with tears of sympathy, occasioned by a most
heart-rending scene of domestic woe, which
his charitable hand had just assuaged. In an
adjoining street he had found, stretched out on
the bare pavement, a whole miserable family,
-father, mother, brother, sister, together at
least with a dozen children of tender age,—
in a state of complete starvation. The very
description of such a piteous sight harrowed The truth is I had fallen asleep; where-
up my soul. Lest however the holy man fore, when I suddenly awoke on the din of
should incur a suspicion of having been be- his argumentation ceasing, I shook my head
trayed into a weakness so reprehensible as with a profound air, and by way of shewing
that of pity for the human species-for how much in earnest I meant to be, with a
which he felt all the contempt it deserved, very wise look said I could not give my un-
and which he never presumed to solace un-qualified assent, until I heard both sides of
der any of the visitations inflicted by provi- the question. Thus far I had heard neither.
dence,-I should add that the wretched ob- This determination rather surprised my
jects of his present compassion were of that doctor, who seemed to have relied on my
less criminal sort, the canine species! They faculty of implicit credence. "Hear both
belonged to those troops of unowned dogs sides of the question!" exclaimed he in ut-
whom the Turks of Constantinople allow to ter astonishment. Why that is just the
live in their streets on the public bounty, in way never to come to a conclusion, and to
order to have the pleasure of seeing them reinain in suspence all the days of one's life!
bark at the Christians whom their Frank Wise men first adopt an opinion, and then
dress betrays. To these, and other beings learn to defend it. For my part I make it
of the irrational genus, were entirely confined a rule never to hear but one side; and so do
the benefactions of my tutor; and if his own all who wish to settle their belief."
species have few obligations to acknowledge
from him, he was recorded as having pur-
chased the liberty of three hundred and fifty
canary birds in cages, granted pensions to
the baker and butcher for the maintenance of
fifty cats, and left at least a dozen dogs,
whom he found on the pavé, handsomely

provided for in his will.

No sooner was my venerable instructor comfortably seated on his heels in the angle of my sofa, than looking around him with an air of complacency, as if he liked my lodgings, he told me to my infinite satisfaction, that, provided he only took his station there for two hours every day, he pledged himself before the end of the first year to instruct me thoroughly in all the diversities of the four orthodox rituals,—the Hanefy, Schafey, Hanbaly, and Maleky; together with all that belonged to the ninety-nine epithets of the Deity, represented by the ninety-nine beads of the chaplet. In the space of another twelvemonth he ventured to hope that he might go over with me the principal difference between the two hundred and eighty most canonical Mufessirs or commentators on the Koran, as well as the two hundred and thirty-five articles of the creed, on which theologians entertain a difference of opinion; and in the third year of our course, he promised to enable me completely to refute all the objections which the Alewys and other dissenters make to the Sunnee creed; and to have a general idea of the tenets of the seventy-two leading heretical sects, from that of Ata-hakem-el-Mookanna, or the one-eyeu prophet with the golden mask, to KhandHassan, the fanatic who eat pork and drank wine in the public market place like any Christian: so as through dint of so much diligence on the fourth and last year to have

against it; and then,-as he had an undubit- Great animosity seems to prevail between
able right to do with his undisputed property, the Hallengas and the Abyssinians, the latter
again completely overset them by the ir-never being mentioned by them without some
resistible force of his arguments; after which opprobrious epithet, the mildest of which is
having entirely silenced his adversary, he Kafer. I had heard in Upper Egypt, and at
rose, equally proud of the acuteness of his Berber, that caravans sometimes depart from
own rhetoric, and charmed with the sagacity the Hallengas for Massouah; and I was af-
with which I had listened.
terwards told at Djidda, by some Massouah
merchants, that Hallengas were sometimes
seen at that place with cows for sale; but I
could hear of no such intercourse during my
stay at Taka. The Hallengas have a slight
commercial intercourse with the Abyssinians
of the province called Walkayt. Had I seen
the least probability of making my way to-
wards Massouah, I should have attempted
it, for that part of the country appeared to
me to be very interesting; it would have led
me through the dwellings of many tribes who
form the links of the chain by which the
Abyssinians are connected with the Arabs,
and whose manners, no doubt, present strik-
ing originalities; but after what I observed
of the character of the people of Taka, I did
not think that I should have the smallest
chance of being able to protect my little
property after quitting my companions the
After various adventures at Constan- Souakin merchants; and from what I saw of
tinople, our hero sets out to claim his the hospitality of these people, I was certain
mother's estate at Naxos, for his change To have engaged one of these savages as a
that if once stripped I should perish of want.
of religion gave the right to the young-guide would have been of little avail, had he
er brother. On his voyage, one of his even proved faithful, as he could not have
fellow passengers, he tells us, was— ensured my safety for more than one day's
A personage with whom I had made ac-journey, or as far as the limits of his own
quaintance on board the Turkish fleet, du- tribe. I should then have fallen among
ring the expedition to the Morea. Never strangers, all intent upon plundering me of
had we met since the failure of the attempt whatever I possessed, while I should have
on Mayno. The marine therefore felt great had nothing to offer in my defence, and could
pleasure in boasting of the more successful hardly have made myself understood, very few
one against the same nest of pirates, under-people in those parts speaking Arabic. I
taken the ensuing year. The delight with
which he described how the Moohassil of the
Morea forced the little peninsula by land,
and the Capitan-pasha blockaded it by sea;
and how the inhabitants, driven by the one
out of their strong holds, fell with their boats
into the clutches of the other, could only be
exceeded by the rapture with which he paint-
ed the males all hanged, and the women and
children all drowned, in order to reconcile
them to the Turkish yoke. "You" lie con-
cluded, "who are going to take possession
of your estates, mean henceforth I suppose
to lead a sober country life, and have done
with all such frolics. May you prosper!
For my part, I hate innocent amusements,
and want a little vice to season my pleasures!"
Tenedos now being near, my friend called
for the boat, and got himself rowed ashore;
while I wished him at parting a great deal
of pleasure with all manner of vice.

