their penalties,or too lax and imperfect in their pro- These rsmarks upon particular laws lead me to visions, to correct or control the progress of moral some reflections upon our system of criminal jurisdepravity. prudence. Though its general excellence is acThat an evil of any considerable magnitude should knowledged by the enlightened statesman and phiexist in Pennsylvania, without an appropriate reme-lanthropist, yet it is evidently defective in arrangedy, need only to be mentioned to ensure your early ment. By progressive legislation our criminal laws attention. Application has lately been made to the at this time amount to more than fifty. The distant supreme court, by the attorney general, for leave intervals of time at which different provisions for to file an information, in the nature of a Quo War similar subjects have been enacted; the variety of ranto, against the trustees of a certain, literary inti penal or prohibitory clauses interspersed in statutes, tution, for their misuse of a donation made them by which otherwise relate to matters of a civil nature; the legislature. Another application was made by the multiplicity of complex reference from one act the same officer, that an information, in the nature to another; the partial repeal of laws and sections of a Quo Warianto, might be filed, and a rule grant of laws connected with others of a subsequent date: ed, to shew cause why a certain other corporation the difficulty of collecting from fractional parts of should not be dissolved, for abuse of its powers. various acts, the meaning of the legislature so as to The process prayed for was refused in both cases produce one lucid whole, create much embarrasson the ground that the court had no jurisdiction.-ment, and destroy that perspicuity-which is one of Authentic copies of the proceedings had before the the most important characteristics of a good penal court, will form the subject of a special message. code. The contusion occasioned by these several By a law passed the 30th day of January 1810, it causes, has frequently perplexed the enquiries of is enacted that the robbery or larceny of bank notes men the most accustomed to judicial researches, of any incorporated banks, shall be punished in the and too often rendered the subject of legislative prosame manner as the robbery or larceny of any goods sions, totally unintelligible to the generality of our or chattels of equal amount. However laudable citizens. It is respectfully conceived, that in Pennthe intention of this law may have been, experi sylvania, claiming among her sons, those from whom ence has shewn it to be productive of consequences has emanated the ameliorating spirit of this interestinjurious to property and to morals; for, agreeable ing branch of our polity, there cannot be wanting to the interpretation this act has received from the that portion of an enlightened and benign zeal which highest judicial authority, it is necessary, in all ca- may be necessary for its attainment to a still higher ses of prosecution under it,to state in the indictment State of perfection.

that the notes stolen are the notes of an incorporat- While on the subject of criminal jurisprudence, ed bank; and as it is requisite that all the material permit me to reiterate the suggestion made to a late allegations in an indictment should be proved on legislature; "whether the substitution of imprisonthe trial, convictions are thereby rendered difficult ment during life, or any other punishment, would and sometimes impracticable. Bank notes of all be productive of less evil to society, than the punishthe states in the union are occasionally found in ment of death, is a question meriting the attention circulation; and to require the prosecuting officer of humane and enlightened legislators." Without to make proof in any of the courts of justice in this presuming at this enlightened period of our policy, commonwealth of the actual incorporation of a bank to attempt by arguments familiar to you all, to imin South Carolina, or in any other distant state, press the suggestion, I may be permitted to state is attended with obvious and sometimes insur. the important fact, that in Pennsylvania, containmountable difficulties. The restriction of the acting nearly one million of souls, only one person has in question to notes of banks in Pennsylvania,might been convicted of the crime of wilful murder, for perhaps make it less exceptionable. Thus restrict the period of two years and an half past. The in ed, it would still tend to secure one of its principal ferences are obvious—either that "the habits, man objects, and prevent the evils which have sprung, ners and religious opinions of a respectable number and may yet spring, from the existence or forma of our citizens make them recoil from being in any tion, within this state, of unauthorised banking wise instrumental in bringing to the bar of jusinstitutions. tice, testifying against, or convicting a fellow be

