal blood, one by the glorious deeds of his hand'. The true heroic temper, where the king really leads and inspires his men.

[475-539. Allecto then makes Iulus' dogs hunt the pet stag of the children of Tyrrheus, the king's forester. Iulus himself shoots it, and it flies wounded home. The rustics gather in rage (Allecto rousing them) with hasty arms; Allecto calls them from the stable-top, and her voice echoes to the Nar. The contest begins, Almo and Galaesus are slain.]

476. Stygiis, 'infernal', from Styx (σrúg, 'hate'), a river of the lower world, comp. Cocytia.

477. arte nova, with new device': she has already cheated Amata and Turnus, and now she tries a third wile.

locum, quo litore, 'spying the place, where on the shore', &c., a variation after his manner for 'locum in litore, ubi'. [Others put full stop at alis, 476, and comma at Iulus, 478, but Con. seems right in saying that hic is against this.]

479. Cocytia, from Cocytus (KWKUTÓS, 'Wail'), another infernal river.

481. agerent, historic sequence after historic present.

482. bello might be either dat. or abl., the usage being a little strained in either case: 'for the war' (dat.) makes the best sense perhaps.

484. Tyrrhidae: the long i is irregular if the name is not Tyrrheus, but, as Mss. give it, Tyrrhus; it seems better therefore to read Tyrrheus. 485. nutribant, old form of impf. of 4th conj. Vergil often uses it: e. g. lenibat, VI. 468; redimibat, x. 538. The older form survived universally in co and queo.

487. adsuetum imperiis, ' tame to her rule'.

soror, 'their sister'. The whole picture is pretty.

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489. ferum of course for the sake of the antithesis to pectebat, 'trimmed the wild thing' (ferus as well as fera in poets: Traxerat aversos Cacus in antra feros', Ov. F. I. 550).

492. ipse, emphatic, 'alone'.

sera quamvis nocte, how late so e’er', quamvis in original sense, with sera.

494. commovere, 'started'.

495. ripaque...levaret, and lightened with the grassy bank the sultry noon'. Sense quite clear, in Vergilian and unusual expression.

The que troubles some of the comm.; but what difficulty is there in the expression as he swam down the stream and rested on the bank'; i.e. ' as he was doing now one and now the other'?

497. Ascanius, the other name of Iulus.

498. erranti gives the result of the verb (proleptic): 'Nor did the god leave his hand to falter'. So quadrifidam, 509.

503. palmis percussa lacertos, striking her arms with her hands', a natural gesture of horror, the hands crossing violently and striking the arms near the shoulder.

For construction see 74.

505. pestis aspera, 'the fell monster', the Fury, of course. enim explains improvisi.

507. 'The knobs of a heavy teeming bough', a characteristic artificial phrase for a knotty bludgeon'.

quod cuique, &c., 'what each man groping found, wrath made a weapon'. The notion of rimanti is 'putting out the hand in a blind hurry and feeling about'.

cuique, see 412 for agent dative. 509. quadrifidam scindebat,

adj., 498).

was splitting into four' (proleptic.

510. rapta spirans immane securi describes what he did when he heard the news, and so the order is a little unusual.

514. intendit of effort, 'put forth amain'.

516. Triviae lacus, 'the mere of Diana', the lovely little lake of Nemi in the Alban hills, so called probably from the nemus Dianae which grew round it. Here was the famous temple of Diana, served by the priest who slew the slayer and shall himself be slain', the story being that a runaway slave broke a bough in the sacred tree and challenged the priest to combat, and the survivor held the office, to be challenged in his turn by another slave.

Trivia was properly Hecate, a mysterious goddess worshipped in little chapels where three ways met; but was commonly identified with Diana.

517. sulfurea Nar albus aqua. Nar, an Umbrian river, meets the Tiber 40 miles north of Rome; the whiteness is due to sulphate of lime and carbonate of lime which precipitate when the carbonic acid and sulphuretted hydrogen escape.

fontes Velini, the Veline lake in the Umbrian hills beyond Reate. Notice the stately march of these lines.

524. praeustis, diphthong short, before vowel, as regularly.

526. horrescit strictis seges ensibus, lit. 'the black harvest bristles with drawn swords'; a variation in Vergil's manner for the more obvious 'harvest of swords'. So XII. 522, virgulta sonantia lauro.

527. lacessita, a strange but effective word for 'smitten'. lucem...iactant, light up the clouds'.

530. ad aethera,' to heaven', a common and natural exaggeration. 532. fuerat, plupf. because he was no more.

533. volnus, by a stretch for the deadly shaft'.

udae vocis iter, transferred epithet, for the wet passage of his voice', 9. [Others take udar, 'flexible', a scarcely likely meaning.]

AEN. VII.

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534. tenuemque...vitam, and imprisoned with blood the airy life', a striking Vergilian phrase for 'choked the breath with blood'. 536. paci medium se offert, thrusts himself betwixt to plead for peace', another strained but effective phrase.

538. quinque...quina, the distributive apparently for variety; like (v. 560) 'tres equitum turmae ternique ductores'.

balantum, descriptive word for name, like sonipes, quadrupes, volantes, &c.

[540-571. The Fury having inflamed the fight reports to Juno her success, and offers to do more. The goddess somewhat scornfully dismisses her, and she disappears down a chasm in the vale of Ampsanctus.]

540. aequo Marte, 'with doubtful issue" (L), a common phrase; Mars (god of war) being often used even in prose in such ways: Marte dubio, Marte ancipiti, Marte aequo.

541. potens, common with gen. in the sense of 'master of' (consilii, lyrae, silvarum, irae, &c.), so here with a slight variation, having fulfilled'.

542. imbuit, properly steeped' with blood, which would do here; but the word has so often a secondary sense of giving the first touch or taste', that it is especially suitable here to the beginning of the contest. Thus phialam nectare imbuere, Mart. 8. 51. 17; terras vomere imbuere, Ov. Tr. 3. 11. 52; opus imbuere, ́Ov. A. A. 1. 654 ; and constantly of training the young.

primae commisit funera pugnae, 'joined the first deadly fight', an effective variation of the ordinary pugnam committere.

544. victrix, triumphant'.

546. dic...coeant, the oblique jussive, 'bid them join'. The command is ironical: though you were to bid them, they would not'. It is better (with Con. Wag. Ken., &c.) to put the stop at iungant, or else the ironical force is lost, if the reason be given.

548. mihi certa, 'assured to me'.

552. abunde est, used with gen. like satis, nimis.

553. stant, 'stand fast', i.e. are now assured; which was all she wanted.

554. prima, 'first gave', adverbial as often.

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557. licentius, too freely', comparative used absolutely, as often. 558. ille, 110; velit potential, see scheme of subjunctive.

559. si qua super fortuna laborum est, 'whatever fate of trouble remains', the language a little unusual and emphatic, after his manner. (super adverbial as in superest, to which this super...est is equivalent.) 563. Italiae medio, 59.

565. Ampsancti, a little mephitic tarn in the Campanian hills, some 20 miles east of Vesuvius. The place around it is described as barren and rocky, with a stream dashing in at the side.

568. saevi spiracula Ditis, vent of horrid Dis', saevus referring to the stench of the nether world that comes up, cf. 84. Dis ('The Wealthy') identified with Greek Pluton, or god of lower world, 327. 569. rupto Acheronte, where Acheron bursts forth'.

570. condita Erinys invisum numen. It is rather tempting to