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on all points. Their lines were sometimes broken, without any other interruption than what arose and the French fighting with the resolution of men from occasional recession and the formation of new who had never yet known what it was to be defeat-columns, till half past twelve of the following noon, ed, even made way to their batteries; but the Spa- when Dupont, with all his generals, putting himniards stood firm, they had confidence in their self at the head of the columns, made a last despe officers and in their own strength; they knew that rate charge, which the French supported with great they had reinforcements at hand, and that the firmness, attempting at the same time, to break enemy's situation, if they repelled them, was despe- the centre of the Spaniards, and turn the right rate-above all, they had a perfect conviction of the wing; they were, however, finally repulsed, with righteousness of their cause, which, when other great loss, Dupont himself being wounded, and two points are equal, will inevitably turn the scale. thousand of his men killed. At two o'clock Pena's Campagny, who held the post of camp-marshal, division came up; as soon as the guns of his adand the brigadier-general, don Francisco Venegas, vance guard began to fire, Dupont sent a flag of both distinguished themselves, as much by their truce, and proposed to surrender. skill as their intrepidity. The action continued,

French Statistics.

[TO BE CONTINUED.]

Mineral Substances of France and their Produce--for one year.

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To the above add ten millions of francs for the produce of the inland fisheries, and a pretty good idea may be had of the amount of several objects which form different branches of the internal trade of France. The franc is rated at 18 3-4 cents.

The preceding table is taken from Williams' travels in France, in 1802.

West Indies.

The following table, complied from official returns, is highly interesting as conveying a just idea of the effect of the climate of the West Indies upon natives of Europe-The reader will observe there is a rapid decrease of the proportionate number of deaths from 1796 to 1800 (when, as well as in 1801, many recruits appear to have arrived) owing, as we may presume, to the troops being seasoned, as it is called. Deaths, by DISEASE, in British troops serving in the West Indies, generally, for seven

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years, from 1796 to 1802, inclusive.

EUROPEANS.

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The mortality of the whites compared with the negroes is therefore four for one.

1796, April,

1797, April,

1798, April,

1799, February,

1800, February,

British Parliament.

FROM A CORRESPONDENT. Remarks on the state of the representation in the joint British and Irish parliament, in the 95th page of the WEEKLY REGISTER.

The whole ancient and enlightened kingdom of Scotland has only 45 representatives, and the rough and coarse county of Cornwall, with its 21 boroughs, has 44 members.

The whole of the 33 Scotch counties have not more than 30 members, and the Cornish boroughs have 42 members.

the inconvenience, injury, and ruin of the neutral states, as freely as to the inconvenience, injury and ruin of India, Ireland, the dissenters, the catholics, or the real and p oper mass of the commons and other deprived persons of their empire. Every thing wrong every where affects us. This particu lar evil of the constitution of the British national power brought on the civil war of 1775. It has brought on the war which has afflicted us, under the name of peace, since November 1792 and June and

November 1793.

The crown, in Britain, has considered it safe to violate the law of nations, because it procured an express act of indemnity in the winter of 1792 and 3, The twenty-one of finest and most populous and a covert indemnity on the 17th June, 1793, (reEnglish and Irish counties have forty-two members peated again in 1803), from this parliament, constiand the 21 boroughs of Cornwall have 42 members. tuted as ws have seen it really is.

The English boroughs with one, two and three Let it not be said that this is hostility to the Bri votes and no substance or property, have two mem-tish and Irish empire. No: it is the common cause bers each, and all the Catholics of the empire, the of the whole of those united nations, (who are decolonies and dependent territories, do not send one prived by the 5722 effective voters) and of ourselves, One part in two hundred of the free adult males (deducting paupers and absentees) elect the majority of the house of commons of the united kingdom. The remaining 199 parts are outweigh ed by that one.

