70. sustinet, lifts up', but the word is really pregnant, meaning 'takes up and holds up'.

71. genus amnibus unde est, 'whence the rivers spring', the nymphs presiding specially over the sources.

Notice the feeling of the repetition ‘Nymphae, Laurentes nymphae’; all the land of Italy is sacred and dear to the poet.

74. quo...tenet, rather elaborate phrase, the meaning being simply wherever springs thy pool'.

77. Corniger: river-gods were often represented with bulls' horns or heads (tauriformis volvitur Aufidus, Horace, Od. IV. 14. 25: auratus taurino cornua voltu Eridanus, Georg. IV. 371); probably as a primitive sign of strength.

Hesperis [fem. adj.], from the old Greek name for Italy ('Eσrepla), 'the evening' or 'western land'.

78. propius tua numina firmes, 'seal thy promise with present might', the presence of a god being equivalent to his power and aid. So praesens is often used: e. g. 'si quid praesentius audes', XII. 152.

[81-101. Aeneas finds the white sow, and sacrifices it to Iuno. Tiber stays his eddies and they float gently rowing up the stream; and land at the city of Euander, the future Rome.]

81. oculis mirabile, a variation for the ordinary visu mirabile. 83. 'lay prostrate, plain to view on the green bank'.

84. tibi enim: enim here does not (as usually) give the reason, 'for': it is used in an older sense, as a kind of demonstrative particle or enclitic, bringing the word before it into stronger relief. Compare: X. 874, Aeneas adgnovit enim, 'Aen. then indeed knew him'. So VI. 317, and Plaut. Cas. 2. 4. 2, Te uxor aiebat tua me vocare. Ego enim vocari iussi. 'Your wife said you called me. I did indeed order you to be called'. So the Greeks use dn, and the Germans ja, eben, gerade. 85. sacra ferens, 'in sacrifice'.

86. ea...quam longa est nocte, 'all that night long', the phrase being a poetical and pretty variation for totam eam noctem. The present est may be compared to the pres. after dum. So without verb 'hiemem, quam longa, fovere', IV. 193.

87. refluens substitit, 'back-flowing...stopped', is of course inaccurate and inconsistent if it is pressed: but there is no difficulty in such a phrase in poetry.

88-89. The ut here after ita is naturally consecutive: 'so that like a gentle pool or quiet mere he smoothed his watery floor': the second ut might be parallel with the first (repeated, instead of saying 'and'): but more naturally it is final: 'that the oars might move without effort'.

89. aquis, instrum. abl., the phrase being strained in Vergil's manner: 'to smooth the surface with water' for 'to smooth the watery surface'.

90. rumore secundo, 'with cheerful strain', referring to the rower's chant. The other interpretation (followed by G.) of the sound of the water is highly unlikely. C. quotes aptly of the cranes, X. 266, 'fugiunt clamore secundo '.

91. uncta, 'tarred'.

92. miratur repeated instead of second et, as often in Vergil: (VII. 327) odit et ipse pater Pluton, odere sorores': (x. 313) ‘perque aerea suta, per tunicam': Ovid (Fast. VI. 224) 'utilis et nuptis, utilis esse viris'. 93. scuta clearly hung along the sides of the ship.

The rather unusually imaginative touch of 'the waves and unaccustomed wood marvelling at the ships' helps to heighten the effect: he is describing a critical moment in the story, when the heroes first approach Rome.

94. olli, archaic form, for illi. Vergil is fond of old forms.

96. viridesque secant placido aequore silvas, and cleave the green forest o'er the quiet stream', i.e. as they sail o'er'. placido aequore is local abl. with no prep. as often in Vergil.

[Serv.'s suggestion, which C. is inclined to follow, that silvas means the reflected woods, is surely far-fetched.]

100. tum res inopes Euandrus habebat, 'then E. ruled it, a humble realm', res inopes being in apposition to quae.

[102-125. Euander was sacrificing to Hercules, with Pallas his son, and the people. The ships approach, and Pallas asks them who they are. Aeneas, holding out an olive-branch, replies 'We are Trojans, foes of your foes, who seek your aid'. Pallas invites them to his father's palace.]

103. Amphitryoniadae, Hercules, so called since he was the son of Alcmena, wife of Amphitryon: though his real father was Zeus or Iuppiter. Vergil is probably thinking of the Great Altar of Hercules_near the Aventine hill, which would be 'ante urbem in luco', since Euander's little fortress was on the Palatine. The worship of Hercules was most ancient, most sacred, and most typically Roman: and Livy (1. 7) tells us that 'Romulus established the worship of Hercules according to the Greek ceremonial, as it had been instituted by Euander'.

