Whilst strong in the testimony of our justice,, not hazarding in the voracious hands of the govern and the moderation of our proceedings, we hoped ment the public funds which might serve in a time that in the reasons we assigned to the regency of of greater need to relieve the distresses of the nation, the necessity of our resolution were not thought but they appealed to the generosity and sensibility suficient, they would, at least, respect the noble of the people, by publishing in their gazettes, the disposition which determined us not to become the plaintive manifesto of the regency by which the enemies of our oppressed and unfortunate brethren; nation was represented as in the last extremity.-the new government of Caracas wished not to con- The deputies of the regency for Quito, St. Fe, and fiue this disposition to vain reasoning, and the un- Peru, were hospitably received, treated as friends, prejudiced world will acknowledge that Venezuela and thei pecuniary wants satisfactorily supplied.--passed the interim from the 19th April 1810, to the But we waste too much time in analysing the dark 5th July, 1811, in a paintul round of insults and and suspicious conduct of our enemies, though all hostilities, on the part of Spain, and of generosity, their efforts have been insufficient to destroy the moderation, and patience, on her own. This is triumphant influence of ours. the most interesting epoch in the history of our The haughty masters of our territory were not revolution, in as much as its events furnish a con- the only ones who were authorised to support the trast so favorable to our cause that we must hope detestable plot of their constituents: the agents of to gain the impartial judgment of those nations the juntas and of the regency inundated America, who have no interest in discrediting our efforts. and bound in a machiavelian compact of political Previous to the results of our political transforma free-masonry, mutually aided and assisted each tion there daily fell into our hands new motives to other in their combinations against the happiness urge the event. In every ship which arrived from and political existence of the New World The Spain there came out new agents furnished with island of Porto Rico was soon made the den of the fre h instructions, to support the cause of ambition hellish agents of the regency; the rendezvous of all and erfidy with the same view, permission was their expeditions; the head-quarters of all the antidenied to the military and other Europeans to return American forces; the workshop of all the imposto Spain though they petitioned to join in the war tures, calumnies and threats of the regents; the against the French: Orders were issued, under refuge of the infamous, and the harbor of a new pretence of expecting war, which deprived the company of freebooters, that none of the calamities "Americans of every privilege. of the sixteenth century might be wanting to the The gazettes were filled with triumphs, victories, new conquest of America in the nineteenth. The and acknowledgments forced from those who were Americans of Porto Rico, overpowered by the bayoyet ignorant of our resolution; and under the se nets, cannons, chains and fetters which encomverest threats a political inquisition with all its hor- passed them, were compelled to add to their own rors, was established against those who held, receiv-evils and misfortunes the painful necessity of coned, or read any other writings, whether Spanish tributing to ours. Such was the condition of the or otherwise, than those which immediately pro Americans condemned, not only to be accessary to, ceeded from the regency: wth the most scanda- but to assist in the destruction of each other. lous impudence they declared void a decree which The conduct which Spain observed towards encouraged our commerce and agriculture, and America appears much more harsh and insulting proscribed the authors and promoters of it; at the when compared with what it was in respect to Lame time that they exacted supplies from all class France. It is notorious that that portion of the es without giving the smallest account of their ap country which resisted the new dynasty had many plication; in contempt of public faith they caused decided partizans among those who were distinthe whole correspondence of the country to be guished for their rank, employments and enlightenopened without exception, an outrage proceeding ed understanding; yet, notwithstanding, there from the despotism o Godoy, and adopted only to was not one to be found among them, anxious as render still more tyrannical their despicable system they were for the liberty, independence, and 1egef Esp onage against America. In a word, they neration of the peninsula, willing to excuse the began to give us an experimental knowledge of the conduct of the American provinces; who actuated system they had adapted to perpetuate our slavery. by the same principles of fidelity and national inIn the mean time Venezuela become her own tegrity, sought only to preserve themselves from a mistress, thought not of imitating the detestable dependence on those illegitimate, imbecile, and conduct of the regency and their agents; content turbulent governments formed alternately by the with having secured her fate against the ambition agents of the king or representatives of the nation. of an intrusive and jilegitimate government, and An ostentatious liberality and pretended patriotism placed herself out of the reach of their dark and with respect to the exhausted, disorganized, and complicated schemes, she endeavored to prove almost conquered country of Spain, and parsimony, by her actions her desire for peace, friendship and suspicion, prejudice and pride in regard to the intercourse with her European brethren. Those noble, generous and faithful Americans, characterwho were already among us were treated as such, ised the conduct of the cortes. The treasons, inand two thirds of the political, civil, and military trigues, commotions and disturbances in the revoemployments either remained or were placed in the lution of Spain, were passed over as unavoidable hands of Europeans, with a frankness and candour circumstances; but none of the provinces which but too fatal to our interest: our cofers were gerested contented under the French dominion were nerously opened to supply the luxury and extrava- treated as Venezuela : their conduct was scrutinised gance of our tyrants: the commanders of their and judged according to the motives and circumhips were received in our harbors, and aided in stances which dictated it, and conformably to the the execution of their respective commissions; the rules of war; but none of them have yet been de tences of one of them were even submitted to the clared traitors and rebels, and for none of them has judgment of the Spanish government. The gova public commission of diplomatic incendiaries eening junta of Caracas assigned their reasons for