The owners, and directors, and sellers, and purchasers of the boroughs are most often royal, or ministerial, or baronial, to the utter destruction of the little share of power in the commons.

who are also deprived by them. Heaven, the prince, the new king or the deprived in that empire, must be the source of relief there Heaven and ourselves are the sources of our relief; if the ministers of George the third and the borough 5000, are suffered to govern his substitute or successor.

It is no mitigation, extenuation or justification of a lawless British confiscation of our ships, our crops, our outward foreign goods and our supplies, India, which does not send a member, has more from abroad and seizures of our persons, that the millions of subjects, than there are of little hun-government of France is as arbitrary in one hand, dreds in the majority of those, who chuse the par- as the British government is in five or six thousand liament, that exercises an iron despotism over their hands. France has decreased in her wrongs, and religion, minds, manufactures, bodies and estates. Britain continues and pretends to a formal legitimate The whole of the counties of England, Wales, right to increase in indignities, restrictions and Scotland and Ireland have fewer members in the injuries. Such are the actual evils of the day. The house of commons than the miserable boroughs.-reform of the British parliament has become necesThe 117 counties with London, Westminster and Southwark, Dublin, Glasgow and Edinburg and say, not only to the tranquility of their empire, peace, liberty and safety." other principal trading cities and seminaries, send iess than 150 members, and the boroughs, minor cities and seminaries send 508 members. Are property and particularly are the landed and commercial interests and the freemen of the country repre sented in Britain and Ireland, as they are by the representatives of the United States, from seaports, seaboard counties, and great landed settlements.

The mere boronghs of England proper, send more members to the commons than all the Welsh, Irish, and Scotch members of the lords and

commons.

but to our "f

FROM THE VIRGINIA ARGUS.

X.

British Naval Establishment.

According to Steel's List for July 1811.
Of the line

Fifties and forty-fours

Frigates

251

35

247

196

12

183

32

Schooners, gun-vessels, luggers, &c.

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83

1.042

Sloops and yachts
Bombs and fire-ships
Brigs
Cutters

Total

The actual disposition of this force is as follows: In the Downs.-3 ships of the line; 1 frigate; 10 sloops or yachts; 8 brigs; 2 cutters; 3 gun vesseis-Total, 27.

In the North Sea and Baltic.-20 ships of the line; 2 fifties; 12 frigates; 22 sloops or yachts; 29 brigs; 6 cutters; 6 gun-vessels-Total, 97.

But what is all this, says some unconcerned and honest American, to us, since we are independent. I'll tell you friend. This parliament, thus composed, passes laws to indemnify the ministry of Britain for all its criminal advice to the crown as to neutrals, and to authorise the crown to violate any right of ours, without the limits of our territory, at their discretion. The marine and navy officers, who despoil you, and their relations and family connexions are members of the two houses of parlia ment and of the superior courts of admiralty, or appeals, or of the royal council, who advise the orders by which you are dishonored and ruined, and by which other nations are provoked and led to do the same. The civil maladies of a country, (which rejects the natural force of the members of the On the Irish station.-1 ship of the line; 5 fricommunity as its pure and safe defence and rests it gates; 1 sloop or yacht; 2 brigs; 2 cutters; 8 upon a despoiling navy) are maladies of the world. gun-vessels-Total, 19. They are as contagious and as destructive, as any other plague. Those, who buy an arbitrary power over their neighbors, their brothers, and the rest of their own political family, will pervert that power to

9

In the English channel and on the coast of France. ships of the line; 1 fity; 9 frigates; 10 sloops or yachts; 12 brigs; 9 cutters: 6 gun-vesselsTotal, 56.

Off Jersey, Guernsey, &c.-1 ship of the line; 1 forty-four; 2 brigs; 2 cutters; 3 gun-vesselsTotal, 9.

On the coast of Spain, Portugal and Gibraltar.—

20 ships of the line; 1 fifty; 22 frigates; 14 sloops or yachts ; 3 bombs, or fire-ships; 16 brigs; 5 cutters; 4 gun-vessels-Total, 94.

