centred ; window-tracery is vertical; transoms cross the mullions at right angles; the vaulted and depressed roof becomes very complicated; doors have a square moulding, forming a spandril, which is generally feathered or has tracery; large hollows are in the jambs on either side : the upper parts of capitals are often battlemented, or have the Tudor flower, a sort of angular fleur-de-lys; parapets are battlemented, gurgoyles universal. Its marked character is squareness: arches are ordinarily four-centred ; doors are generally panelled; mouldings become flatter, rarely splayed, and have large shallow hollows, form ogees or undulate, or are concave in the centre and convex at the ends; splays are unfrequent; members are separated by quirks. Enrichments are very various, formed of foliage, grotesques, and heraldic devices; ceilings are flat, and usually divided into square compartments by ribs; and bosses and pendants are profusely employed. Large richly-canopied recesses are employed for tombs; and chantries and screen-work introduced about them.

In the provincial college of Canterbury, the Bishop of London is dean, the Bishop of Winchester sub-dean, the Bishop of Lincoln chancellor, the Bishop of Rochester provincial chaplain, the Bishop of Salisbury precentor. The Bishop of Worcester celebrated high mass before the Synod: the arms of the see are therefore ten Hosts. The Bishop of Winchester is prelate, the Bishop of Oxford chancellor, of the order of the Garter. The latter office was held by the Bishops of Salisbury from 1477 till the episcopate of Bishop Denison.

Dignitaries.

OFFICERS OF A CATHEDRAL,

I. Dean. The superintendant of the entire establishment.

II. Precentor.-The chanter, who regulated the musical services.

III. Chancellor.-The secretary of the chapter; librarian; the inspector of schools, and the reader of the lessons; and theological lecturer.

IV. Treasurer, or the Sacrist.-Had care of the plate, vestments, and furniture; provided necessaries of Divine service, and had oversight of the servants of the church, sacristans, etc.

V. Sub-Dean.-The vicegerent in the dean's absence. VI. Succentor, or Subchanter.—Acted in the precentor's absence.

Canon.-A member of the cathedral having his name on its register or canon, a stall, and a vote in chapter.

Prebendary. A stipendiary member of the cathedral, without a vote in chapter, but having a stipend (præbenda) and a stall.

Cursal. A prebendary with rotatory not permanent duties. (St. David's, St. Asaph.)]

Vicar Choral, Salisbury, St. Asaph, York-Same as Minor Canon. Minor Canon: at Christchurch called chaplain. Priest-Vicar-A minor canon at Lichfield, Hereford, Wells, and Exeter; so called as the representative of a particular dignitary. At St. Paul's minor canons bear the several offices of warden of the college (like that of custos, at Hereford); senior and junior cardinals, from the former custom of standing at either horn of the altar during high mass; and epistoler and gospeler, the duty of reading the Epistle and Gospel having anciently devolved upon them.

CLASSIFICATION OF CATHEDRALS.

I. Bangor, Bath, Chichester, Exeter, Hereford, Lichfield, Lincoln, Llandaff, St. Asaph, St. David's, St. Paul's, Salisbury, and York had chapters of secular canons, and formed cathedrals of the old foundation. II. The cathedrals once conventual churches, but instituted with deans and chapters by Henry VIII., were Canterbury, Carlisle, Durham, Ely, Norwich, Rochester, Winchester, and Worcester. III. The cathedrals of the new foundation were Bristol, Chester, Gloucester, Oxford, Peterborough, and Westminster; with the exception of Carlisle, Oxford, and Bristol, all were Benedictine abbeys. IV. The collegiate churches erected into cathedrals are Manchester, and Ripon. V. Man stood alone.

POPULAR GLOSSARY.

Abacus, the uppermost part of a capital.

Aisle, the lateral passages on each side of the mid-alley.
Alley, the walk of a cloister.

Ambulatory, the aisle or procession-path behind the high altar; commonly, any passage, a cloister, etc.

Apsis (Greek), a bow, semicircular termination of a choir, etc.

Arcade, a series of arches.

Amice, a cloth worn round the neck.

Ashlar, squared or cut stone.

Aumbry, a locker or cupboard to hold sacred vessels.

Basso relievo, sculpture in low relief.

Bay, a severy; a compartment or division of an arcade or vaulting. Bench table, a stone seat inside a church,

Boss, a projecting ornament at the intersection of the ribs or vaulting. Bracket, a projecting support in a wall, to hold an image or lamp. Broach, a spire rising from a tower without a gutter or parapet. Campanile, a bell-tower.

Canopy, an ornamental arched projection over arches, doors, windows,

etc.

Capital, the head of a pillar.

Carol, a study in a cloister.