The 30th April, 1810.

• Morla, Azanza, Osarill, Urquijo, Mazarredo, and many others of all classes and professions.

been created, to arm Spaniard against Spaniard, of our ruinous and unrequited system of generosistir up civil war, and devote to destruction all who ty: Venezuela was willing, however, to use every would not bow to the name of Ferdinand VII. me ns within her power, until forced by necessity America only was condemned to undergo these un- to the declarations of the 15th July, 1808, and again of the 19th April, 1810. Having forgiven the horrid exampled miseries. Aturppears that the independence of America transactions at Quito, Pose and la Paz: finding ourawakened greater fury in Spain than the foreign selves supported by Buenos Ayres, Santa Fe, Floeppression which threatened it, as all their resources rida, Mexico, Guatimala and Chili: after obtainwere employed against it: the turbulent and incen-ling a conditional guarantee from England: and dious spirit of a minister of the council of India gaining over to our cause Barcelona, Merida and could not be more worthily employed than in the Truxilio: after having our conduct approved by conquest of Venezuela, with the arms of the Alfin- every impartial man in Europe; and seeing the gers and the Welsers, in the name of a king with- triumph of our principles from the Orinoco to Magout a title to the throne upon which he was placed. dalen, and from Cape Cod to the Andes, we still Under this name all the flood-gates of iniquity were waited but to endure new insults, before we took. opened upon us, and all the horrors of conquest the painful resolution of breaking off our connecrenewed under this name we were treated with tion forever with our brethren. greater severity even than those who had abandoned