(To be continued).

Burckhardt's Nubian Travels, 4to.
(Continued.)

From Taka Mr. Buckhardt was

hope, therefore, I shall not be blamed for abandoning this project, while, on the other hand, I had reasonable hopes of reaching Souakin in safety. I heard at Taka that Souakin and Massouah were at equal distances from the Hallengas.

Mr. Burckhardt went on towards the Obliged to relinquish this project, Red Sea, between which and the Nile, he was now nearly mid-way. His remarks retain the same character as hitherto: he relates very extraordinary things with the utmost simplicity, and seems to forget that they are not the less astonishing on account of having become somewhat familiar to him. The caravan started from Taka on the 15th June, and proceeded N. E. by N; and the annexed account of pilgrim routes to Mecca is exceedingly interesting to African geography.

June 16th.-We continued in the direction' of N. E. by N. We had now with us eighteen or twenty of the Tekayrne, or Negroe pilgrims. The appellation is bestowed on all of learning. They do not call themselves by this name of Tekroury, which many assured me they had never heard till they reached the

nothing to do but to go over the whole again, tempted to make his way southward in-Negroes who come from the west, in search and imprint it indelibly on my memory. By

way of a little foretaste of his method of to Abyssinia, through the land of the disputation, he took up one of the controver- Arabs Omran, and the Hallengas; but ted points; first raised his own objections he tells us

In Africa as well as in Arabia, the country people, wherever the black Fakys pass, are eager to procure amulets of their writing, which are supposed to possess greater virtue than those of any other class of pilgrims. There lives at present, in Cairo, near the Kara-Meydan, a Tekroury, who has been for many years famous for his amulets, and who makes large sums of money by writing them. (To be continued.).

limits of Darfour. All these pilgrims can pursue their journey by three different the inhabitants of the countries through read and write a little; and they all belong routes: viz. 1, through the interior of Abys- which the pilgrims pass, are so uncharitable to the class styled Faky (plur. Fakiha). Isynia, by Gondar and Axum, to Massouah; and cruel to them; they think that every never found any of them quite illiterate. 2, along the Nile from Sennaar to Shendy; Tekroury is a king of Soudan in disguise, After making some progress in the schools and, 3, from Sennaar to Taka, by the way with abundance of gold about him. of their country, (schools being met with in of Ras el Fil, and from thence to Hallenga, all the Mohammedan countries of Africa,) by which they escape the journey through they proceed to Mekka for the Hadj, or in the desert. Those who travel by the first order to study the Koran and the commen-route complain of being ill-treated by the taries upon it, in that place and Medinah; Christians of Abyssinia, of never being alor to Cairo, for the same purpose; but the lowed to enter any house, or even courtgreater part go for the Hadj; at present yard, and of being fed like dogs (as they exthere are not more than twelve in the mosque press it) before the threshold. They, howEl Azhar at Cairo, and I did not find above ever, always obtain a copious evening meal. double that number in the great mosque at At Massouah they remain a few weeks, till Mekka; where they are occupied chiefly in they earn by their labour sufficient to pay learning the Koran by heart, in the belief, their passage-money by sea either to the that they can never forget a chapter which nearest coast of Yemen, which is one dollar, they have once learnt in the Beit ullah or to Djidda, which is two dollars. Their (house of God). The greater part of the usual rendezvous is Hodeyda, the sea-port ANALYSIS OF THE JOURNAL DES SAVANS, Tekayrne who visit Mekka, come from the of Yemen, from whence they proceed to schools of Darfour, the principal of which Mekka, by land, passing through the hosare at Kondjara, in the neighbourhood of pitable tribes of Bedouins in the mountains Kobbe. Those from the most western coun- of the Hedjaz. I estimate the number of tries, who pass this road, are from Bahr el Negroe pilgrims who pass by this route anGhazal and Bagerme. All the Black Had-nually to Mekka at about one hundred and jis from the countries to the west of Bagerme, fifty, or two hundred. Many Tekayrne are from Bournou as far as Timbuctou, either settled in the sea-ports of Yemen, as well as travel with the Fezzan, or great Moggrebyn at Djidda and Mekka. The third route is pilgrim caravan, or proceed by sea from the preferred by all pilgrims who are able to coast of Barbary. make a common purse in order to buy a camel for the transport of water and provisions; and they are sure of finding at Taka, after a short stay, some merchants from Souakin, in whose company they can proceed to that place.

