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take this hiding her accursed power' the passive_constr. of acc. as in 74; but perhaps the order is rather against it. In that case invisum numen is apposition, and must be stopped off, as in the text. [Erinys, Greek name for the Fury.]

571. levabat, 'lightened' by her disappearance.

[572-600. Shepherds, and Turnus, and the kinsmen of the frenzied matrons demand war. Latinus resists long, like a rock the sea; but finding all vain he shuts himself up in his palace and abandons the control of government.]

572. extremam inponit manum, 'set the last touch', a phrase. So Cic. Brut. 33, manus extrema non accessit operibus'; 'aptius e summa conspiciare manu', Ov. A. A. 3. 225.

575. faedati ora Galaesi, a variation in Vergil's manner for 'faedata ora', 'the disfigured face of Galaesus'.

577. crimine caedis et igni, strained and emphatic phrases as usual, 'the outcry at the bloodshed and fiery rage', for igni seems metaphorical. [The other reading ignis is worse sound, worse sense, and of less authority.] Gossrau quotes II. 575, exarsere ignes animo. 578. The acc. with inf. of course gives Turnus' complaint.

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580. nemora avia, acc. of extent, over the pathless forests'. 581. thiasis, a Greek word, 'their dancing troops'.

leve, of light account'. He means that the frenzy of Amata had not only stirred the other matrons to frenzy, but roused their kindred as well. 582. Martemque fatigant, importune war', a characteristic and terse phrase, when he means 'importune Latinus for war'.

584. contra fata (and omina) refers to 46-106 above.

perverso numine, 'with will malign', either of the peasants' obstinacy, or better of Iuno, who was planning it all. This seems the best way of taking it. To construe it thwarting the god' (as Forb. W. Ken.) or 'the god adverse' (as G.) is to give a less natural meaning to perversus. 589. The repetition had made the line suspected: but there is a rhetorical effectiveness in it, which quite justifies it.

588. latrantibus, ‘blustering': there is a suggestion of impotence in the word.

589. sese mole tenet, stands firm by his mass'.

590. Notice the graphic last touch of the poet describing the baffled wave: 'and dashed against the crag the weed swirls back'. W. objects to this as needless: but he can't have seen the thing. 591. caecum consilium, 'their blind purpose'.

593. aurasque inanes, and the void air', a natural epithet of air, but suggesting also the vain prayer.

594. The metaphor is from a wrecked and storm-driven ship.

595. has poenas, 'the penalty of this' (the pronoun is often so used in Latin: ea signa, hoc gaudio, is terror, &c.).

596. nefas, 'horror', naturally of the guilt, by a Vergilian stretch of the suffering.

597. seris, 'too late', the position of the word being impressive and pathetic.

598. nam mihi parta quies, 'For my rest is won', the nam being elliptical, as it is often (and effectively) in Latin, and èwel also in Greek:

'you will suffer, not I, for'... So XI. 91, 'hastam alii galeamque ferunt, nam cetera Turnus victor habet', i.e. [non cetera] nam, &c.

omnisque in limine portus, and all my harbour is at hand'. A somewhat strange and startling phrase: but it is more natural and effective, so taken, than (as Con. and others) 'I am altogether on the threshold of my harbour', which is in itself clumsy, an unnatural order, and does not avoid (as C. seems to think) the confusion of metaphors. 599. funere felici spolior, I only lose a happy burial', i.e. in royal

state.

600. rerum habenas, 'the reins of royalty'.

[601-640. Iuno opens the gates of war: the whole land is stirred with martial ardour: five great cities prepare weapons: the signal is given and the hosts muster.]

601. Hesperio, 4.

protinus, thenceforth'.

602. urbes Albanae, 'the Alban cities', the early community on the Alban hills, which according to tradition was the forerunner of the Roman state. Vergil makes it the intermediate period between the period of Aeneas and the historical Rome.

maxima rerum, 'queen of the world': a phrase of majestic simplicity.

603. prima, adv. as so often.

movent in proelia Martem, stir the god of war to battle', a phrase strong and elaborate, much in Vergil's manner.

604. Getis: the Getae were a tribe on the Danube, later called Daci, occupying the modern Roumania and part of Hungary. They were often troublesome, and about 25 B. C. Lentulus was sent to check them.

manu, it is almost a mannerism of Vergil to add this word with any action, especially hostile; 'with force'. Cf. 127.