105. pauper, because primitive.

108. To say that 'the ships were leaning on the silent oars' is quite natural in Vergil, and the sense is obvious. incumbere describes the attitude of the rowers. The oars are silent, because it is clearly the aim of the poet to describe the approach as easy, stately, majestic. [Others less probably tacitos.]

IIO.

rumpere sacra, 'to break off the rite'.

I12. iuvenes, 5.

113. ignotas, because they are plainly foreigners.

114. qui genus, lit. 'who in race?' genus being acc. respect. unde domo, lit. 'from whence from home', i. e. 'from what home?' 116. The olive bough is a well known ancient sign of peace and propitiation.

118. It was rather an exaggeration to say that the 'Latins had driven them to exile with violent war', though they had broken their bond with them.

119. haec, 'these words'.

123. penatibus, the 'gods of the home', used as often for the 'home' itself.

124. excepitque manu, 'welcomed with his hand', i.e. held out his hand the grasping is told in the next clause.

manu in Vergil is very frequent, perhaps owing to the greater tendency to gesture among the southern races. See 116.

[126-174. Aeneas pleads that he and Euander are both descended from a common ancestor Atlas, and must make common cause against a common enemy. Euander replies that he remembers Anchises once coming in the train of Priam, and that Aeneas recalls the great hero to his mind. He consents to make alliance and invites them to the banquet.]

127. Graiugenum [old gen. for -arum], a form like Troiugenas, 117, means simply 'of Grecian stock', Graii being one of the old names of the Greeks.

128. comptos, adorned', 'wreathed'; como (co- im-), prop. 'to put together', so to 'arrange', 'trim', 'deck'.

129. Danaum [-um for -orum, 127], Homeric name for Greeks.

130. ab stirpe, by blood' (lit. 'from thy stock'): he was only allied with the sons of Atreus' (Menelaus and Agamemnon) by blood through Zeus, seeing that Euander was son of Hermes or Mercurius, 138, the Atridae descended from Tantalus.

fores, subj. because of the orat. obliq. virtually introduced by extimui.

132. terris, prob. local abl. 'over the earth'.

133. have bound me to thee, the willing tool of fate'.

135. ut Graii perhibent, perhaps a graceful compliment to Euander. His relationship rests on the tradition of Euander's own people.

cretus. Notice passive part. 'sprung', though cresco is always intr. So IV. 191, IX. 672.

Electra, daughter of Atlas (the Titan who for warring against Zeus had to bear heaven on his head or shoulders, afterwards identified with the mountain in Africa), was mother of Dardanus by Zeus or Iuppiter. 138. candida, 'fair'.

139. fudit, 'bare': unusual word in Vergil's manner. Cyllene, Arcadian mountain.

140. auditis si quicquam credimus, if at all we trust report', his belief put modestly. si quicquam, 'if anything', stronger than the ordinary si quid.

essay,

143. his fretus...pepigi, 'relying on this, no embassies did I nor skilful overtures' is what he means: but he uses the word pepigi (properly I agreed', 'fixed') in a strained sense even with temptamenta, and in a very harshly strained sense with legatos. The zeugma is extraordinary, and is only possible by the arrangement which puts pepigi last.

146. Daunia, from Daunus, father of Turnus (XII. 22), so 'Rutulian'.

147. nihil afore quin, they cannot fail of'.

149. The Adriatic and Tuscan seas were often called 'Upper' and Under'.

151. rebus spectata, 'tried by troubles', the war and the wanderings. 155. adgnosco, in its natural sense 'I recognise', as Aeneas, whom once I saw and whom now I know again.

157. Hesione was daughter of Laomedon (see 18), wife of Telamon,

king of Salamis. Such memories of visits and hospitality are quite in the epic style, though far more natural in Homer.

158. [Observe Greek patronymic Laomedontiaden, and Greek acc. Salamina.]

159. invisere, pres. inf. is the regular constr. in Latin after memini, when the thing done is within the person's own knowledge. protinus (lit. 'continued on', adv.), so went on to visit'.

gelidos, because mountainous.

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160. vestibat, the old form of impf. of io verbs, much affected by Vergil. This form is universal in ibam, quibam.

(iuventas, nom. sing. rarer form, found in Hor. and Lucr.)

