The American Cotton Industry: A Study of Work and WorkersC. Scribner's sons, 1903 - 150 ページ |
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75 cents American cotton Augusta automatic looms average bales Barnesville beam bobbins Carolina cent per hank cents a day cents per 100 cents per cut cents per pound cloth coal coloured Cooleemee cotton industry cotton mills dobby looms drawing-in drills and sheetings driven earn eight looms employed ends England English Fall River Fall River mill four looms girls Harriman looms horse-power inches wide Ironworks jacquard looms King Mill labour cost Lancashire Lowell machine machinery maize manager Manchester manufacturers Massachusetts Merrimack mule nearly negro night North Northrop looms ordinary looms paid picks a minute piece rate print-cloth printers printing printworks production ring frames ring weft roving shuttle Sibley Mill side South South Carolina Southern mills speed spindles spinners spinning frames spun superintendent tacklers tion told twelve twist wages warp stop-motion warpers weavers run weaving price weekly workpeople woven yards yarn
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13 ページ - American cloth must not only be made of better cotton, but must contain more of it — perhaps 5 per cent. more. To this rule of inferiority there are, it is needless to say, exceptions — notably some of the American drills made for the China market. But the American home market, which absorbs nearly the whole of the product of American looms, is less exacting in these matters than the markets in which Lancashire cloths are sold.
138 ページ - ... our only chance of national prosperity lies in the timely remodelling of our system, so as to put it as nearly as possible upon an equality with the improved management of the Americans.
114 ページ - I was prepared to find child-labor, for wherever easily manipulated machinery takes the place of human muscles the child is inevitably drawn into the labor market, unless there are laws to protect it.« But one could hardly be prepared to find in America today white children, six and seven years of age, working for twelve hours a day — aroused before daybreak and toiling till long after sundown in winter, with only half an hour for rest and refreshment.
xii ページ - Mr. Young found that the cost of bringing raw cotton to the mills of New England was practically the same as that of conveying it to the Lancashire spinner. In the South, no doubt, some advantage is gained by the saving of carriage, yet even there the advantage is not considerable.
4 ページ - The mule-spinners,' said one mill superintendent to me, 'are a tough crowd to deal with. A few years ago they were giving trouble at this mill, so one Saturday afternoon, after they had gone home, we started right in and smashed up a room-full of mules with sledge-hammers. When the men came back on Monday morning, they were astonished to find that there was no work for them. That room is now full of ring frames run by girls.
xv ページ - ... was so excellent a product of industry that it held its own in the United States, in spite of a protective duty. But the Americans are not competitors to despise. They saw that, in order to enable American-made buttons to compete with Birmingham-made buttons in the American market, it was necessary to reduce the cost of production, and at the same time to produce a good article. The mode in which this requisite has been secured in other branches of manufacture is by the introduction of steam...
112 ページ - visitors to America are seldom heard to complain, like the Queen of Sheba, that the half has not been told them.
139 ページ - ... and the American's greater enterprise ' partly ' explain these things because I think that the whole explanation is as much economic as psychological. As M. Levasseur has said, ' The inventive genius of the American has certainly been stimulated by the rate of wages. The higher the price of labour, the greater will be the effort of the entrepreneur to economize in its use. Moreover, when machinery has made the labourer more productive it is possible to pay him a higher wage. An increase of...
139 ページ - A manufacturer considering the purchase of a machine, he says, which will cost $10,000 and displace four laborers, but which must pay for itself in ten years, will not hesitate to make the purchase in a country where wages are $500 per annum.
111 ページ - ... Arkansas, pays a freight rate of 62 cents a hundred, while the rate to Lowell, Mass., was 75 cents. There are many other similiar discriminations which I will not take time to repeat. The railroads also exercise the right of routing your purchases of cotton by such roads as they, not you, select. In short, the cotton which has gone to Europe this season has been handed to spinners abroad at a lower rate of freight than it has been handed to you. It is admitted that ocean transportation rates...