Caracas having done no more than imitate many it before us and under this name they sought to provinces of Spain, and exercise only those rights continue the Spanish dominion in America, which which had been ceded to it in common with all was considered as a political phenomenon even in America, by the council of the regency; having the days of the greatest energy and vigor of the had no other design than what the supreme law monarchy. Could any law be made to bind us to of necessity required, to secure ourselves from an the patient toleration of the torrent of abuses which, unhappy fate, and relieve the regency from the those who called themselves his representatives,pour-labour of attending to the government of counties ed upon us in his name? His name obtained for them so extensive and remote, while they were employed the treasures, the obedience and acknowledgment in war: without having broke our unity and politiof America; and, by means of their flagitious con-cal integrity with Spain: without having disavow duct, the name of Ferdinand has for ever lost all con-ed, as we might and ought to have done, the feeble sideration and respect among us.9 rights of Ferdinand: without deigning to submit The tyrant of Borriqueno not content with our demands and requisitions to the voice of the calumniating, insulting and declaring war against nation, we were declared in a state of war, deus, thereby usurping the privileges of a sovereignnounced as traitors and rebels and deprived of not satisfied with appointing himself the voluntary our commerce and communication with England goaler of the messengers of peace and alliance, be- or our European brethren: all the excesses which cause they counteracted the plans which the new malignity of heart could dictate, and such as would king of Spain had already accepted from the re- have disgraced the despots of India, were approved gency: not believing his eminent services suffici-and authorised, as will appear by the order of the 4th ently recompensed by the honor of having faithfully September, 1810; and, as a climax to their savage served his kings; with the most audacious insolence proceeding, a new emissary with the title of pacifi he seized the public goods of Caracas, which had cator was sent out, who with greater prerogatives been shipped on board the frigate Ferdinand VII. than the original conquerors and founders of the for the purpose of purchasing military stores in place, posted himself at Porto Rico, to pillage, plunLondon; and that no insult might be wanting, he der, and destroy in the name of Ferdinand Vii. alledged that the Spanish government would confiscate them, that England, ignorant of our design, would appropriate them to her own use, and that no where would they be more safe than in his hands: such were the reasons which the governor of Porto Rico assigned for this atrocious plunder: but this is not all which this worthy agent of the regency has done to promote their designs.

Until then the system which the regency adopted from the moment they knew of the movements at Caracas, had been slower in its progress; but the Principal focus of the civil war being now brought nearer to us, the subalterns acquired greater vigor, and the zeal of all who commanded the subsidiary forces of Cortabarria and Melendez was increased. Hence the energy of that ephemeral sedition: the However aggrieved by these robberies and insults, discord created by Miyares, proped up with the Venezuela persisted in the resolution not to change ideal title of captain general of Venezuela: hence the principles adopted as the rule of her conduct: to our regret the American blood, shed upon the the act of the national representation was published fields of Coro: hence the robberies committed on in the name of Ferdinand VII: all the acts of our our coasts by the pirates of the regency: the insults government and administration were done under given to the English flag; the decay of our comhis imaginary authority; by the laws and codes of Spain, a most horrible and bloody conspiracy of merce; the conspiracies in the vallies of Aragua and Cumana: the horrid perfidy of Guayana, and the Europeans was tried, and these were infringed the degrading transportation of their nobles to the to pardon them, that we might not stain with the dungeons of Porto Rico; hence the generous interblood of our perfidious brethren, the glorious re-position of an officer of the British government in membrance of our revolution. the Antilles." and its rejection by the pseudo-pacifiIt appeared that nothing now remained but a recator: and hence, in fine, all the evils, atrocities conciliation with Spain, or the entire abandonment

The first tyrants of Venezuela, under the au thority of Charles V. and the instigators of a civil war among the primitive inhabitants.

Ex qua persona quis lucrum capit ejus factum prestare tenetur. [The receiver is as bad as the thief.}| → The original name of the island of Porto Rico.

and crimes which must for ever be inseperable from the names of Cortabarria and Melendez in Venezuela, and which have forced its government, contrary to their original intentions, to take under their protection, all who have honoured them with their confidence.

His excellency admiral Cochran

The mission of Cortabarria in the nineteenth [tion of the interior of the empire was shackled;century, considering the relative situations of Spain the productions of the departments of its centreand America, demonstrates how blindly ambition could only reach the sea, by paying tribute to soleads on those who forget that the people are the reign powers. These inconveniences have disapfountain of all authority. The spirit of Charles V. peared forever. The maritime arsenal of the the memory of Cortes and Pizarro, and the names Scheldt, on which such great hopes are foch H, of Montezuma and Atahualpa, involuntarily pre has received in this manner all the extension it sented themselves to our imagination when we ought to possess. The mouths of the Ems, of the saw those scenes renewed in a country which had Weser, and of the Elbe, place in our possession all numbered three hundred years of submission and the timber which Germany furnishes. The fronsacrifices, and which had promised to continue tiers of the empire lean on the Baltic, and thus them, upon no other condition than being free, that slavery might not tarnish the merit of fidelity.

having a direct communication with the worth, it will be easy for us to draw from it the spars, the hemp, the copper, and other naval stores which we may have occasion for. We now command all the materials necessary in the constructing of ships, produced by France, Germany and Italy.