By the 9th section of the act passed the 11th of ing, when they know the consequence of that conMarch 1809, persons indicted for any criminal of viction is to be the death of the criminal," or that fence in the mayor's court of the city of Philadel- the crime of wilful murder is seldom, if at all, comphia, in addition to the privilege they enjoy, of remitted in Pennsylvania. And that, to use the lanmoving the same into the supreme court, have the guage of a philanthropic committee, contained in right forthwith to demand that such indictment be a report on the journal of one of your houses, "the removed to the court of quarter sessions of the propitious period has now arrived for giving the county of Philadelphia, there to be proceeded on and last stamp of greatness and humanity to the cha tried. The operation also of this law has been found racter of Pennsylvania."-Shall it then be said to produce embarrassment, delay, and not unire that in Pennsylvania, where triumph the purest quently the entire failure of justice. The guilty principles of legislation, revenge and blood shall party, dreading the moment of trial, removes the longer stain her code of laws? Elevated as is her indictment when the public officer is prepared to character for humanity, there is yet permitted to call it up for trial. That the accused should have remain one other stain on the otherwise fair and be the right thus to interrupt the proceedings, without nign features of her polity. The galling yoke of any previous notice, and remove them to a court, slavery is felt still by some of our fellow creatures in not of supe ior, but co-ordinate powers and juris different parts of this commonwealth, and its presdictions, without alleging any reason for such re-sure is made the more severe by witnessing the hap moval, is such a novelty in jurisprudence, and at-piness and freedom of surrounding multitades. tended with so many inconveniencies, that I have A recent act of cruelty which came under considered it an important duty to present the sub-my notice, and which awakened feelings of a painject to your consideration. If a repeal be not deem ful and distressing nature, will, I trust, excuse ed salutary, the imposition at least of some terms the introduction to your notice of a subject so upon this right might prove an useful amendment. very interesting to the whole human family, and

end of the present session of the legislature, of the present law, make necessary.

from

embracing the facts and practices, palpably incon sistent, with the terms and spirit of that fundamen tal and immutable law of reason, "that all meir are By the investiture of 500,000 in stock of the Bank born free and equal.', o Pennsylvania, at par, under the act continuing The several laws for the sale of unappropriated the charter of that institution, passed the 14th day Jands, within the purchase of 1768, and preceding of February, 1808, we may with safety calculate on purchases, require amendment. It has long been an addition to our annual revenue of 50,000 dollars, matter of regret, that the benevolent intention ofthat institution having lately paid the state a divithe state, by lowering the price of her lands, and dend of ten per cent. per year. This addition, in. thereby bringing the acquisition of real estate with-dependently of those sources of revenue in the means of the poor (improvement and actual whence were derived the means by which was ef residence being a necessary pre requisite to the obfected the investiture itself, and which are not yet taining of a warrant) has in a great measure been exhausted, as will appear from a report to be made defeated by the craity speculator, who, by suborn by the accountant officer, exhibiting a comprehening the ignorant or corrupt, obtains a title from the sive view of our finances, will, at a time when the state, without having brought his claim within the general welfare seems so strongly to inviteit, justify spirit and meaning of the laws. a renewal of a suggestion to a legislature, in whose Under a mistaken application by the land officers, exertion for the promotion of the public good I reof the provisions of the law of the 3d of April 1792, pose implicit confidence, "That such ample means, (offering for sale vacant unappropriated lands, to liberally but judiciously applied, in cutting canals, the laws of 1785 and 1786, by which latter laws, improving roads, and the navigation of rivers, in were set apart and appropriated a tract of count: y fostering our infant manufactures, and in the diffunorth and west of the rivers Ohio and Alleghany,sion of knowledge, will command the approbation for the redemption of depreciation certificates, a and applause of our fellow citizens." Joss has been sustained by the commonwealth,actu-| Such duties as by legislative injunction devolved al settlers on those appropriated lands having (under on the executive, have been, I trust, duly perform the law of the 3d April, 1792] obtained warrants, ed. In all your endeavors to promote the future and some of them patents, without having refunded, interest of the commonwealth, be assured of my as was directed by law, their due proportion of up prompt and zealous co-operation. wards of 11,000 dolls. paid by the state for surveying those lands. The legislature, it is presumed, will perceive the necessity of confirming such titles as were granted in mistake, and also of prescribing some mode whereby settlers on other such lands may obtain legal titles from the commonwealth.

Owing to the circumstance of the offices of master of rolls and recorder of deeds for the county of Philadelphia, having been at one time vested in the same person, state papers and papers of a local na ture have been promiscuously recorded in the same books; some of which books remain in the office of

rection.

SIMON SNYDER, Lancaster, 5th December, 1811.

History

Of the Invasion of Spain by Bonaparte. ABRIDGED FROM THE MOST AUTHENTIC SOURCES, CHAPTER VI.