605. Hyrcanis, wild tribes to the south of the Caspian. Vergil's object is to suggest the greatness of Roman rule stretching to the far

east.

Arabis [other form for ordinary Arabes] may refer to an expedition under Aelius, 24 B.C., against Arabia Felix.

606. auroramque sequi, 'track out the dawn', i. e. press on to the furthest east, only forcibly put.

Parthosque reposcere signa. In June, B. C. 53, Licinius Crassus was defeated by the Parthians near Carrhae in Mesopotamia: he and his son were both killed, the army utterly crushed and the standards of the legions taken. This rankled in the minds of the Romans: and they were therefore much pleased when Augustus in B. C. 20 by a mixture of diplomacy and threats recovered the standards. This however was only in prospect when Vergil wrote, unless this line was put in afterwards; for the poet died in 19.

607. sunt geminae Belli portae...this passage is a magnificent and imaginative rendering of the Roman custom of opening the Janus (cf. 180) in war-time and closing it in peace. The original notion was no doubt the simple one of throwing open the doors in a solemn way that the army might march out.

The idea here is elaborated. 'War' is confined in the two-gated passage by bolts and bars, which the consul solemnly draws when they have resolved on fighting.

608. formidine Martis, 'awe of', i. e. inspired by, ‘Mars'.

609. aerei, dissyll., ei making one by synizesis.

aeternaque ferri robora, 'the everlasting might of iron', a stately phrase.

611. sedet, 368.

612. trabea, 187.

cinctuque Gabino, 'the Gabine girdle', was the technical name of a special way of folding the toga, with one lap folded tight round the waist, so as to leave the arm free.

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613. stridentia limina, the sounding portal', suggesting massive and rusty bolts. Observe irregularity of a second acc. after reserat, which already has the acc. has. It is not an apposition (G.), for that would compel a slight pause, which would spoil the swing of the line. 616. et tum, then too'; after describing the general custom, he returns to the narrative, as in 92.

617. iubebatur. This word suggests the consent to the declaration of war which at Rome was required from the assembly of the people. Vergil, in his fondness for tracing back old institutions to heroic times, forgets to maintain the idea of Latinus as a primitive and absolute monarch. So he imagines a senate (174).

618. aversusque..., 'fled away from the hateful office'.

622. The daughter of Saturn burst open the iron-bound gates of war', a grand line closely imitated from Ennius' Belli ferratos postes portasque refregit. The spondaic rhythm suggests the weight and resistance overcome.

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623. inexcita atque immobilis, sluggish and loth to stir'.

625. pulverulentus furit, tear through clouds of dust', adj. describing the result. Observe the bold construction, pars arduus altis equis. The masc. plur. with pars would be easy, as V. 108 pars et certare parati: the masc. sing. is an unusual stretch of construction. But it is made easier by pedes: as though arduus altis equis was a variation for the expected word, eques.

627. arvina, 'fat', chosen as unusual word, to dignify the description. So subigunt, 'tame', meaning 'whet'.

629. quinque adeo, 'just five', 'even five': adeo often used with demonstratives (haec adeo, VII. 427, iamque adeo, XI. 487, so nunc, sic, ille, &c.) and with numbers (tres adeo soles, III. 203) in a kind of enclitic way, picking out the word it follows, see note 427.

630. Atina, seventy miles S.E. of Rome, on the borders of Volscians and Samnites.

Tibur, (Tivoli) see 83. superbum, from its strong position.

631. Ardea, twenty miles due S. of Rome; it was Turnus' city, see 372.

Crustumeri, about fifteen miles from Rome on left bank of Tiber. (The usual form of the name of the town is Crustumerium, and the people Crustumini: the word in the text may be either.)

turrigerae Antemnae (observe hiatus and spondaic rhythm) at junction of Anio and Tiber.

632. teg. tut. cav. cap. Observe alliteration, suggesting the sound of forging. (tuta by easy transference from the head to the helmet.)

flectuntque, &c., 'bend the bosses', 'willow plait', unusual and emphatic phrase in Vergil's manner for 'weave the wicker-shield', which had umbo or boss in the centre.

634. Observe the rare and effective rhythm lento ducunt argento, to suggest the sustained effort of flattening the plates of silver.

ducunt, 'draw out', by hammering, so 'beat'.

635. huc cessit, lit. 'has passed hither', i. e. 'has given place to this'.

