capable of yielding to the efforts of liberty. But for distinguished him from the satellities of despotism this deep roote prejudice Spain, perhaps, would were silenced, and by a short and artful decree he not have lost the rank of nation; and America in was compelled to quit the conflict of justice against her endeavours to attain that rank would not have iniquity. Melendez, nominated king of Porto Ri travelled the thorny paths of a civil war, more co by the regency, dropped that title for the equiva ominous to its promoters than to ourselves. lent investiture of governor by a decree of the cortes, The vices of which the cartes were guilty in re-for it now appeared too absurd to have kings in a gard to America, and the illegal and insulting expe- little island of the Spanish Antilles. Cortabarria, dient which they adopted with respect to our repre- only managed to elude the effects of this decree sentation, have been sufficiently explained in our which was dictated by an involuntary sense of depublic papers. The reasons which we gave to their cency. Thus while the investiture given by the perfidious ambassador must have come to their regency to Melendez was declared iniquitous, arbiknowledge. But notwithstanding new schemes trary and tyrannical, and its revocation extended and tricks were formed to pave the way for the to all the countries of America which were placed bloody hosts of Coro, Maracaybo, and Porto Rico; in the same situation with Porto Rico, nothing was the cortes, convinced that the conduct of Ferdinand, said of the plenipotentiary, Cortabarria, who was his connection with the emperor of the French, and invested by the same regency with powers against the influence of the latter over all the Bourbons Venezuela, more monstrous than any to be found who were now under his protection, had began to in the records o despotism. weaken the favorable impressions of the Americans, It is since the decree of the cortes that the discord, hastened to open counter fires to prevent the flame engendered, promoted and maintained from the fatal from reaching themselves, and to confine it to the observatory of Porto Rico, has been most felt it precise point necessary to their vast and complica-is since this same decree, that the fishermen and ted designs. To this end the manifesto, written coasters in Ocumare have been inhumanly murderwith an eloquence worthy a better object, was ad-ed, by the pirates of Cortabarria: 'tis since the dedressed by the cortes to America on the 9th Janua- cree, that Cumana and Barcelona have been threal ry of the present year: but under the brilliancy of ened and blockaded it is since the decree of the this discourse we discovered the intention to blind cortes that a new and bloody conspiracy against us. Fearful that we should anticipate their designs Venezuela was planned and organized, by the vile they dared not venture too far. The unfortunate emissary perfiduously introduced into the peaceful Ferdinand had been the pretext which drew to his bosom of his country, to devour it, whose ringleapseudo-representatives the treasures, the submission ders we were reluctantly compelled to sacrifice to and the slavery of America: but Ferdinand deceiv- justice and tranquility, on the scaffold it is since ed, seduced and prostituted to the designs of the the decree that the political unity of our constitution emperor of the French, is now the last to whom has been interrupted by the suggestions of the pathey appeal to quench the flame of liberty which cificator of the cortes: that it has been attempted, Venezuela had kindled on the continent. In one in vain, to seduce other cities of the interior: that a of our journals we have laid open the true spirit false intimation was made to Carora by the seditious of the manifesto in question, of which the following inhabitants of the west, to the end that Venezuela, may be looked upon as an exact commentary attacked at every point within the reach of the "America finds herself threatened either with being wretches whom the same governor that dispatched "made the victim of a foreign nation, or of conti-the decree in favor of Porto Rico and of all Ame"nuing our slave; to recover their rights and inde- rica, held ready against us, might in one day be "pendence, they have thought it necessary not drowned in blood and desolation. The name of "violently to break the bonds which connected Ferdinand VII. is the pretext under which the "them with these people; Ferdinand was the sig-new world is to be destroyed; if the example of Ve ❝nal of re-union adopted in the new world, and nezuela should not have every where caused the "we have followed it; he is suspected of conni- banners of liberty to be unfurled. evance with the emperor of the French, and if The severe duty of vindicating ourselves would "we blindly cease to acknowledge him, we give a carry us much further, did we not fear to fall into "pretext to the Americans who believe us to be