(CONTINUED FROM PAGE 222.)

the said recorder of deeds, and some remain in the gend of our lady of the pillar. Contempt expressed by Siege of Zaragoza. Description of that city. Leland office. That much difficulty is caused by such French ure for the character of the citizens. Le a state of things is evident, and needs legislative cor febere attempes to force the city and is repulsed: he is The commissioners appointed your predecess-wins Torrero. Heroism of the women! countess Bareinforced by general Verdier from Pamplona, and ors to view the several roads leading from Harpista. The French bombard the city; they attempt to burg to Pittsburg, have made a report as they were storm it, and are again defeated. "They cross the rwer, by law directed to do, which will be laid before you, and complete the investment of the place. Battlements The venerable Indian chief to whom your piede erected against the gates of St.-Engracia. H story of. des-ors granted forty dollars immediately, and forty the church and convent, which are now destroyed. dollars yearly during life, did not live to enjoy that The French enter the city, obtain possession of half of trulv laudable, and by him well merited remunera-it, and are finally driven out.

tion for many and important services rendered the While the patriots were thus triumphant in Anstate during the revolutionary war: he died shortly dalusia, their brethren in other parts of the perinbefore the passage of the law. May I be permittedula were encountering greater danger with the to invite the present legislature to extend by a small same spirit and resolution. Early in June, before donation to his sons, a portion of that benevolent it was possible that any plan could be executed for feeling which pervaded the last general assembly, defending the province, the French dispatched genwhen considering the case of their ancestor. eral Lefebvre with 8000 infantry and 900 horse from There are other subjects which will present them- Pamplona against Zaragoza. The Marquis de selves to your consideration. Amongst these permit Lazan, Palafox's elder brother, collected some me to say, is the necessity of a law for continuing armed peasantry, and attempted to oppose this an health office for the city and port of Philadelphia army in the neighborhood of Tudela. Such a a rigid enforcement of the provisions of the ex force was unable to cope with regular troops in the isting law was instrumental in preventing the intro open field; they were compelled to retreat to the duction of contagious diseases from abroad. But village of Mallen, and there suffered a second de the provisions in that law, for averting the dangers feat, [June 13] with considerable loss, though their that may arise from domestic causes, are generally position was supported by an olive grove, between considered to be inefficient. The interest you feel the canal of Aragon on their right, and the village in preserving the lives and securing the comfort and on the left. The chief prisoners were put to death; happiness of so large a portion of our citizens, will, the French generals from the beginning of this war it is presumed, direct the application of appropriate acting upon the infamous principle of the tyrants remedies in a new law, which the expiration, at the whom they served, that all who opposed them were