in diminishing the annual numbers, or in di-
verting others from their purpose. Although
the greater number of the pilgrims are stout
young men, yet it is not rare to see women
following their husbands to the Hadj; and,
almost incredible as it may seem, one of the
men who joined our caravan at Taka was
blind.

FOR AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER 1819.

(Concluded.)

HISTORY OF VENICE.

Art. V. Histoire de la République de Venise, par P. Daru, de l'Academie Françoise, 7 vol. 8vo.

The review of this work being now concluded, we proceed, according to our promise, to give an account of it.

While reading this important work (says the reviewer,) in which the author gives us a complete history of an illustrious republic from its origin to the revolution, which in our days has overthrown its ancient institutions and its government, I had constantly in my mind the fine verses of Sannazarius. Viderat Hadriacis..

Si nelago Tybrim præfers urbem aspice utramque;

Illam homines dices, hanc posuisse Deos. The Venetians, it is said, called their city Opus Excelsi," the work of the Most High.

Some of the Tekayrne of Darfour and Kordofan are possessed of considerable property, and trade during their journey. At Djidda, I met with a man from Darfour, with three or four female attendants, and half a dozen female slaves, which formed his It will readily be conceived that the danhousehold, besides the slaves he carried with ger and fatigue incident to the journey prove him for sale; but the greater part of them fatal to great numbers of the pilgrims; perare quite destitute, and find their way to haps one-sixth fall victims to their zeal; the Mekka, and back to their own country, by greater part of the diseases by which they begging, and by what they can earn by their are attacked on the road, arise from their manual labour on the road. The equipments being almost destitute of clothing; many of all these pilgrims are exactly alike, and perish in the deserts through want and fa- The city still exists, but the institutions, consist of a few rags tied round the waist, a tigue, and others are murdered; but as all the government, the political rights which white woollen bonnet, a leathern provision who die on the road are looked upon as mar-rendered the Venetians an independent peosack, carried on a long stick over the shoul-tyrs, these contingencies have little effect ple, the origin of which was coeval with the der, a leathern pouch, containing a book of most ancient monarchy of Europe, have prayers, or a copy of a few chapters of the ceased, perhaps for ever. I employ the exKoran; a wooden tablet, one foot in length, pressions of the historian of the Republic. by six inches in breadth, upon which they "It has perished in that great revolution, write charms, or prayers, for themselves or which has overthrown so many states. A others to learn by heart; an inkstand, formcaprice of fortune has raised again the thrones ed of a small gourd; a bowl to drink out of, which had been subverted. Venice, almost or to collect victuals in from the charitable; alone, has irrevocably disappeared; its peoa small earthen pot for ablution; and a long ple are erased from the list of nations:" string of beads hanging in many turns round the neck. The Tekayrne seldom travel alone, at least they never set out alone upon their journey; they generally form parties o about half a dozen, and as opportunity offers, join some caravan on the road, or proceed by themselves. Their usual route to Mekka is by Siout, by Sennaar, or by Shendy. Those from the most western countries meet at Darfour; after which, such only as can afford to travel with the Darfour caravan, (which requires capital sufficient to buy camels and provisions for the journey through the desert), repair to Siout, from whence they proceed to Djidda, by the way of Kosseir. The pilgrims who go by Sennaar come from Kordofan, and