his the errors of the governments of Spain, substituting "representatives, openly to deny the representation: resentment to justice: if rancor and malignity had "now, though these designs begin partly to shew been the agents of this our sincere, undisguised "themselves in America, let us previously manifest and solemn manifestation, we should have commen"our intention of renouncing Ferdinand, but upon ced our invalidation of the rights of Ferdinand by "certain conditions; these conditions will never be alledging the illegitimacy of his birth, which was "verified, and whilst Ferdinand is neither in fact declared in Boyonne by his mother, and published "nor in right our king, we shall be supreme in the in all the French and Spanish journals we might "eyes of America, and this country, so coveted have availed ourselves of the personal defects of by us and so difficult to hold in slavery, will be Ferdinand, his unfitness to reign, his weak and de"readily kept in our hands." grading conduct in the cortes at Bayonne, his inThis splendid shew of liberality is now the real significant education, and the small foundation and visible spring of the complicated machine, deshe afforded for the gigantic hopes of the governtined to act upon America; whilst at the same time ments of Spain, which had no other origin than the every species of baseness was practised by the cortes, illusion of America, no other support but the poliand all the horrors of the inquisition renewedtical interest of England, widely different from the when an American, worthy of the name, raised his rights of the Bourbons. The public opinion of voice against the abuses of the regency in Porto Spain, and the xperience of the revolution of the Rico, the energetic and imperious claims which kingdom, will furnish us sufficient proofs of the 7 The gazette of Caracas 4th January et. sequent. conduct of the mother, as well as of the qualities of the son, without recurring to the manifesto of the minister Azanza, and the secret memoirs of Maria Louisa: but decency is the rule of our conduct: to that we are ready to sacrifice our strenger reasons; what we have alledged are sufficient to kings did the Israelites exercise the right of insure shew the justice, the necessity and utility of our rection, breaking the obedience to which force comresolution, upon whose support alone we rest the pelled them; against those whom God himself had examples with which we shall seal the judgment of given them from within their own country and famipur independence. ly, we find them clam this imprescriptible right The partizans of the slavery of the New World whenever their liberty, or the sacredness of those must proscribe or falsify history, that unalterable bonds by which God had subjected them to those monument of the rights and usurpations of man, to whom he chose to rule over them, required it.maintain that America could not be subject to the David obtained the acknowledgment of the Hechanges of other nations. Even had the rights of brews to his dynasty, and his son Solomon ratified the Bourbons been incontestible, and the oath it in favor of his posterity; but scarce was this king which we have reduced to nothing, been indestruc- dead, who had oppressed his vassals with tributes tible, the injustice, force, and fraud by which it and contributions to support the pomp of his court, was drawn from us, would have sufficed to render and feed the sumptuous luxury of his pleasures, it null and void, the moment it was found to be ad- when his son Rehoboam was acknowledged only by verse to our liberty, subversive of our rights, pre- the tribes of Judea and Benjamin; the other ten, judicial to our interest, and fatal to our tranquility. exercising their rights, recovered their political inSuch is the nature of the oath given to conquer-dependence; and gave their sovereignty into the ors or to their heirs, while they hold the people hands of Jeroboam, son of Nebat. The momentaunder the oppression which conquest puts into ry harshness of Solomon's reign was enough to set their power. In no other manner could Spain aside the obedience of the Hebrews to his dynasty, have recovered her liberty after swearing submission and induce them to place another on the throne to the Carthagenians, Romans, &c. &c. and above without regarding what God had told them, that all to the French, at the same time that she refused their fate depended not upon the kings of Judea, to acknowledge the right of America to indepen-nor upon the ministers, priests, and chiefs of Solodence. It would be superfluous to remind our mon. And shall the Christian people of Venezuela enemies of what they must know, and upon what in a worse condition, though declared free by the they themselves have founded the sacred right of government of Spain, not to be suffered to do that, their own liberty and independence, which, surely which the God of Israel whom they adore, permitdeserves not to be tarnished