募

to be considered as rebels.* On the following day,, with the natives in their preference of it. The po (June 14) the French advanced to Alagon, about pulation was stated in the census of 1787 at 42,600: sixteen miles from Zaragoza. The citizens, half that of 1797, excellent as it is in all other respects, armed, and undisciplined as they were, compelled has the faults of not specifying the places in each Palafox to lead them out; they soon found the district; late accounts compute its inhabitants at enemy in order of battle on a plain, where his caval 60,000, and it is certainly one of the largest cities ry and flying artillery gave him a decided superiori-in the peninsula. It has twelve gates, four of them ty. The patriots were again defeated; but their in the old wall of Augustus, by whom the older handful of regulars, who had now been joined by a town of Salduba upon the same scite was enlarged, few fusileers, protected their retreat with great beautified, and called Cæsarea Augusta, or Cæsarsteadiness. The victorious army advanced and took Augustus; a word easily corrupted into its present a position very near the city in the valley on the name. opposite side of the town to that which was situated The whole city, even its convents and churches, on the Ebro. This position was covered by a rising is built of brick; the houses are not as high as they ground planted with olive trees. Having occupied usually are in old Spanish towns, their general this post, they deferred their general attack on the height being only three stories; the streets are, as city till the morrow, but a small detachment of ca usual, very narrow and crooked; there are howevaley that penetrated into the town on the 14th of ver open market places, and one very wide, long, Jung, paid dearly for their rashness. and regular built street, formerly called the Calle Zaragoza is not a fortified town; it has no ad Santa, having been the scene of many martyrdoms, vantages of situation, and would not have been con but now more commonly known by the name of the sidered as capable of resistance by any men but Cozo The people, like the rest of the Arragonese, those whose courage proceeded from a virtuous and and their neighbours, the Catalans, have been alholy principle of duty. It stands in an open plain,ways honorably distinguished in Spanish history which is covered with olive grounds, and bounded for their love of liberty; and the many unavailing on either hand by high and distant mountains, but struggles which they have made during the last four it is commanded by some high ground called the centuries, have not abated their attachment to the Torrero, about a mile to the southwest, upon which good principles of their forefathers. Within the there is a convent, with some smaller building peninsula, and once indeed throughout the whole The canal of Aragon divides this elevation from an of Catholic Europe, Zaragoza is famous as the city ther rising ground, where the patriots had erected a of our Lady of the Pillar, whose legend is still so battery. The Ebro bathes the walls of the city, and firmly believed by the people, and most of the clerseparates it from the suburbs; it has two bridges gy of Spain, that it was frequently appealed to in within musket shot of each other; one of wood, the proclamations of the different generals and junsaid to be more beautiful than any other of the like tas, as one of the most popular articles of the materials in Europe; the other of freestone, con national faith. The legend is this: when the apos sisting of seven arches, of which the principal istles, after the resurrection, separated and went to 122 feet in diameter; the river is fordable above preach the gospelán different parts of the world, the city. Two smaller rivers, the Gallego and the St. James the elder, Santiago, as he may more proGnerva, flow at a little distance from the city, the perly be called in his mytholo,ical history, departed one on the east, the other on the west; the latter for Spain, which province, Christ himself had being separated from the walls only by the breadth previous by commended to his care. When he went of the common road both are received into the to kiss the hand of the Virgin, and request her leave Ebro. Unlike most other places of the peninsula, Zaragoza has neither aqueduct nor fountains, but derives its water wholly from the river. The peo ple of Tortosa, and probably of the other towns upon its course, drink also of the Ebro, preferring it to the finest spring; the water is of a dirty red colour, but, having stood a few hours, it becomes perfectly clear, and has a softness and pleasantness of taste, which soon induces strangers to agree

to set off, and her blessings, she adjured him, in the name of her son, to build a church to her honor in that city of Spain wherein he should make the greatest number of converts; adding, that she would there give him further instructions concerning the edifice. Santiago set sail, landed in Gallicia, and, having preached with little success through the northern provinces, reached Cæsarea Augusta, where he made eight disciples. One night, after he had been conversing and praying with them as [* "Rebel" is a favorite term with monarchs, usual, on the banks of the river, they fell asleep, their hireling man-butchers and minions. The pro-and just at midnight the apostle heard the angels ceedings of the royalists in the early part of the sing, Ave Maria gratia plena. He fall on his knees American war, and the accursed remembrance of and instantly beheld the Virgin upon a marble pilthe Jersey prison ship, where thousands on thou lar in the middle of a choir of angels, who went sands of rebels" were literally s'arved to death, through the whole of her matin service. When. with the horrid massacres at Paoli, Wyoming, &c. &c. this was ended, she hade him build her church attest the truth of the assertion-An infamous prin around that pillar, which his Lord, her blessed ciple it certainly is-but always, and perhaps, neces son, had sent him by the hands of his angel; there, sarily prevails among those who wickedly affect to she told him, that pillar was to remain till the end believe in the "divine right of kings:" whose of the world, and great mercies would be vouchsafed "right" is eternally carrying on a relentless war against the rights of the people. There were Ame rican "REBELS"-there are Irish and Spanish "RE BELS."] [EDITOR.

+Elle est sans defense et sans fortification" said Colmenar, writing a century ago, fermée d'une simple muraille; mais ce defaut est repare parla bravoure des habitans. After the proofs which the inhabitants have given of their patriotism, this praise appears like prophecy.

there to those who supplicated for them in her name. Having said this, the angels transported her back to her house at Jerusalem,-for this was before the Assumption, and Santiago,in obedience, erected there the first church which was ever deat cated to the Virgin.