The Simplon having become French, secures to

It is obvious that America neither does nor can appertain to the Spanish territory; and that, howe ver just or unjust were the rights which the Bour bons assumed over it, these could not be transferred to another without the consent of the American people. The bull of Alexander VI. and the titles is a new communication with Italy. brought forward by the house of Austria, could have The re-union of Rome has caused to disappear no other origin than the right of conquest which the inconvenient intermediary space which existed was ceded by the conquerors to the crown. Inde-between our armies of the north of Italy and those pendent of the depopulation of the territory, the of the south; and has given us on the Mediterraextermination of the natives, and the emigration nean new and useful coasts, necessary to Toulon, from the capital, it appears the fury of conquest was as those of the Adriatic are to Venice. The reabated: the thirst for gold satisfied: the continen-union carries also with it, the double advantage, tal equilibrium declared in favor of Spain: the feudal that the popes are no longer sovereigns, and stranggovernment from the reign of the Bourbons in ers to France. We have only to examine history Spain destroyed and annihilated: and all right to discover the evils which the confusion of the which had not its origin in the concessions or edicts temporal and spiritual powers have occasioned to of the prince being annulled, the original conquer religion. The popes have incessantly sacrificed. ors of course were suspended from theirs. If the holy things to those of a temporal nature. invalidity of the right which the Bourbons arro- It was not the divorce of Henry VIII. that sepera gated be shewn, the title by which the descendants ted England from the church of Rome; it was the of the conquerors possessed the country must be TRIBUTE to St. Peter. If it is advantageous to the revived not in the prejudice of the original proprie-state and to religion, that the pope should no longer eors, but to render equal the enjoyment of liberty, be sovereign, it is equally advantageous to the em property and independence, with greater right than pire, that the bishop of Rome, the chief of our the Bourbons or any other to whom they have ceded church, should not be a stranger to us, and that be America, without the consent of the natural lords should unite to the love of religion, that of the of the soil. country, which characterises elevated minds. This That America does not belong to the Spanish is, besides, the only way to render compatible, the territory is a principle of natural law and equity.-just influence which the pope is to have over spiri None of the titles which exist of its slavery whether tual matters, with the principles of the empire, just or unjust, can apply to the Spaniards of Europe; which do not permit that any foreign bishop may and all the liberality of Alexander VI. could do no or do exercise any influence in it. more than declare the Austrian kings promoters of RELIGION. The emperor is satisfied with the the faith in making themselves masters of America. Įspirit that animates all his clergy. Neither the title of metropolis, nor mother country, The attention of the administration has been diean give the right of signiory to the peninsula of rected to the wants of the diocese. The establishSpain: the first was lost from the moment the ment of secondary ecclesiastical schools, commonly monarch, who was acknowledged by the Americans, called small seminaries: the foundation of a great left it and renounced his rights; and the second many large seminaries of the most advanced stuwas always a ridiculous abuse of terms, just as con-dies; the re-establishment of the churches wherever sistent as that of calling our slavery, felicity,-the they have been destroyed, and the completement fiscals of India, protectors,--and the Americans, of several great metropolitan sees, the building of without either right or civil dignity, sons.

[TO BE CONTINUED.]

French Empire.

Paris, June 30, 1811.

EXTRACTS FROM THE FRENCH EXPOSE

Of the situation of the French empire, presented to the legislative body, in its sitting of the 29th of June, by his excellency the comte de Montalivet, minister of the interior:

which had been interrupted on account of the revolution, are manifest proofs of the zeal that the government bestows on the splendor of worship and prosperity of religion.