with the slavery of the ted heretofore to his people without the manifestagreater part of the nation, situated on the other side tion of his indignation or wrath? This Divine willis of the ocean; but, to our misfortune, they are not the guide of our conduct, and to his eternal judg the only ones whom we are compelled to convince, ment we submit our resolution. by palpable examples, of the justice and common If the independence of the Hebrew people was resemblance of our independence to that of every not a sin against the written laws; neither can that nation who has once lost and again recovered it of the christian people be against the law of grace, the slavery of the Americans being kept up and The apostolic see has excommunicated no nation maintained by the most criminal abuse of religion, for rising against the tyranny of kings or govern which was given for the liberty, the happiness and ments that violated the social compact. The Swiss, the salvation of the people; it becomes necessary the Hollanders, the French and the North Ame to remove the pious apathy engendered in the soli-ricans proclaimed their independence, overturned tude of their dungeons, that the people may know their constitutions, and varied the forms of their that governments neither hold, have held, or can governments, without having incurred other cenhold, any other duration than their utility and the sures than these which the church may have fulmi happiness of man; that kings are not of a privilegednated against their encroachments upon the dognature, nor of a superior order to other men; that mas and discipline of religion. The Swiss were their authority emanates from the people, under the di-bound by oath to Germany, as were the Hollanders rection and support of the Providence of God, who to Spain, the French to Louis XVI. and the Amegave our actions to the guidance of a free will; that icans to George III. Neither they nor other pow This Omnipotence does not interfere in favor of this or ers who favored their independence were excomthat form of government; that religion does not, nor municated by the pope. The grandfather of Fercan its ministers anathamalize the efforts of a nation to dinand VII. one of the most pious and catholic be independent in a political sense, and in a moral and rcligious sense dependent only on God. kings who ever sat on the throne of Spain, with his nephew Louis XVI. assisted in the indepenThe chosen people of God, who were directed by dence of North America; without fearing ecclesiasmiracles and prodigies, which will, perhaps, never tical censures, or the anger of heaven; and now, that be repeated, offer a proof of the right of insurrec- the order of events offer it with more justice to tion in the people, which can leave nothing for the South America, those who call themselves the relovers of public order and orthodox piety to desire. presentatives of his grand-son, seek to abuse the The Hebrews, subject to Pharaoh, and kept under religion which Charles III. so much respected, to his obedience by force, repaired to Moses, and un- continue the most atrocious and unexampled usurdar his direction, triumphed over their enemies, and pations-Just and Omnipotent God! How long recovered their independence, without subjecting shall fanaticism dispute the empire of the holy retheir conduct to any malediction or anathema from ligion which thou hast given us for thy glory and God or his chief priest and legislator Moses; sub-our happiness? dued afterwards by the power of Nebuchadnezar, The succession of events in Europe were, without under the direction of Holophernes, the same God doubt, intended in the high designs of Providence, brought them to Judea, that the independence of to terminate the slavery of America. Two thouhis people might be redeemed. Under Antiochus sand leagues across the ocean, we have for three Epiphanes, Mathias and his sons raised the stand years which have elapsed since we ought to have ard of independence; and God blessed and aided been free and independent, only suffered a painful their efforts even to the obtaining the perfect liberty series of conspiracies, insults, hostilities and de. f his people against the oppression of this impious predations from the very people with whom we king and his successors. Not only against foreign agreed to participate the benefits of our regenera, French Empire. EXTRACTS FROM THE FRENCH EXPOSE. (Concluded from page 112.) PUBLIC INSTRUCTION.