In the Mediterranean and on Passage.-19 ships of the line; 33 frigates; 13 sloops or yachts; 17 brigs; 1 cutter; 2 gun-vessels-Total, 85.

On the coast of Africa.-1 frigate; 1 sloop-Total,2 At Halifax, Newfoundland, &c.-3 ships of the line; 1 fifty; 5 frigates; 11 sloops or yachts; 2 brigs; 7 gun-vessels-Total, 29.

West Indies, viz. Leeward Islands, Jamaica, and on Passage.-2 ships of the line; 1 fifty; 19 frigates; 17 sloops and yachts; 20 brigs; 1 cutter; 9 gun-vessels-Total, 69.

In South America.-2 ships of the line; 7 frigates; I sloop; 3 brigs-Total, 13.

Cape of Good Hope and Southward.-2 ships of the line; 10 frigates; 4 brigs-Total, 16.

East Indies, and on Passage.-5 ships of the line; 1 fifty; 19 frigates; 3 sloops and yachts; 3 brigs; 1 cutter-Total, 32.

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All of which make the grand total, before mentioned, of 1,042. Of these the following numbers have been taken from the nations specified : From the French Danish

Spanish

Dutch
Italians

Total,

109

46

25

24

3

207

ESTABLISHMENT OF RATES AND MEN.

1st rate ship of 100 guns, has from 875 men to 850.-2d rate from 98 to 90 guns, and from 750 to 700.-3d rate, from 80 to 64 guns, from 650 to 500.

From which it appears that the Britsh have, at sea-4th rate, from 60 to 50 guns, from 420 to 320.

Ships of the line

Fifties or forty-fours

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96

8

143

103

3

118

29

48

548

It furthermore appears from this statement, that the British have, in the American seas, that is to Bay at Halifax, Newfoundland, in the West Indies, and in South America

Ships of the line

Fifties or forty-fours
Frigates

Sloops and yachts

Brigs

Cutter

Gun-vessels

Total,

2

21

29

25

16

101

5th rate, from 40 to 32 guns, from 300 to 220.-6th rate, from 28 to 20 guns, from 200 to 140.Sloops from 18 to 16 guns, from 120 to 90-Gunbrigs, cutters, &c. from 14 to 6 guns, from 50 to 25.

When an admiral's flag is hoisted in a first rate, her compliment of men is 875; when a vice admiral, 870; a rear-admiral, 865. Ships of the line, fifties, frigates, and royal yachts, are commanded by postcaptains. Sloops of war, bombs, fire ships, armed ships, store ships, and arme's en flute under fifty guns, by commanders. Schooners, cutters, &c. by lieutenants Store sloops, occasionally, by masters. Small craft by midshipmen who have passed for

lieutenants.

Malthus on Population.

An Analytical review of the "Essay on the principle
of Population, by T. R. Malthus, A. M." with some
remarks more particularly applicable to the present
and probable future state of the United States.
[CONTINUED FROM PAGE 95.].

In the northern parts of Asia, Siberia, &c. the Besides the ships at sea, there are in port and fit poverty and wretchedness of the people are extreme. ng, 20 ships of the line; 8 fifties or forty fours; They depend chiefly on the fruits of their labor in 13 frigates; 27 sloops and yachts; one bomb or fire fishing and hunting for subsistence; from the forship; 17 brigs; 3 cutters; 30 gun-vessels. Total, 119. mer of which sources they are frequently excluded Guard ships ships of the line; 2 fifties or forty- by the heavy rains and floods which drive the fish fears; 4 frigates; 4 sloops and yachts. Total, 14. from the rivers, and produce the most distressing Hospital-ships, prison-ships, &c.-30 ships of the famines; particularly in Kamtschatka, where these Ane; & fifties or forty-fours; four frigates. Total, 38.