Many mournful scenes of bigotry and superstition have been exhibited in Zaragoza: but, in these fiery trials which Bonaparte's tyranny was preparing for the inhabitants, the dross and tinsel of their faith

disappeared, and its pure gold remained. The French, in God, in their own courage and in the justice of a people of too little feeling to understand a charac- their cause, determined to defend the streets of their ter so infinitely above them as that of the Spaniards, city to the last extremity. Palafox immediately after speak with peculiar contempt of the Zaragozans. the repulse of the enemy set out collect reinforce"Few persons," said they," are to be seen among ments, to provide such resources for the siege as ne them who distinguish themselves by their dress.could, and to place the rest of Arragon in a state of there is little of that elegant attire so observable in defence, if the capital should fall. He found about large cities. All is serious and regular-dull and fourteen hundred soldiers who had escaped from monotonous. The place seems without any kind Madrid, and he united with them a small division of resource, because the inhabitants use no effort of militia which had been stationed in the city of to obtain any; accustomed to a state of apathy and Calatayud. Small as this force was, such was the languor, they have not an idea of the possibility of ardor of the men, that he resolved in compliance shaking it off."* With this feeling, equally despising with their urgent desire, to attack the French, and the strength of the place, and the character of the marched to Epila, thinking to advance to the vil people, the French proceeded to beseige Zaragoza. [lage of Muela, and thus place the invaders between On the 15th of June, with part of their force, the little army and the city, in the hope of cutting they attacked the outposts upon the canal, and, with them off from their reinforcements. Lefebvre pretheir main body attempted to storm the city by the vented this; by suddenly attacking him at Epila, gate called Portillo. The Zaragozans attacked al on the night of the 23d. After a most obstinate most at the moment, both at the outposts and at resistance, the superior numbers, arms and discithe gates of their town, fought with a spirit worthy pline of the French were successful. The wreck of their cause, they had neither time, nor room,nor of this gallant band retreated to Calatayud, and afnecessity for order. Their cannon, which they (terwards with great difficulty, threw themselves in had hastily planted before the gates, and in the best to Zaragoza.

situations without the town, were served by any In the meanwhile the enemy was reinforced by person who happened to be near them; any one general Verdier with 2,500 men and artillery from gave orders who felt himself competent to take the Pampeluna, besides some batallions of Portuguese, command. They did not stop to load their muskets who, according to Bonaparte's system had been a second time, but, as if regardless of their lives, forced out of their country, to be pushed on in rushed on the French columns as they advanced, the foremost ranks, wherever the first fire of a bat with the bayonet and other hand weapons. All tery was to be received, a line of bayonets clogged, were animated by the same spirit, and their efforts or a ditch filled with bodies. They occupied the after a most desperate conflict were finally crowned several military positions in the plain covered with with success. A party of the enemy entered the olive trees that surrounds Zaragoza, though not town and were all put to death. Lefebvre perceived without occasional molestations from the citizens, that it was hopeless to persist in the attack with his In a short time however, they had invested nearly present force, and drew off his troops, having suf one half of the town. On the 27th of June they at. fered great loss. The patriots lost about 2,000 men tacked the city and the Torrero, but they were rekilled and as many wounded: In such a conflict, pulsed with the loss of 800 men, six pieces of artilthe circumstances are so materially in favor of the lery and five carts of ammunition. The next morndefendants, that the carnage made among the French ing they renewed the attack at both places: from must have been very much greater. Their baggage the city they were again repulsed, losing almost all and plunder were left behind them in their retreat, the cavalry which was engaged. The Torrero was and the Zaragozans thus took 400 cavalry and 27 lost by the misconduct of an artillery officer who bagrage waggons. The conquerors would have made the men abandon the batteries at a critical moexposed themselves by a rash pursuit, but Palafox ment. For this treachery he was condemned to exhorted them not to be impatient, telling them, run the gauntlet six times, the soldiers beating him that the enemy would give them frequent opportu with their ramrods, and then he was shot. nities to display their courage. While he thus re The French having now received a train of morstrained their impetuosity, he continued to excite tars, howitzers, and twelve pounders, which were their zeal. This victory, he said, was but the com-of sullicient force against mud walls, kept up a conmencement of the triumphs which they were to ex-stant fire, and showered down shells and grenades pect under the powerful assistance of their divine from the Torrero. About twelve hundred were patrons The precious blood of their brethern had thrown into the town and there was not one building been shed in the field of glory-on their own soil, that was bomb proof within the walls. After a time Those blessed martyrs required new victims; let us, the inhabitants placed beams of timber together, he added, prepare for the sacrifice! endways, against the houses, in a sloping direction, The Zaragozans had obtained only a respite; de-behind which those who were near when a shell feated as he was, Lefebvre had only removed beyond fell, might shelter themselves. The enemy contithe reach of their guns, his army was far superior nued to invest the city more closely, while the Arto any which they could bring against it; and it was ragonese made every effort to strengthen their means not to be doubted that he would soon return in great of defence. "Gardens and olive grounds" says Mr. er force, to take vengeance for the repulse and dis. Vaughan, "that in better times had been the recregrace which he had suffered. A regular siege was ation and support of their owners, were cheerfully to be expected; how were the citizens to sustain it rooted up by the proprietors themselves, whenever with their mud walls, which were not constructed they impeded the defence of the city or covered the for defence, without heavy artillery, and without approach of the enemy." Women of all ranks astroops who could sally forth to interrupt the besiegsisted, they formed themselves into companies; ers in their works? In spite of all these discourag some to relieve the wounded, some to carry water, ing circumstances, (says Mr. Vaughan, to whom wine and provisions, to those who defended the the English are indebted for a narrative of the most gates. The countess Burita instituted a corps for glorious and memorable siege) the people confiding this service, a lady of great rank, young, delicate,