-The university has made tion, and for whose felicity we were anxious to open the doors of the new world, enslaved by communication with the old, plundered and laid waste by war, famine and desolation. Three dis tinet oligarchies declared war upon us, despised our claims, stirred up our brethren against us, progress. Some lyceums were badly constituted: sewed the seeds of distrust and rancor among our great family, plotted horrible conspiracies against our liberty, interrupted our commerce, discouraged our agriculture, aspersed our conduct and excited against us the powers of Europe, imploring in the principles of religion, the foundation of every institution as of all morals, were removed or were freely practised. The grand master and the council of the university have remedied the greatest part of those abuses There remain however many things vain, their aid in oppressing us. The same flag, to be done to realize the hopes and the views of the the same language, the same religion, and the emperor in this great creation. Family education is that which deserves most same laws, have until now, confounded liberty with tyranny: Ferdinand the deliverer, has fought encouragement; but since parents are so often against Ferdinand the oppressor; and if we had obliged to confide their children to colleges or instinot resolved to abandon a name synonimous both tutions, the intention of the emperor is, that the to crime and virtue, America would at last be enorganization of the university should extend to all slaved by the very means which served for the in the colleges and institutions of every degree, to the end that education may no longer be like a manudependence of Spain. facture or a branch of commerce, exercised with Of such nature have been the imperious events views of pecuniary interest. To direct education which compelled Venezuela to separate her destiny is one of the noblest functions of a father of a family, for ever from a name so ominous and fatal. Placed or one of the principal ends of national institutions. by it in the irreversible predicament of being either The number of lyceums and that of communal colthe slaves or the enemies of our brethren, we have leges, will be augmented, and the number of private chosen to purchase liberty at the expense of friend institutions will be gradually diminished, until the ship; without wishing to impede the means of fu moment when they all shall be closed. ture reconciliation. Weighty and substantial rea All public education must be governed by military sons, sacred interests, serious reflections, profound discipline, and not by civil or ecclesiastical police. meditation, elaborate discussions and debates, im- The habit of military discipline is the most useful, perious events, urgent dangers, and a loudly pro-since in all the classes of life the citizens have need nounced public opinion were the data which pre of being able to defend their property against inteceded the solemn declaration, made by the general rior or exterior enemies. congress of Venezuela on the 5th of July, of the Ten years are yet requisite in order that all the absolute independence of this part of South America: good that his majesty expects from the university an independence desired and applauded by the peo-should be realized, and his views be accomplished; ple of the capital, sanctioned by the power of the but great advantages have already been obtained, confederation, acknowledged by the representatives and what now exists is preferable to any thing that of the provinces, solemnized and approved by the ever existed. head of the Venezuelan church, and supported with For the primary instruction of children H. M. the lives, the fortunes, and the honor of all the sees with pleasure the establishment of small schools citizens. -he desires the diffusion of them. Freemen, companions of our fate!--ye who have Independent of the houses of St. Dennis and known how to cleanse your souls from fear or hope, l'Ecouese, six houses have been instituted for the direct from the elevation of which your virtues education of girls, whose fathers have devoted them"raise you, an impartial and disinterested glance selves to the service of their country. "upon the picture which Venezuela offers to your SCIENCES AND ARTS.-The discovery of the "view. She constitutes you arbiters of her differ magnet has produced a revolution in commerce; "ences with Spain, and judges of her new destinies. sugar has destroyed the use of honey, indigo that "If our evils have affected you, and our felicity in-of pastel (woad.) The improvements in chemistry "terested you, unite your efforts with ours, that the operate at this moment a revolution in an inverse footsteps of ambition may no longer trample upon way; it has succeeded in drawing sugar from "liberality and justice. To you belongs the task grapes, the maple and beets. The pastel (woad) " of undeceiving Spain. Arrest the madness which which had enriched Languedoc and a part of Italy. has seized their governments; shew them the but which had not been able, in this infancy of that "reciprocal advantages of our regeneration; ex-art, to bear the competition of indigo, resumes in "pose to their view the flattering perspective of the its turn superiority: chemistry extracts from it now "union and assimulation of hearts in America; a substance which gives it an advantage over indigo "tell them what awaits them in Europe and what in price and quality. All the branches of the sci"they may hope for in a new and peaceful world, ences and arts are perfecting themselves. "now surrounded by all the blessings of liberty; PUBLIC WORKS.