Religious dissentions, the consequence of our political troubles, have entirely disappeared; there are no longer in France but priests in communion with their bishops, and united in their religious princi ples as they are in their attachment to their government.

Twenty-seven bishoprics having been vacant GENTLEMEN,-Since your last session, the em for a long time, and the pope having refused at pire has been increased by the addition of sixteen two different epochs from 1805 to 1807, and from departments, five millions of population, a territory 1808 to the present time, to execute the clauses of affording a revenue of one hundred millions, nine the concordate which obliges him to institute the hundred miles of coast, with all its maritime re bishops nominated by the emperor, this refusal had sources. The mouths of the Rhine, the Meuse, rendered the concordate void; it no longer exists. and of the Scheldt, were not French; the circula-The emperor has therefore been obliged to cou

voke all the bishops of the empire, that they might ment their prosperity. The hospitals have been consult on the means of providing for the vacant improved every where; it may be said that they sees, and of ominating to those that should be never were kept better at any time. Charity is come vacant, in conformity to what was done un-abundantly exercised, and the legacies accepted in der Charlemagne, under St. Lewis, and in all the the council of state for the hospitals amount yearly centuries that preceded the concordate of Francis to several millions.

I, and Leo. X. for it is the essence of the Catholic! H. M. has improved and endowed a great numreligion not to be able to dispense with the ministry ber of congregations of charitable sisterhoods, havand mission of bishops. ing for their aim to attend the sick and wait on the Thus has ceased to exist that famous transaction hospitals. The intention of H. M. is that all these of Francis I. and Leo. X. against which the church, sisters be, in religious affairs, under the direction the university and the sovereign courts have so long of their bishops, who alone have the power to medcontended, and which led the writers on public law dle in spiritual affairs in the extent of their dioand magistrates of those times to say that the king ces. No congregation under any pretence whatand pope had mutually yielded to one another what ever can, nor ought to be, exempt from their judid not belong to either. Henceforth it is to the risdiction.

deliberation of the council of Paris that the state Poor-houses have been erected in sixty-five deof episcopacy which will have so much influence partments; they are already in operation in thirtyeven on that of religion, is attached. two; and it is no longer permitted to beg in these As for the rest, if other divisions have existed thirty-two departments. Those depots want yet between the emperor and the temporal sovereign further improvements, so as works may be well of Rome, there has not existed any between the established in them and that they may then defray emperor and the pope, as the chief of religion, and the greatest part of their expenses. there is nothing that can excite the least uneasiness in the most timorous souls.

MARINE.We have lost Guadaloupe and the Isle of France.The wish to save those colonies JUDICIARY.-Civil justice has been seperated from was not so great as to cause us to risk our fleets criminal justice; the magistrates pursued crimes in their relative inferior state. Since the re union only when these were pointed out by the police.-of Holland, that country has furnished us with ten The late code that you have adopted has re-united thousand sailors, and thirteen ships of the line.-civil and criminal justice; it has instituted imperial We have considerable flects in the Scheldt and at courts invested with the right of pursuing and Toulon. Divisions of ships of the line, more or accusing, and has armed them with the necessary less strong, lie in our different ports, and fifteen force to cause the laws to be executed. The mainte-ships in the docks of Antwerp. Every thing is nance and perfection of the jury, and confrontation arranged so as add to each year a great number of of witnesses, and the publicity of the trials, have ships of war to our fleet of the Scheldt. Two ships brought together what was good in the old and new of the line are building at Cherbourg, and the supsystem. plies of timber and materials of every sort are so

throne !