Some of the Tekayrne are men of power and wealth in their own country, but travel as paupers, in order to escape the dangers attendant on riches, in the journey. During our encampment in the plain near Souakin, I saw a young Tekroury sleeping in a lonely spot, while another, kneeling by him, kept off the flies from his face. On enquiry, I learnt from the other negroes, that he was the son of a great chief in Dar Saley, who had been educated with the Fakys, and had set out upon this journey, with a camel, and one servant only. At Shendy he had exchanged the camel for an ass; the servant had become his friend and companion, and both mixed in the crowds of the poorest pilgrims. It is principally owing to a few examples such as these, that the generality of

The author has been in a situation in which

it was more easy for him to describe with entire impartiality the annals of this republic, revealing, without inconvenience and without injustice, the springs of a mysterious government, which has been by turns blamed and admired, but which, at least, long existed with glory. From research into the Archives of Venice, which were formerly secret; by indefatigable zeal and patience, in examining all the great libraries, this work of Count Daru's affords results, and contains disclosures, which would distinguish it, even in this respect, from all those very numerous productions, hitherto published, whether by Venetians, or by authors not belonging to the Republic.

The Veneti, a people of ancient Italy, descended, according to some, from the Veneti of Armorica, and according to others, from the Heneti of Paphlagonia, inhabited the country on the shores of the Adriatic, between the Julian Alps and the river Po. On the irruption of the Barbarians into Italy, and principally at the time of the arrival of Attila in 452, the Veneti took refuge on several little islands, formed by the mouth of that river. They chose at first a popular government; each of these islands elected annually a tribune, who was charged with the government and the administration of justice, and these magistrates were responsible to the general assembly. In 697 it was judged necessary to appoint a supreme magistrate by the name of Doge. The Doges soon became ambitious to transmit their of nce to their sons, or their relations; factions arose, feuds became hereditary. To secure the office in their family, the Doges generally associated a son or a brother in the power, during their own life.

The island of Rialto, surrounded by many little islands, was the most considerable; the Doge Angelo Participatio, united them by bridges, and surrounded them with a rampart in 809, and then it was that the city took the name of VENICE.

This republic had already had to defend itself against foreign attacks. Pepin and Charlemagne had turned their arms against it: its commerce had prospered; and either through ambition or necessity, it had engaged in various wars with its neighbours. As Venice had increased her power, the causes of civil dissension had increased in the same proportion. Towards the end of the 10th century the Doge Peter Urseolo I. afflicted by these discords, secretly left the palace, and retired into a monastery near Perpignan, where he assumed the monastic habit, and died in 997.

league, at the head of which were the Ge-
noese, animated by an implacable spirit of
rivalry, which aimed at nothing less than the
destruction of Venice. The author has, in
this part, emulated the glory and nobleness
of his subject. We regret that we cannot
quote some pages, which would enable our
readers to appreciate the merit of the style,
the art with which the author has employed
dramatic forms, and the warmth with which
he has painted the exalted sentiments, the
generous devotedness of the Venetians during
the reverses of their country, and in the pre-
sence of the imminent dangers over which
they finally triumphed.

The taking of Constantinople by Mahomet
II., the invasions of Italy by the French, the
discovery of the New World, and of the
passage to India by the Cape of Good Hope,
had a very great influence on the foreign
policy, and the commerce of the Venetians.
Being obliged, according to circumstances,
to change her friends and enemies, during the
expeditions of Charles 8th, Louis 12th, and
Francis 1st, Venice at length enjoyed an un-
interrupted peace from 1540 to 1570, and it
is remarkable that this peace was concluded
by the authority of the council of ten, which
had given instructions and powers more
ample than those of the governinent itself.
In the 17th and 18th centuries the Venetians
took a less active part in the affairs of Eu-
rope. They remained neuter in the war of
the Spanish succession; but their neutrality
was more injurious than advantageous to
them. In 1719, the peace of Passarowitz
seemed to have fixed the destinies of Venice;
for after that peace the republic suffered no
loss, made no acquisition, or exchange, and
avoided taking part in the wars for the suc-
cession of Parma and Tuscany, and that of
the Emperor Charles VI.