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floods very often occur. The small pox is also a frequent visitor among them; and when it is understood that the inhabitants of these countries live, for the most part, in habitations under ground, where many families are sometimes crowded together, and where from their natural filth, the heat, impure air, and stench, are almost insupportable; it cannot be wondered at that this disease, dreadful under the most favorable circumstances, should' act with peculiar fatality: M. de Lesseps supposes it has carried off three fourths of the native inhabitants. They are rarely engaged in war; famine and disease, therefore, and the laborious servitude to which the women are condemned, may be regarded as the checks by which the population of these dreary countries is kept down to the level of the means of subsistence.

The soil of southern Siberia is so rich and fertile that very little labor is requisite to produce an abundant harvest; yet most of the districts are but thin ly peopled, and population in none of them increases 261 lin proportion to the apparent facilty of acquiring

the means of subsistence. This is accounted for limited to the following description of girls, it is by sir James Stewart upon the moral principle that natural to suppose that a man may search a long where there is little demand for men the population time without being able to find " a girl whose for m goes on slowly. The farmer who owns a piece of has no defect; who has an agreeable name; who and finds the members of his family quite sufficient walks gracefully like a young elephant, whose for the little cultivation it wants; and as he would hair and teeth are moderate respectively in quantity find no market for a surplus produce; no more of and size; whose body has exquisite softness."course is raised than will feed his own family. It From this view, it will be seen that the obstacles is of no consequence that the produce of the soil is which the laws themselves involve to their own cheap, while labor is still cheaper; for though the execution, are sometimes insurmountable, and that supernumerary laborer may purchase his day's pro- so far from promoting the object intended,they have vision for a penny, he will find even this impossible when his own labor is worth only a farthing; it follows, therefore, that he must either emigrate to some country where his labor is more wanted, or perish at home of poverty.

rather a contrary effect. Among the higher classes of people there, we may consider the preventive check as principally operating. The poorer sort are indigent in the extreme, and are subject to frequent epidemics the consequences of their bad nourihsment. The Abbé Raynal has asserted, but without naming his authority, that when the crops of rice fail, the

The want of proper vents for the products of the soil and their consequent cheapness, may therefore be considered as the principle obstacles to the in-huts of these miserable wretches are set on fire, crease of population.

and the flying inhabitants shot by the proprietors of In the Turkish dominions the checks to popula. the grounds to prevent their consuming any part of tion may all be referred to the tyranny and despot the produce. It was a custom also among some of ism of the government. The cultivator of the land the tribes, until a stop was put to it by the English is perpetually subject to the extortions and exactions East India company, to destroy the female infants of the pachas and petty administrators of the laws, as soon as born, that they might avoid the expence and therefore seeks to make no larger crop than and difficulty of procuring suitable matches for them. will suffice his own necessities. And as the land of In Tibet, a very unfertile country of India, nature the father, instead of descending to his children, seems to have given habits and dispositions to the reverts to the sultan, and moreover, as in times of people, well calculated to repress the population. scarcity, a maximum is fixed to the price of produce The nation is divided into two distinct classes, the at which the peasants are compelled under severe clergy and the laity; the former who compose a large penalties to furnish it to the towns, an indifference portion of the population, lead a life of the strictest it created towards landed property, and agriculture celibacy, and meddle in nothing which concerns the necessarily falls to ruin. Many provinces are some business of the world. Among the latter it is the times entirely stripped to furnish provisions at a common custom for all the brothers of a family, to cheap rate to the large towns. To these causes of associate their fortunes with one female, and thus depopulation may be added the plague and several live together under the same connubial compact. other epidemic and endemic diseases to which the whole empire is very much subject.

Yet, notwithstanding the powerful operation of these preventive checks, such is the natural sterility of the soil, that the population is kept fully up to the level of the means of subsistence.