In nominating to the different offices, H. M. has plentiful in that port, that we may have five more sought the members that yet remained of the former on the stocks before the close of the year 1811.—— parliament, and whose age and knowledge qualified L'Orient, Rochefort, Toulon, have all their docks them for employment in the imperial courts; he has occupied.--Numerous vessels are building at Vecalled them to it of his own accord, thus giving a nice. According to treaty Naples was this year to proof of his constant desire to see the French forget have six ships of the line and six frigates. This their former quarrels, and finish to blend themselves kingdom has not fulfilled this engagement. The in the only interest of their country and of the government of that country will be convinced of the necessity of repairing that failure. Our resources, ADMINISTRATION.-Many reclamations have our interior navigation, are sufficient to raise the been presented upon the limits of the different de material part of our navy, in a few years to the same partments. Even opinions have been intimated degree of elevation as that of our enemies. Our which would wish to substitute great prefectures experiments on the maritime conscription have to the actual prefectures, but H M. has rejected succeeded; the young men of 18, 19 and 20 years them, and has set as a principle to consider what of age, shew the best disposition, and are rapidly has been done as established and permanent. Insta-progressing. The frequent excursions of our bilitity destroys every thing. A great revolution has flects, the evolutions of our squadrons and flotillas taken place in the organization of the departments in the Zuyder Zee, the Scheldt, and our roads, it is an act of property which H. M. does not wish and the coasting navigation, have so far improved to touch. Those departments have been formed, consolidated in the midst of awful circumstances which have brought together their inhabitants, and they shall always remain united in the same manner. The communal administration has been every where perfected. The budgets deliberated upon it; the council of state direct and censure; thus the administration of all the communes of the empire, have more than ten thousand francs revenue.- This war was drawing to a close when England, Already the mass of those revenues arise to more departing from her accustomed policy, took the than eighty millions. Never were the communes lead in the field. It is easy to foresee this struggle, at any time nor in any country so rich. Every where and to comprehend all its consequences on the deselse the octroi (municipal duties) is a sovereign tinies of the world.

our young conscripts, as to excite the highest hopes.

WAR. In one year, the greatest part of the strongest places in Spain have been taken after sieges which do honor to the genius and artillery of the French armies. More than two hundred standards, eighty thousand prisoners, and an hundred picces of cannon have been taken from the Spaniards in several pitched battles.

impost: H. M. has left it to the communes; eonse- The population of England, insufficient for the quently all their establishments are in the best state, occupation of the two Indies, America, and many and in almost all they have undertaken the building establishments on the Mediterranean; insuficient of town houses, markets, public magazines, or for the defence of Ireland and her own coast, for other works which are to embellish them or aug- her garrisons and immense fleets, and for the loss

loans is declaring that, in a few years, no other ternative will be left but that of bankruptcy. This observation is every day made by discerning men; at each campaign it will become yet more striking to all the capitalists.

of men in an obstinate war sustained against France in the peninsula of Spain, leave many chances in our favor and England is placed between the ruin of her population, if she persists in maintaining this war, or shame, if she abandon it after having aken so conspicuous a part. We are in the fourth year of the Spanish war: France has eight hundred thousand men under and though it should last a few more campaigns, arms; and when new forces, new armies, march Spain shall be subdued and the English driven from towards Spain, to fight these our eternal enemies, it. What are a few years to consolidate the great four hundred thousand infantry, and fifty thousand empire, and to secure the tranquility of our chilcavalry, will remain in our interior, on our coasts, dren? It is not that the government is not desirous and our frontiers, ready to march for the defence of of peace, but it cannot be made so long as the affairs our lights wherever they shall be threatened. The of England are directed by men who have declared continental system, which is kept up with the great their determination of carrying on a perpetual war : est perseverance, is undermining the basis of the and what would such a peace be to France, without finances of England. Already her exchange loses a guarantee? In two years the English fleets would 33 per cent.; her colonies are without outlets for seize our vessels and ruin our cities of Bordeaux, their produce; the greater part of their manufac- Nantz, Marseilles, Amsterdam, Genoa, Leghon, tures are closed; and the continental system is but Venice, Naples, Triest, and Hamburg, as they just in operation! If continued for ten years, it have heretofore done; such a peace would only be a would alone destroy the resources of England. snare laid for our commerce: It would only be use