The Venetians then taking less part in the affairs of other powers, were more engaged with their own government. A great competition arose between the various powers, which successively attacked each other. It was under these circumstances that the French revolution surprized the Venetians, who were rendered supine by a peace which had continued above seventy years.

was indebted for the public tranquillity, which it consolidated without ceasing at the expence of individual security, was that or the state inquisitors whose origin Mr. Daru fixes in the year 1454. Historians had hitherto been ignorant of the attributes, the means, and the forms of this formidable tribunal, or had not dared to disclose them. The part of Count Daru's book which treats of them, is a real historical conquest, which therefore merits peculiar attention. We see by the regulations which he has published, that this tribunal had in its pay, spies among all classes of the inhabitants, to keep a constant watch over the magistrates, the citi zens, the ambassadors. All the machinations, all the perfidies of the civil inquisition, are laid open in this code. If, for instance, among the patricians chosen to offices, any one does not possess the entire confidence of the inquisitors, he is to be surrounded with spies, who are to tempt him by making him mysterious proposals against the government; and if he does not immediately come and give an account of these proposals, he shall be inscribed on the list of suspected persons. The ambassadors of Venice at foreign courts, held a correspondence with the inquisitors, in which they communicated certain discoveries of which they were not to speak in their dispatches to the Senate. We quote some of the articles.

Art. XVI. When the tribunal shall have judged the death of any one necessary, the execution shall never be public; the person condemned shall be privately drowned by night in the canal Orfano.

Art. XXII. Every two months the tribu nal shall have the mail of the courier to Rome brought to it, and the letters shall be opened, in order to discover the correspondence which the papalists may keep up with that court.

Art. XXV. The tribunal shall authorise the generals commanding in Cyprus or in Candia, in case there should be in the country some patrician, or other person of consequence, whose conduct makes it desirable that he should not remain alive, to have him put to death secretly, if in their conscience they judge this measure indispensable, and can answer for it before God."

This mode of proceeding, barbarous as it was, had at least the pretext of the safety of the state, and the public interest. But what shall we say to

Dominic Urseolo having formed a faction to obtain the office of Doge, to which he thought he had a title, as a relation of the preceding Doge, a fundamental law was passed, prohibiting the nomination of a successor to a Doge, during his life time, The observance of this law was one of the principal causes of the stability of the government of Venice. Count Daru employs the Count Daru describes the various and nuwhole 39th book in describing it. This part merous incidents which preceded and brought of his work is of great merit, and highly on the catastrophe, which terminated the pointeresting besides, from its containing seve-litical existence of Venice. This part of his ral details, now published for the first time. work is entirely new; it contains very cu- Art. XXVI. If a workman carries to a foThe Crusades, which ruined other states, rious details, and very interesting circum-reign country any art, to the detriment of contributed to increase the commerce and stances, which we do not dwell upon, be- the republic, his relations shall be thrown the power of the Venetians. After the cause every body is acquainted with the into prison; if he does not return, measures taking of Constantinople, they received principal events, and the fatal result. shall be taken to put him to death, wherever their share of the spoils of the empire he may be; and after his death his relations of the East, and the Doge added to his shall be set at liberty.. titles, that of "Lord of a Quarter and a Half of the Roman Empire."

One of the most honourable epochs in the history of Venice, is undoubtedly, that from 1378 to 1381. Count Daru calls it the War of Chiozza. This part of the work fills up the whole 10th book. The republic, reduced to the last extremity, struggled with equal success and courage, against the jealous powers and nations, united against it in a

Another very interesting part of this work is the account of the differences between Venice and the Court of Rome, in which the Venetians gave numerous proofs of a spirited and enlightened opposition to the pretensions of the papal see.

If we examine the political institutions of Venice, and the spirit of its government, we admire but shudder at the terrible means which served to found and to maintain this ancient aristocracy.

One of the institutions to which Venice

Art. XXXV. relates to the nobles, who express their opinions in the senate." If he proceeds to discuss the authority of the council of ten, and wishes to infringe upon it, he shall be suffered to speak without interruption, then he shall be immediately arrested and brought to trial, to be punished according to the crime; and if this means does not succeed he shall be secretly put to death.

Art. XXXIX. A discontented noble, who

Tuesday, 15th; March, Thursday, 2d;
Thursday, 16th; Monday, 27th.
Yesterday, the first day of Lent Term, the
following degrees were conferred :-
MASTER OF ARTS.-Rev. Charles Henry
Watling, fellow of Jesus College.

shall speak ill of the government, shall be nothing remains but illustrious and terrible | bruary, Thursday, 8th; Saturday, 12th ; cited, and twice warned to be more circum-recollections. spect; the third time he shall be forbidden Lastly, several maps and plans give an adto shew himself for two years in the councils ditional value to this great and excellent and public places; if he does not obey, if he work, which on many accounts deserves to does not keep strictly in retirement, or if, be ranked among the number of good hisafter the expiration of those two years, he istories, which do honor to our literature. guilty of new indiscretions, he shall be drown- | ed, as incorrigible.

These quotations will give a sufficient idea of the other numerous articles drawn up in the same spirit; and which are the corollaries of the principles laid down by the tribunal.