639. auro trilicem loricam, triple mail of gold': the acc. after pass. verb being an easy instance of the construction explained 74. [641-654. Muses, aid me to tell the list of leaders and heroes and arms. First came the Tuscan Mezentius, and Lausus, his son, worthy of a better sire.]

641. Pandite nunc Helicona deae, 'Fling wide now the gates of Helicon, ye Muses', as though it were a closed sanctuary where the records he wished to relate were kept.

Helicona (Gr. acc.), a range of mountains in Boeotia running down to the Corinthian gulf. It was sacred to Apollo and the Muses, and contained the fountains of Aganippe and Hippocrene.

The formal invocation, like the catalogue to which it is the prelude, is imitated from Homer, who (Iliad, II. 484) gives the list of the Greek ships before Troy, and prefaces it by a special address to the Muses.

642. bello, either by war' or 'for war': the latter rather more

natural.

643. iam tum, 'even then'.

644. arserit, burned', i.e. for battle': elaborated, instead of saying simply, 'what arms she bore'.

648. Mezentius, 43.

650. The natural stopping is a full stop at Turni: some prefer to put it at ferarum.

652. Agyllina ex urbe. Caere was called Agylla originally: and it was here acc. to the tradition that the Lydian settlers of Etruria first

came.

nequiquam, because they could not help him, or save him from

death.

653. patriis qui laetior esset imperiis, a rather intricate phrase, lit. 'worthy to be happier in his father's commands', i.e. 'worthy of a better father to obey'.

654. This line, if it be read right, must be one of Vergil's 'tibicines' or 'props', put in to fill up the passage till he should revise and complete it. The repetition of esset is intolerable, as well as the flat paraphrase which the second clause is of the first one. [See Introd. p. 15.] [655-669. Aventinus next, son of Hercules and Rhea, who led

his troop, clad in a lion's skin.]

655. palma, 'the palm', the sign of victory in a race.

656. pulchro, glorious:' the heroic conception of beauty, kaλós τε μέγας τε.

658. centum angues, more elaborately explained to be, 'hydra girt with snakes', a good example of Vergil's more artificial mode of expression.

659. This tradition of Aventinus is unknown except here: it looks like Vergil's invention, though there may have been a tale to that effect. The 'priestess Rhea' is a detail borrowed from the story of Romulus, whose mother was Rhea Silvia.

660. furtivum partu, 'stealthy in birth', variation for the obvious furtivo.

sub luminis oras, up to the shores of light', a beautiful and imaginative expression which occurred in Ennius, and which Lucretius repeats several times. The child came from the realm of dark to the realm of light (life).

662. Geryone, &c. The story was that Hercules slew the Spanish king Geryon, and brought his oxen into Italy, where they were stolen by the monster Cacus, who lived in a cave on the Aventine. See VIII. 184-275.

Tirynthius, according to one story H. was born at Tiryns in Arcadia. 663. The Tuscan stream' is the Tiber of course: Hiberas 'Spanish'.

664. gerunt, who? Vergil apparently means 'the troops of Aventinus': but he does not say so, and the omission is distinctly harsh.

665. 'with slender sword and Samnite javelin'. The veru was properly 'a spit', and was the smaller javelin (originally Samnite or Sabellian) used by Roman light infantry: the men are supposed to come from the hills, and have the 'Sabellian' arms.

666. torquens, 'swinging'.

668. indutus capiti,having it cast upon his head', the same use of the passive as is explained 74, though the acc. is not exactly expressed here. So in the next line humeros innexus amictu, his shoulders enfolded in the garb', which in prose would be humeris innexis, as the other would be induto capite.

669. amictu, the lion's skin was the regular dress of Hercules.

[670-705. Catillus and Coras, from Tibur; Caeculus, son of Vulcan, founder of Praeneste; Messapus, son of Neptune, whose troop came singing like swans, the noise of their advance like a flock of birds.]

670. Tiburtia. Tibur was founded (acc. the story) by Tiburtus, Catillus, and Coras, the sons of Catillus, the son of Amphiaraus, king of Argos.

So Horace speaks of Tiburni lucus (for Tiburti, Od. 1. 7. 13), maenia Catili (for Catilli, I. 18. 2) and Tibur Argeo positum colono (II. 6. 5).

671. gentem in a loose apposition with maenia.

674. nubigenae. The Centaurs (305) were the offspring of Ixion and a cloud in the shape of Iuno. So VIII. 293.

675. Homole and Othrys, mountains in Thessaly.

678. Praenestinae. Praeneste, one of the oldest and most famous

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