Her revenue is not founded on the produce of ful to England, who would find a vent for her merher soil, but on that of the commerce of the world. chandize, which would change the continental sysEven now her factories are half closed. In vain do tem. The pledge of peace is in the existence of our the English hope from procrastination, and the navy, and our maritime power.

events excited by her intrigues, that outlets will be We shall be able to make peace with safety, when opened to her commerce. As to France, the conti-we shall have an hundred and fifty ships of the line; nenal system has not altered in the least her posi- and notwithstanding the obstructions of war, such tion-we have been for ten years without maritimes the situation of the empire, that we shall shortly commerce, and we shall continue without it. have this number of ships.--Thus the guarantee

The prohibition of English goods on the conti- of our fleet, and that of an English administration, nent has opened a market to our manufactures; founded on principles different from those of the should even that fail them, the consumption of the present cabinet, can alone give peace to the universe empire presents a reasonable support. It belongs-It would be useful to us without doubt, and it to our manufactures to regulate themselves upon the would be desirable in another point of view: we wants of sixty millions of consumers. will say further, the continent, the whole world call

The prosperity of the imperial treasury is not for it; but we have a consolation, which is, that it founded on the commerce of the universe. More is much more desirable for our enemies, than for than nine hundred millions that are necessary to ourselves; and whatever efforts the English minismeet the expences of the empire, are the result otry may make to stun that nation by a crowd of natural direct or indirect impost. England requires pamphlets, and by every thing that can keep in agitwo thousand millions to defray her expences, and tation a populace anxious for news, it cannot con her own revenue would not be able to furnish more ceal from the world, how much peace becomes eve than one third. We shall believe that England can ry day indispensable to England. maintain as long as we, this struggle, when she shall have subsisted many years without loans, without consolidating the exchequer bills, and when her payments shall be made in specie, or at least in paper exchangeable at pleasure.

(TO BE CONTINUED.)

History

Of the Invasion of Spain by Bonaparte. ABRIDGED FROM THE MOST AUTHENTIC SOURCES. CHAPTER III

Any reasonable man must be persuaded that France may remain ten years in her present state without experiencing other embarrassments than (CONTINUED FROM FAGE 85.) those she has experienced for these ten years, with- Asturias and Gallacia were the first provinces out augmenting her debt and meeting all her expen that raised the standard; but the rest of Spain purces. England is obliged every year during the war,[sued the same course so rapidly, as to show that to borrow eight hundred millions, which in ten the people acted, not from the influence of example, years would make eight thousand millions. How but from one common feeling, acting co-instanta is it possible to conceive that she can succeed in neously over the whole kingdom. In every pro supporting an increase of contributions of four vince a junta or general government was immediately hundred millions to meet the interest of her loans, formed, who, acting under the name of Ferdinand, when she can only now provide for her expences by were to take measures for the general defence, and borrowing eight hundred millions yearly? The ac-for the recovery of the country. Their first meatual system of English finances can only be found-sure was to issue proclamations, calling upon the' ed on a peace establishment. Indeed, all systems of people to revenge their brethren who had been masfinances grounded on loans, are pacific in their na sacred; to remember their fathers; to defend their ture, since borrowing is calling the resources of wives and sisters; and to transmit their inhefuturity to the relief of present wants. Notwith-ritance of independence to their children. They standing, however, the actual administration of Eng reminded them how Playo, with the mounland has proclaimed the principle of perpetual war, taineers of Asturias, laid the foundation of the this is, as if the chancellor of the exchequer had Spanish monarchy, and began that war against the announced that he would propose in a few years a Moors which his posterity continued :or 700 years, bill of national Sankruptcy. It is indeed mathema till they had rooted out the last of the invaders.-tically demonstrated, that to wish to provide for They reminded them of the Cid, Reydier de Bivar, the expences with eight Hundred millions of actual a fierce and noble Castilian of the city of Burgos,