-Great works have been un * and lastly, swear to them in our name, that Vene- dertaken these ten years, and are pursued every "zuela with open arms expects her brethren to year with a new zeal and increase of means. In "partake in her felicity; with no other sacrifice 1810, one hundred and thirty eight millions were "than of the prejudices, the pride and the ambition appropriated for these works: one hundred and "which for three centuries created the unhappi- fifty-five are destined for this of 1811. [Here follows of both Spains." a comparative statement of the expences for the public works, in 1810 and 1811.] Federal palace of Caracas, 30th July, 1811. Juan Antonio Rodriguez Domingues, In the midst of war and of the expenditure that immense armies, the creation and organization of numerous fleets require, the sacrifices that the im. perial treasury makes for public works, are such that they exceed in one year alone, all that was em ployed in them under the old monarchy, in one think that France is menaced with an approaching generation. invasion. I shall not have occasion to lay beforeFORTIFICATIONS.-A great part of those ex-you, to contrast with that idea, the situation of all. penses has for its ends the erection of new and strong our neighbors who are our allies and who are replaces: these are works executed for future benefit, united to our system and the preponderance that. in order to consolidate and fortify the empire. the last campaigns has given us; but I shall only A place of the second order is founded in the remark, that when in the like circumstances more. Texel, for the purpose of defending the mouth of than one hundred millions have been sacrificed in a the Zuyder Zee; three thousand men wil be able few years for a defence which interests only the to maintain a siege of several months. Antwerp, future; we must give thanks to the government, Breskens, the imperial fort of Cadsand Wilhelm-which, not eontent with securing the happiness of stadt, the Sluice, the Sas de Ghent are already the present generation, wishes also to guarantee the formidable barriers: Flushing, surrounded by forts tranquility of posterity, and controls thus even the beyond the reach of bombs, covered with regular most remote chances of fortune. inundations and by multifarious works, is hence- HARBORS.-The same activity is displayed in forth sheltered from any attempt. the works of our harbors. At Antwerp the dam. In 1810 and 1811, more than eight millions have of the basin was taken away about the end of last. been spent in the places of the Scheldt; it was year. Eighteen ships of the line, even three-deckers,. natural to execute great works on a point which may he received and depart from it entirely armed.. will always be the object of the jealousy and fears In the beginning of this year, two 80 gun ships have been coppered and fitted there. The improvements of our natural enemies. New works have been built at Ostend; there was are continued with ardor. Before the end of Sepexisting an enclosure, but it was of little considera-tember next, the basin will be able to contain thirty tion. Great works have also been begun in Bou-ships. logne, Havre and Cherbourg. The Havre had The ships of the line could only enter the basin. been built by Vauban; a few years before the revo of Flushing when disarmed. Its sluice has been dried lution, under vain pretences it had been contrived up and insulated. People are employed to lower to destroy its fortifications. That city, the key of its road; so that twenty ships may enter the basin the Seine and which may be called the port of Paris, entirely armed. The keys that the English had had been left dismantled and opened. Considerable overthrown, are re-established. Men are at work works are executed in it; the place is already closed to rebuild the general magazine, and are placed and able to maintain a siege. out of the reach of the bombs.. The establishment of the port of Cherbourg re- The first funds have been provided for the basin, quires fast fortifications; and about the end of this of Terneuse; its foundation is laying. Twenty year that city will be enabled to maintain a siege. ships of the line entirely armed will be able to deThe plans adopted are upon a large scale; this will part from the basin in one single tide. It will be be a place of the first rank. capable of containing more than forty. The works of Dunkirk, Montreuil and Abbeville, The sluice tide of Ostend has terminated; it has. which had been neglected, have been resumed since done the greatest good to the harbor: that of DunPast year. Those bulwarks are re-establishing upon kirk will be in play at the end of the year; great the best footing. The defence of Brest is completed advantages are expected from it for the digging