Art. VI. Count Orloff's Memoirs of the
Kingdom of Naples, 2 vols. 8vo.-As we
have in our 150th Number given an ex-
tract from this work, and in Number 151
a letter from Mr. Blaquiere, announcing
his intention of preparing an English trans-
lation of it, we shall refrain from further
notice of it, till Mr. B. shall have fulfilled
his promise.

ORIGINAL CORRESPONDENCE.

NEW BRITISH SETTLEMENTS IN AFRICA
AND ASIA.

(From a foreign Journal.)

Of the 40 books which compose the his tory of Venice, there are some, in which the nature of the subject has permitted the author to shew a very superior talent; such are the 4th and 5th, in which he relates the taking of Constantinople by the Crusaders, and the consequences of that great event; the 6th, which contains an excellent essay on the governments of Italy in the 14th century; the We learn from a correspondent in London, 10th, on the war of Chiozza; the 19th, on that since the years 1812, 1813, and 1814, the commerce and marine of the Venetians: Lord Valentia has been commissioned by the the 21st, on the differences of the republic English government, to examine the coasts with Paul V.; the 31st. on the conspiracy of of Melinda and Abyssinia, and have surveys 1618, in which the author, after a most lumi- made by engineers, (while a draughtsman, nous and convincing discussion, comes to the Mr. Sein, is travelling through the interior conclusion, that there was no conspiracy of that country and of Nubia) in order to against Venice; that the Marquis of Bede- found new commercial establishments on the mar had never formed or favoured any remains of the Portuguese industry. hostile project against the republic; and that anchoring places and entrances are already it was the Duke of Ossuna, viceroy of Na- fortified. By these means the access to the ples, who with the design of seizing on the Red Sea is closed as much as that to the kingdom of Naples, with the secret assent Gulph of Venice: and it is probable that no and aid of Venice, had kept up a private ne-nation except the English will henceforward gociation with the Venetian government, the venture to visit the seas near the Island Sosubaltern actors in which were first the cotora, of which they have already taken dupes, and then the victims, when the plan possession. of the Duke having failed, it was found necessary to treat as conspirators, agents who were to have been the auxiliaries of the

Duke of Ossuna.

To these we add the 35th book, which gives the picture of the republic towards the end of the last century; the 36th, 37th, and 38th, which include the fatal epoch from the commencement of the French revolution till the overthrow of the Venetian republic; the 39th, which describes its government; and the 40th, which gives the picture of the state of literature, of the sciences, and the arts, among the Venetians.

Five volumes contain the history, properly so called; and it will not appear diffuse if we recollect, that the history of the republic by the Abbé Laugier is in 12 vols. without notes, without justificatory documents, and that it ends in 1750; that is previous to the events which excite the most interest, and require the most developement, in the work of Count

Daru..

All the

BACHELORS OF ARTS.-Thomas Jeffery Bumpstead, Esq. Queen's College, grand compounder; William Day, Esq, Brasennose College, grand compounder; Edward Wanstall, Queen's College; Charles Buck, St. Edmund Hall; John Baron, Henry William Buckley, Peter Hordern, and Francis Stonehewer Newhold, Brasennose College.

ORIGINAL POETRY.

[By Correspondents.]
TO SOPHIA.

Though thou art lovely, and arrayed
In all the graces of thy kind,
Those charms, alas! are but displayed
To raise a tumult in my mind.
Thou canst not love, nor canst thou tell,
How I adore, nay dote on thee;
Where'er I go, where'er I dwell,
Thy form lives in my memory.
Then fare thee well! I would not leave
The thought of one so fair as thou,
Until thy death should bid me weave
A cypress wreathe to deck my brow.
And e'en in that much dreaded hour,

If fate should will I live so long,
Thy gentle shade shall haunt my bower,
Thy lovely name shall grace my song.
Leeds. Jan. 8th, 1820.

RELIGION.

H.W.T.

From the lone watch-tower by the howling deep,
Where winds and waves their midnight revels
keep,

The feeble taper gleams along the tide,
And haply proves the wand'ring seaman's guide.
Religion's light reflects a cheering ray,
So o'er the turbid flood of changeful life,
Even whose deepest calms are deadly strife,
To guide poor mortals on their dang'rous way.
When reason fails, and hope is well nigh o'er,
And close at hand impends th' eternal shore;
She's the last refuge-she alone appears
To calm their woes, and dissipate their fears,
She's the sheet anchor, which at length they cast,
And in the haven safe they ride at last.