Chancel, the choir, from Cancelli, the screen which parted it off from

the nave.

Chantry, an endowed chapel in which masses were said for the founder of it.

Chasuble, the principal vestment of a priest, hanging in an oval form behind and in front, and embroidered with bands called orfreys. Church-garth, the cemetery.

Choir, from chorus, the place where they sing.

Clerestory, the upper tier of windows, i. e. clear story.

Cope, a cloak-like vestment used ordinarily in processions.

Corbel table, a row of projecting stones to support parapets, a cornice

on roof eaves.

Credence, a side altar to receive the sacred elements before consecration.

Crenellated, battlemented.

Crocket, projecting foliage on the sides of spires, arches, and pinnacles. Cusp, a foliation in window tracery like a lance-point.

Dormer, a gabled window in a roof.

Dorsal, hangings at the back of an altar.

Diapering (diaspro, jasper-work), an ornament of flowers to decorate a

plain surface.

Dripstone, the label or weather moulding, the outer moulding or

projection above doors, arches, and windows, to throw off rain. Encaustic tiles, tiles with devices burned in the furnace.

Feathering, arches and points in the ornaments of tracery.

Finial, foliated termination of the summit of a canopy, a pinnacle, etc. Feretory, the shrine or depository of saints' relics.

Freestone, stone easily worked.

Groin, the vault formed by the intersection of two arched roofs.

Gurgoil, a water-spout.

High-pace, the raised floor below an altar.

Impost, a block capital.

Jamb, the side of a door.

Jesse tree, window, altar, etc., a representation of the Saviour's genealogy, in which the personages forming the descent are placed on scrolls of foliage to represent a tree.

Lantern, a turret with windows or apertures at the sides. Lectern, a reading-desk to hold the Holy Bible, usually in the form of an eagle, symbolical of its passage through all countries.

Lich gate, a churchyard gate, with a shed above it, under which the coffin was rested.

Light, the opening in a mullioned window.

Louvre, a turret-chimney on roofs.

Maniple, a towel worn on the left wrist.

Mid-alley, the central walk between two aisles.

Minster, the church of a monastery, a collegiate church, etc.

Moulding, the outlines of angles of projections or cavities.

Mullion, upright stone bars which divide a window into lights,

Nave, the western portion of a church; from Navis, as the ship of

Christ.

Newel, the central pillar of a circular staircase.

Niche, an arched recess in a wall for an image.

Ogee, a moulding with a double curve, one convex the other concave.

Orders, subdivisions of an arch, each having its own soffit.

Ovolo, a convex moulding.

Pane, the bay of a cloister.

Parclose, a screen.

Pediment, a triangular termination over porches or buttresses.

Pendant, a hanging ornament on roofs.

Parvise, a porch or room above it.

Piscina, a water-drain for rinsing the sacred vessels.

Poppy-head, the ornament on the tops of seats.

Presbytery, the retro-choir where the presbyters sat, the place of the

high altar; sometimes the space between the reredos and eastern Lady Chapel.

Quatrefoil, cinquefoil, trefoil, a foliation or feathering of four, five or three cusps respectively, in an arch, making the hollow resemble four, five, or three leaves.

Quirk, a small acute recess in mouldings.

Quoin, the outer angle of any building, usually of ashlar.

Ragstone, stone from the quarry undressed.

Reredos, a screen behind an altar.

Respond, a half pillar attached to a wall corresponding with another

pillar opposite.

Rib, a projecting band in vaulting.

Rood-loft, a screen supporting the cross or rood.

Rubble, fragments of stone of different sizes.

Sedilia, seats near the altar for the clergy.

Set-off, slopes of masonry dividing buttresses into stories.

Slyp, a passage between two walls; between the transept and chapterhouse at Canterbury, Gloucester, Norwich, Peterborough, and Winchester.

Spandril, a triangular space on the flanks of arches, between the outer part of an arch and its square enclosing frame.

Spire-light, a window in a spire.

Splays, jambs of windows slanting inwardly. A champer is a flat slope, formed by cutting away on angle.

Stage, a storey.

Stall, a fixed seat enclosed.

Steeple, a tower or spire.

Stole, a narrow riband-like ornament, passing round the neck in front, and reaching below the knee.

String-course, a narrow moulding along the side of a building.

Tabernacle, a niche, Tabernacle-work is open ornamental work over stalls.

Triforium, Latin for thoroughfare; a passage or arcade between the lower arches and clerestory.

Transept (Latin), cross-wall, the projecting wing of a cruciform church, Transom, a horizontal stone bar in the lights of windows.

Tympanum, the space between the opening of a doorway and the encircling arch above.

Vault, an arched roof.