of and repaired. A new system of fortifications is the pass. The sluice of Havre is completed; it has established for L'Orient and Rochefort. happy effects. The works of the islands of St. Marcouf, Belle- At Cherbourg, the expences of the road are of Isle and Isle D'Aix, are continued. New works two kinds. The object is, 1st to raise the dyke are added to the fortifications of Toulon, others are above the level of low tides; this end will be attainbuilding in the islands D'Hyeres, Genoa and Spez-ed this year : 2d. to establish forts at the extremities zia. They have been and still are at work in en-of the dykes, so as to defend the road. The fort of larging, considerably, on the land-side, the import ant fortifications of Porto Ferrajo. At Corfu, a place already very strong, great fortifications have been building for these four years past. New schemes have been adopted, and that key of the Adriatic is kept by 12,000 troops, having provisions for two years and a numerous artillery, provided for a siege of the longest duration. the centre has just been completed. The road being thus secured, there remained a harbor to be dug -this great undertaking is almost completed; thirty ships of the line will be safely accommodated in the basin and outer harbor. Already one ship which had been damaged by a sea accident has been able to enter the basin, and has refitted in it. The outer harbor and the basin will be finished in 1812; the Fort Napoleon is rising on the left bank of the ship yards and frames exist already. The works of Rhine, in front of Wesel, the ancient defences of Cherbourg alone require more than three millions which are corrected and improved. Venloo and a year. Juliers are placed in the best state. Cassel and All the ports of the second and third order are the Keil are created: the works begun since 1807, object of more or less works: all are improved with have already a satisfactory result; and the import-great rapidity. ant bridges of Wesel, Mentz and Strasburgh, are CANALS. The canal of St. Quintin is completed covered on both banks by as many places of the first-from the beginning of this year it has been enliorder--Alexandria, which is the formidable centre vened with much navigation: it already influences of our magazines and our support beyond the Alps, the price of fuel and coat in the capital. has been for these ten years the object of an annual expence of three millions of francs. They are working in the kingdom of Italy with the same ardor in the fortifications of Palma Nova and Osopy, as also to increase the works of Ancona, Venice and Mantua. The canal of the north which unites the Rhine and the Scheldt, was one third executed, but the re-union of Holland having rendered it useless, that work has been suspended. The canal Napoleon, which joins the Rhine to the Saone, will be finished in four years. Three At seeing the activity that has pervaded for eight millions a year are appropriated to it. The canal of years the works upon our frontiers, one would Burgundy, which joins the Saone to the Seine, is progressing briskly. One million and five hundred | communications or concur to the embellishment of thousand francs will be spent on it this year. The the capital. The Louvre is finishing; they are pulling down 'canal of Arles, which is to connect the Rhone with the port of Bouc, is one third executed; that which that great number of houses that lie between the A second gallery recuts the peninsula of Brittany by joining the Louvre and the Thuilleries. Rance to the Vilaine, is executing; the canal of unites those two palaces. Blaret, which joins Napoleonville to L'Orient, and which will one day stretch from Napoleonville to Brest, is almost completed. Several other canals of less importance are either terminated or in great forwardness, Answer of the president to the minister of the interior and to the counsellors of state, charged to present the expose of the situation of the empire. The legislative body has heard with the most lively interest, the expose that you have presented ROADS-By improving the roads distances are to it of the prosperous situation of the empire, and shortened. It ir estimated that Turin has been ap- the faithful recital of all that the government conproximated to Paris by thirty-six hours travel: to ceives and executes for the safety, happiness and wit, twenty-four hours for the passage of Mount-glory of the state; until now we have been able to Cenis, and twelve hours for the new road of Mau-admire the genius at once capable to found a great rienne. II. M. has decreed the establighment of a empire and to give it the arts and laws which are to new road from Paris to Chamberg through Tour-make it flourish; but a new spectacle presents itnus. That road, avoiding the mountains, will be self before us; we see ancient and fatal barriers, shorter by eight hours; thus Turin will have been which opposed the relations of the people, disappear. approximated