The Gulph of Persia is in the same situ-
ation as the Red Sea: it is commanded by
the English batteries; establishments having
north coast of that Gulph. The English
been formed upon the islands lying on the
ship Favourite, Captain Ashley Maude, sur-
veyed the coasts of these islands in July,
1916; they are eight in number, and this
captain took possession of them in the name
of his sovereign, on the pretext that they
had never been marked in any chart en-
graved at London, though they were formerly
visited by the Portuguese. The islands have
the following names:-Aff, Yarnin, Arzenie,
Almy, Syr-bon-yass, Déluze and Cheraraon.
They are situated on an immense bank of
pearl oysters, which extends nearly two A
hundred English miles from North to South.

They were taken possession of to facilitate
the pursuit of the Wechabite pirates; but
they would be of importance if Persia should
be obliged to give up the island of Bahrein to

Russia.

LEARNED SOCIETIES.
OXFORD, Jan. 15th.

Two volumes contain the justificatory pieces, and the indication of the numerous MSS. which the author has consulted. Readers not accustomed to literary researches, will not easily form an idea of those which have been necessary for the composi- The days appointed for congregations for tion of this great work, which will henceforth the purpose of granting Graces and conferbe the only one, in which we can completely ring Degrees, in the present Term:-viz. Jastudy the history of a republic, of which nuary, Friday, 14th; Thursday, 27th; Fe.

Leeds. Jan. 8th.

MALVYN.
A Fragment.

H.W.T.

silly youth was Malvyn, yet he knew,

His silliness as well as those who chid,
Nor for that knowledge were his faults less few,
But on he went, and neither check'd nor hid,

Nor deign'd to think of what was false or true,

Or right, or wrong; as impulse sway'd, he did; He was unto himself, God, king and friend, Such was his whim, nor reck'd he where 'twould end.

He was a villain, so he would confess,

Tho' no one ask'd; and strange delight he
took

T expat ate with the utmost carelessness
Upon himself; and read, as from a book,
Vices too black, and should one strive to trace
Aught that might have belied such in his look,

It was a stinging glance of scorn he threw,
To mock the eye that sought to read him
through.

But yet so bold and openly he wore

The black distorted features of his soul,
None would believe them real, tho' he swore,
But deem'd them as a mask at his control,
Which for strange pride or bluntness he drew

o'er

His nature, as he scorn'd t'enrol
Himself with man, but to be other strove,
And car'd not, if below him, or above.
There was some truth in this, at least as far
As his unwillingness to herd with man;
For he was to them, as a self-lit star,

comic in the evening's entertainment. The play seemed to be a compilation made with no other view than to get every man and woman belonging to the Drury Lane company of comedians, and capable of acting, upon the stage; no matter whether with or without a purpose. "They had their exits and their entrances ;" and in this lay the strength of the piece. From the second title, “Adventures in Madrid, we had a right to expect some plot or incident; but, perhaps from not understanding Spanish, we could detect nothing of either kind. The majority of the visitors being in the same state of blessed ignorance, it soon became evident that all the gallantry of the drama could not save it. Indeed, it met with a decided and deserved condemnation; and the manager a little forgot his cue when in an address signifying acquiescence in the sentence, he ventured to hint that the difficulty of judging between a good comedy and a bad one was rather above the comprehension of the auGiving one hope, that something yet might save-dience on a single representation. This is a But he would shake the dew-drops from his

That shines on all, tho' never shone upon;
And if he ever mingled in their jar,
Twas but to laugh at all, and laugh with none,
Or to collect fresh food for silent scorn-
Such was his appetite, and copious was his horn.

He was the child of humour, and she gave
A softer tone at times, and on him then
Counsel fell, as the hail-drop on the wave,

That splashes first, then gently melteth in,

Seldom and sudden were those qualms of feeling,
And slight the cause that wrought upon him
Yet worlds of grief beyond all words revealing,
When the soul weeps, but tears do never flow,
And sudden with a mental wrench concealing
Neath abrupt jest and mirth his inward woe,
As the chill, icy lake, congeals the while,
It clothes itself in Heav'n's own azure smile.
No sympathy had he, yet selfishness

In him assum'd a bearing boldly great;
He scorned all, nor yet was loved the less-
For grandeur hovers round the desolate
Of men and things" Alone" doth more express
Of the sublime, than poets can create.—
This, Malvyn oft has said, and in a tone
So deep and heart-sent, doubly was it lone.

THE DRAMA.

EWORC.

THE BEASTS.—The dramatic circles are big with expectation, as two new performers are announced at Drury Lane, such as, 'tis said, have not appeared since the age of Roman spectacle, His Grace of Devonshire's tame Elephant, and his Honour Mr. Kean's tame Lion, intend taking each a part in the pantomime; and no doubt is entertained, that they will by their exertions revive the languishing attractions of Jack the Giant-killer in the month of February, and enable that classic and sensible piece to run further into the season, to the great improvement of the young, and the information of the old.