Nearly the same causes operate in Persia; for though the plague does not extend to that country, its destructive effects are more than equalled by the rava- In China the population is much greater in proges of the small pox, and the dreadful convulsions portion to the means of subsistence, than that of and internal commotions to which Persia has been any other country in the world. Its territorial exfor many centuries continually subject, and which tent is about eight times more than that of France, have proved greatly injurious to her agriculture. and the number of its inhabitants nearly twelve It would appear from the ordinances of the Indian times larger. Our author, rejecting the supposition legislator, Menue, of which sir William Jones has of Montesqueiu that the climate of China is in a given us a translation, that though marriage is for peculiar manner favorable to the production of cibly inculcated as a duty of the first importance, children, or that the women are more prolific there various obstacles are thrown in the way of populathan in any other country, ascribes this enormous tion. The man who begets a son is said to obtain population in the first place, to the excellence of the "a victory over all people; by a son's son he enjoys natural soil, and its advantageous position in the immortality; and afterwards by the son of that warmest parts of the temperate Zone; secondly, to grand-son he reaches the solar abode." Here is the very great encouragements that have always certainly the strongest inducement a man can have been given to agriculture, the emperors themselves to marry; but as by the birth of one son alone, his not disdaining to follow the plough, to set an exdebt to his progenitor is discharged. he is considered ample of industry to the peasants; and lastly, the as being actuated by a reprehensible love of plea extraordinary incentives to marriage, by which sure if he begets more. Again, an elder brother landed property is divided into small portions, and not married before the younger is looked upon as a thus the best possible direction given to the exerperson to be particularly shunned; and what is tions of industry. To these causes, might with somewhat extraordinary the younger brother who much justice have been added the mild and patriarmarries before the elder incurs the same disgrace. chal nature of the government. It must be adWidows, except those of the servile order, are mitted that the procreative power, if left to itself, strongly prohibited from taking a second husband; could as easily double the population of China in they are not even allowed to pronounce the name of twenty five years, as it could that of any other another man, but are to continue till death forgiv country; but then it would be utterly impossible ing all injuries, performing harsh duties, avoiding for the soil to support this increase; it becomes every sensual pleasure, and cheerfully practising the therefore an interesting enquiry how this mighty incomparable rules of virtue.” These ordinances power is repressed? also regulate the choice of a wife. Various sorts of There are certain descriptions of men in China women are mentioned, all of whom are to be studi who never marry: the bonzes or the priests em. ously avoided; and when we find that the choice is ployed in the pagodas and other places of worship

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Europe.

(TO BE CONTINUED.)

and those who devote themselves to literary pursuits it may be clearly inferred that all the checks to Of these, Duhale has reckoned nearly an hundred population are resolvable into moral restraint, vice thousand in Pekin alone. Great numbers of the and misery. Among the violent causes which have poor also remain unmarried, from the fear of being repressed the redundancy of the procreative power, unable to support their families; and among the war may be ranked the most prominent, and after slaves, the masters would exert their influence to this famines and diseases. The enquiry now becomes more interesting by prevent marriage, that their increase might not add too much to his expenses. Notwithstanding the being brought down to the different states of modern assertion of some of the missionaries that plagues or epidemic disorders are not seen in China once in a century, other accounts leave no room to doubt that they are frequent, and particularly fatal among In the last number of the Register I noticed the the children. The exposure of infants is so com monly praotised, that it would be difficult to form publication of a letter from the captain of an Ame an estimate of the numbers thus annually left to perican vessel carried into Dantzic, which stated, rish or to depend upon precarious charity for ex-THAT SEVERAL OF HIS CREW HAD BEEN IMistence. Infanticide is allowed, or at least not pu- PRESSED BY THE FRENCH AND SENT TO MAN THE nished, by the laws of the country; and the wretch- FLEET AT ANTWERP, and promised some remarks ed mother is frequently reduced to the sad necessity on the circumstance, as well as upon impressment however much it may cost her parental feelings, of generally. devoting her babe to destruction, that her own and

Impressment.