to Paris by forty-four hours, which The interior commerce will no longer meet with makes almost half the distance. those obstacles which suspended its course, and will Milan is brought nearer to Paris by the road of not be stopped by vain inquietudes: the national Simplon, by more than fifty hours march, in com wealth will enable to undertake every thing that is paring the actual road to what existed ten years ago. great and useful, and the zeal of government will be Bayonne and Spain have been brought nearer to able to anticipate the wants of the people. Paris by eighteen hours, through the causeway But such is the destiny of the most generous made on the sands of the heaths between Bordeaux undertaking that they spread all their benefits only and Bayonne. in future generations, and that they are fully requit. Mentz and Germany have been approximated ed only by the gratitude of posterity. Our descentwelve hours by the causeway built on the sands of dants will see commerce freed from the uncertainMentz to Metz. Hamburg will next year be near-ties of politics, and its fortune become independent er sixty hours, by the causeway made through the from the vicissitude of events. An immense counsands from Maestrich to Wesel, and from Wesel to try which comprises all the climates and so many Hamburg; and this will be the first instance in his- industrious nations, is opened to its activity; it will tory of eighty leagues of road having been made in neither fear the jealousy of the neighboring nathe course of two years. Ten different troops of tions, nor the ravages of war; but in circulating in laborers are employed in it, and before the end of its numerous provinces, it will animate every spe1811, much more than half of that road will be cies of industry, and will find in its bosom the artifinished. Amsterdam will likewise be approximated san and consumer of all its produce: it is for this to Paris by twelve hours by the causeway on the purpose that so many enterprizes are formed and sands from Antwerp to Amsterdam, on which men are working at different points. New roads are opened from Spezza to Parma; from Florence to Rimini, from Nice to Genoa. All the councils general of the departments are vyeing in zeal to second the intentions of the so vereign and every where roads are opening to establish communications between the different points of the departments. : The building of several bridges is undertaken. -Those of Bordeaux, Rouen, Avignon, and the Rhone, of Turin on the Po, are the most re markable. Those of Bordeaux and Rouen, as well as that on the Durance, which was completed last year, were considered impossible. A great number of other bridges are also finished. executed; the mountains are levelled, the rivers are no longer separated in their course, the distances are approximated, and magnificent monuments are rising to celebrate this memorable epocha. Our astonished descendants will learn that one and the same reign has seen commence and finished those prodigious works; and if their enjoyments are not to be mingled with any sacrifice, we shall at least have the advantage of having participated in the honor of those generons efforts, and of having rendered ourselves equally worthy of the glory of our age and of the gratitude of posterity. State of Tennessee. KNOXVILLE, September 17.-At three o'clock the following communication was received from the governor: Gentlemen of the Senate And House of Representatives, WORKS OF PARIS.-The canal of the Ourcq and the distribution of its waters in the different parts of Paris, are the object of 2,500,000 francs expense per year. In a few years those works will be completely finished. Already sixty fountains spread the waters Coming from the different sections of the state, of the Ourcq in the principal wards and markets of clothed with the powers of a free and independent the capital. The water reaches and washes them people, possessing their confidence hottomed on continually. The Seine, Marne, Sonne, and their knowledge of your love of country and ability Oise, are the object of considerable labors, to to serve them in your representative capacity, the improve their navigation. The cut of St. Mauze, best hopes are entertained that great diligence will which will be finished next year, will shorten be used throughout your session to better the polithe navigation of the Marne five leagues, and willitical condition of the state, and to promote in every afford water for numerous uses. The sluices estab-practicable degree the welfare and comfort of your lished at Point-de-l'Arche, at Varnon, &c. will faci-constituents, in a manner that shall redound to your litate the navigation of the Seine, and other siuices credit, and to the credit of Tennessee. will prolong it as far as Troves and Aube. The The political relations between the United States bridges of Choisy, Besons and Jena, facilitate the and foreign nations have not of late undergone any |