DRURY LANE. GALLANTRY.-This theatre on Saturday, furnished an example of the meeting of extremes; a new comedy was performed, and, differing in every thing else, the author and manager on one side agreed entirely with the audience on the other, that there was nothing

not the man-to succeed upon the stage. His efforts, indeed,reminded us of the old story of a candidate for histrionick honours, who because he drawled like one eminent actor, stuttered like a second, limped like a third, and squinted like a fourth, &c., maintained that he who concentrated so many qualities which were seen in popular favourites, ought of course to receive in his own person the aggregate of the applause which rewarded them severally. Thus Mr. Nathan, whose person is of indifferent proportions, whose gesticulation is awkward, whose countenance is theatrically inexpressive, and whose voice is effete, seemed to calculate on imperfections and deficiencies; and, like his prototype above described from Mr. Joseph Miller, was utterly rejected: His condemnation was accelerated by the very injudicious encore of his first song by a multitude of rash friends; and in this respect another instance added of the impolicy of a practice which we have so frequently censured. The noble air "Scots wha hae wi' Wallace bled," was so hopesort of insinuation, which had better be re-lessly given, that all chance of escape vatained in the breasts of our theatrical pur-nished, and the sentence of banishment from veyors-for we are sure that mercy and "these boards" was loudly and unanimouscandour, rather than severity and critically pronounced. But even without being justice, are the characteristics of the public brought into comparison with the mighty fact is, that the failure of this play contra- to have entirely mistaken his talent, when on these occasions. The plain and obvious powers of Braham, Mr. N. proved himself dicted green-room opinion; because the pub- he sought fame as an opera performer. lic considers the whole, whereas in the greenroom, every actor considers but his own part. If Messrs. A, B, C, and Mistresses D, E, F, think the characters drawn for them will afford an opportunity for displaying what they deem their forte, presto! the play is pronounced admirable and got up accordingly; while infinitely better productions, which do not hit the egotistical fancies of actors and actresses, are dismissed with contempt. Of the latter the public has no means of judging; but of the former, we will venture to assert, its judgement is ninety-nine times in a hundred correct-and this piece preferred no ground for exception It is the system to which we have alluded-the preparation of plays for particular persons rather than on the legitimate principles of dramatic composition, that is the foundation of much of the inferiority of the modern stage, and we pray Mr. Elliston to reflect on this point, rather than arraign the taste and ability of his patrons.

This gentleman has generously assigned the profits of one night's representations to the charity for relieving the wretched in the city. We trust that his house has largely afforded the means of consolation to the houseless, and that his charity on this occasion will not be forgotten when the doors are opened on his own account,'

COVENT GARDEN. Mr. NATHAN.-A person of this name, known to the musical world as a composer and teacher, attempted the part of Guy Mannering in the opera so entitled, on Saturday last. He was very unfortunate; and it soon appeared that what his namesake, perhaps an ancestor, said to the king of Israel, might be reversed in application to his acting and singing, for nothing could be more evident than that Nathan was

FOREIGN DRÁMÁ.

PARISIAN DRAMATIC REVIEW OF 1819.One hundred and thirty-four new pieces have been brought out during the last year: 1818 produced one hundred and forty-nine; and though 1819 has been less fertile in births than the year which preceded it, yet the deaths have been no less numerous. The Academie Royale de Musique confined its labours to the revival of Tarare, and the new opera of Olympia. The Theatre Français, on the contrary, has evinced great activity, and nine new pieces have been produced, among which are three tragedies and a comedy. Thus the first theatre of the French metropolis has this year spared no exertion; and certainly the managers of the second have not shewn themselves remiss. The most brilliant success attended their first production. All Paris thronged to see the l'epres Siciliennes. The company of the Odeon have been less fortunate; we merely recollect the titles of M. Daigrieux, Crispin Diogène, and a few other unsuccessful pieces produced at the Theatre Savans. Notwithstanding several decided failures, the Opera-Comique has not forfeited public favour. Several judicious revivals, and the charming little piece of Edmond and Caroline, have compensated for the submersion of the Ile de Bubilary, and the loss of the Battle of Pultowa. During its nine years existence, the Italian Opera has produced nine pieces. The rival of the two Barbers, (Paesiello's and Rossini's) did not produce the expected success; one was too antiquated for the deletanti, and the other too modern for the less impassioned spectators. However, the divine Agnese has proved universally attractive, and fashion has in this instance been in unison with taste.