165. Phenei, city in Arcadia, presumably one of Euander's strongholds.

166. Lycias. The Lycians being noted warriors and bowmen, bows, arrows, quivers, &c., are often called 'Lycian'.

167. intertextam, 'broidered with thread of gold'. Some MSS. give intertexto, a harsher but quite possible reading, which Con. adopts. 168. Observe the rather unusual position of aurea.

169. iuncta est mihi foedere, 'I have clasped in close bond', the dat. being the dat. of agent after pass. part., not unfrequently used in imitation of Greek. So vI. 509, nihil o tibi amice relictum'.

173. faventes, 'with kindly hearts'.

174. iam nunc, lit. already now', i. e. 'begin forthwith'. [175-279. They sit down and are feasted.

Then Euander explains the origin of the Hercules worship; and how the monster Cacus stole Hercules' oxen and was slain by him in revenge.]

177. 'Chief in honour he receives Aeneas on a raised seat and shaggy lion's hide, and welcomes him to (lit. 'with', ablat. instr.) a maple throne'.

Observe the abl. after accipit, perhaps (like humero portare, urbe excipere, &c.), both place and instr.

Observe also the rather more strained use of the same abl. with invito.

180. viscera, 'flesh'.

onerant canistris dona, varied constr. in Vergil's manner: cf. ' And fill it in a silver tassie'.

181. laboratae, 'prepared with toil', whether the toil of the husbandman or of the baker or both.

[Ceres, goddess of corn, used often for the corn itself; like Bacchus for wine.]

183. perpetui tergo bovis, 'unbroken chine of beef', rather unusual use of perpetuus with bos.

184. A characteristic difference may be noticed between this rather artificial line and the Homeric αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ πόσιος καὶ ἐδήτυος ἐξ ἔρον VTO, from which it is imitated. Vergil has rather unusual words amor, compressus: and he gives 'hunger' twice over, omitting 'thirst'.

189. facimus, 'we keep the rites', sollemnia, dapes being easily understood from the preceding. This is better than to take facimus with honores, which would weaken meritos.

190. saxis suspensam rupem, 'crag hung by rocks', lit. i.e. 'rocky overhanging cliff'.

191. ut, 'how': the verb is not subj., for the sentence is loosely attached, and is practically a direct exclamation.

The elaborate words make it hard to translate: 'boulders in wild confusion, a ruined mountain dwelling, a huge pile of fallen rocks'. 194. quam...tenebat, 'where dwelt'.

semihominis, four syllables-iho coalescing (synizesis). Compare semiesa, 297.

197. Men's heads hung pale with ghastly decay': with Vergil's usual relentless power in describing horrors.

198. illius, Volcanus': naturally, as he was the god of fire.

199. magna se mole ferebat, he bare his proud bulk along, se ferre having a notion of display, ostentation, pride.

200. et nobis he says, because he is speaking to the divinely led and protected Trojans.

aliquando, 'at length'.

202. Geryones [Geryon, vII. 662], the three-bodied monster (forma tricorporis umbrae, VI. 289) who was king in Spain, whom Hercules defeated, and drove off his cattle.

203. Alcides, common poetic name for Hercules, since Alcaeus was the father of Amphitryon, the husband of Hercules' mother Alcmene.

204. vallemque amnemque, 'river-side and valley', the low ground between the Palatine and Tiber, afterwards called 'forum Boarium'.

206. Observe the rare but perfectly idiomatic fuisset after ne : he looks forward to the completion of the purpose.

209. 'that there might be no forward pointing tracks'. pedibus rectis is abl. of description (like those in last two lines), and literally means tracks with forward-turned feet'.

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210. versis viarum indiciis,' with backward trail', rather elaborate phrase.

212. quaerenti, 'to one who sought', ferebant being intrans. 'led', the construction being characteristically made slightly more complex.

216. colles clamore relinqui. All the best authorities take this 'the hills were left (by the cattle) with shouting', i. e. they leave the hills lowing'. [But the expression is both harsh (as being passive) and flat, being a mere repetition of discessu mugire. The order of the lines naturally suggests the three ideas to be the cattle low as they depart: the wood is filled: the hills re-echo', as in the similarly sounding passage 'consonat omne nemus, vocemque inclusa volutant litora: pulsati colles clamore resultant', v. 150; so again 305 below. Might it possibly be: And the hills are left behind with the sound', i. e. 'the echo lingered in the hills', the notion being that the hills were late in sounding?]

218. custodita points the contrast 'foiled his hope, though closely guarded'.

219. atro felle, 'with black gall', the passions being connected with the humours of the body in all ancient writers.