The case is new. I believe it is the first time that her husband's lives may be prolonged. Unfavora France has been charged with the direct impress ble seasons from drought, from excessive rains, ment of American seamen, though I apprehend from hurricanes, and from multitudes of locusts, that, by indirect means, (hard usage and short alare common; and the famines which follow them lowance) many of our citizens [to use an English are destructive almost beyond imagination.phrase] have been compelled to volunteer their serMeares, speaking of Canton, says "it was no un vices. We know that extracts of letters" are not common thing to see the famished wretch breathing always to be depended upon, but suppose this his last, while mothers thought it a duty to destroy statement may be true; not seeing any reason why their infant children, and the young to give the Bonaparte should fail to emulate his enemy, and stroke of fate to the aged, to save them from the take one American seaman for every thousand the agonies of such a dilatory death." The checks to British hold in Algerine bondage. population from wars and internal commotions have likewise not been inconsiderable.

1 am highly pleased with the sensibility some persons appear to feel at this insult and injury. I trust The populousness of Japan is accounted for upon that all our news printers will hereafter publish every the same principles; and the checks are likewise thing of the kind in CAPITALS. The stealth of a nearly the same, except that here infanticide is not man is a common concern-he forms an integral practised; but the check from that cause is balanced part of our political system; every member should by the greater frequency of plagues, famines, wars, feel the injustice, and prepare himself to redress/or and intestine conimotions, and the greater disso avenge it. Did I possess absolute power, for one luteness in the manners of the people with regard moment, I would decree,that six Frenchmen should be immediately taken into custody, and re

to the sex.

It is undeniable that agriculture is not only retained at hard labor until the American sailors were quisite to the support of multitudes, but is, in fact, discharged-thus, we might make many roads and the sole species of industry by which multitudes can canals on very reasonable terms; for, serving the exist; and the smaller the portions into which land British in the same way, we should have '0,000 or is divided, the greater will be the product of agricul- 12,000 young and hearty laborers at the disposal of tural industry, and the more vigorous the operation government. To keep them in order, they should. of the procreative power. This is strongly exem- occasionally receive from 100 to 500 lashes with the plified in the history of the early periods of the cat-o'nine-tails; and, now, and then, I wou'd hang Greek and Roman states. The great law-giver, So a few of them in terrorem, if they were disposed to lon, found it necessary to permit infanticide; and both Plato and Aristotle recommended the adop tion of expedients which, however execrable in themselves, clearly showed their comprehension of the tendency in population to increase beyond the means of subsistence, and the wants and miseries which this would consequently bring upon the people.

mutiny, i. e. to escape. This is Chinese policy-man for man-and I can see no other complete and effectual remedy for the horrible injustice than by retaliating it, and making the wretches feel the wounds they inflict upon others.

This may be called a sanguinary rescution-so, perhaps, it is but, while power is law, let the law bear equally upon all, and so correct a partial evil. We are so much accustomed to hear of British In the Roman territory, the gradual abolition of equality of property, and the consequent accumula- impressment that the acuteness of feeling so natution of the lands in the hands of a few proprietors, ral on account of it, has become blunted, and our operated powerfully in repressing increase among sailors have begun to make a kind of cale ilation upthose who were thus thrown out of employment and on it. How base and degrading!-How inconsist deprived of the means of support. For the positive ent with our pretensions to sovereignty and indechecks to the population, it is hardly necessary to pendence !-But there are thousands in the Unitlook farther than the bloody wars in which the ed States who justify or palliate the practice; and states of Italy were continually engaged, and by to this turpitude must be attributed, in some dewhich such destruction to human life was caused,gree, the want of energy in the government on bethat historians have wondered how they could find half of injured society. such constant supplies of men to renovate their armies.

Suppose a gang of those fellows known in the middle states by the name of Georgia traders," The fact ascertained and the men refused in

Here our author concludes his researches among
the less civilized and ancient nations, from which'stant liberation.

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