* Laborde,

and beautiful. In the midst of the most tremendqus fire of shot and shells, she was seen coolly at

tending to those occupations which were now be del of Pamplona, which they had so perfidiously come her duty; nor throughout the whole of a seized on their first entrance, as allies, into Spain. two months siege did the imminent danger,to which Hitherto they had remained on the right bank of, she incessantly exposed herself, produce the slight-the Ebro. On the 11th of July they forced the pasest apparent effect upon her, or in the slightest de sage of the ford, and posted troops enough on the gree bend her from her heroic purposes. Some of opposite side to protect the workmen while forming the Monks bore arms; others exercised their spiria floating bridge. In spite of all the efforts of the tual offices to the dying; others, with the nuns, Arragonese, this bridge was completed on the 14th; were busied in making cartridges which the chil a way was thus made for their cavalry, to their sudren distributed. Among threescore thousand per-periority in which the French have been mostly sons there will always be found some wretches indebted for all their victories in Spain. This gave wicked enough for any employment, and the art of them the command of all the surrounding country: corrupting has constituted great part of the French they destroyed the mills, levied contributions on the system of war. During the night of the 28th, the villages, and cut off every communication by which powder magazine, in the area where the bull fights the besieged had hitherto received any supplies. were performed, which was in the very heart of the These new difficulties called out new resources in city, was blown up, by which explosion fourteen this admirable people and their general,—a man houses were destroyed, and about two hundred per worthy of commanding such a people in such times. sons killed. This was the signal for the enemy to Corn mills worked by horses, were erected in variappear before these gates which had been sold to ous parts of the city; the monks were employed in them. And while the inhabitants were digging out manufacturing gun powder, materials for which their fellow citizens, they opened a fire upon them were obtained by collecting all the sulphur in the with mortars, howitzers, and cannons, which had place, by washing the soil of the streets to extract now been received for battering the town. Their its nitre, and making charcoal from the stalks of attack seemed chiefly to be directed against the hemp, which in that part of Spain grow to a very gate called Portillo, and a large square building unusual magnitude.+

near it, without the walls, and surrounded by a

By the end of July, the city was completely in deep ditch; though called a castle it serves only vested, the supply of food was scanty, and the inhafor a prison. The sand bag battery before this gate bitants had no reason to expect succour; on the was frequently destroyed, and as often re-construct night of the 2nd of August and on the following ed under the fire of the enemy. The carnage here day, the French bombarded the city from their batthroughout the day was dreadful. AUGUSTINA teries opposite the gate of the Carmen. A foundling ZARAGOZA, a handsome woman of the lower class, hospital, which was now filled with the sick and the about 22 years of age, arrived at the battery with wounded, took fire and was rapidly consumed. ----refreshments, at the moment when not a man who During this scene of horror, the most intrepid exdefended it was left alive, so tremendous was the fire ertions were made to rescue these helpless sufferers which the French kept up upon it. For a moment from the flames. No person thought of his own the citizens hesitated to re-man the guns. Augusti property or individual concerns. The women were na sprang forward over the dead and dying, snatch-eminently conspicuous in their exertions, regarded a match from the hand of a dead artillery-man, less of the shot and shells which fell about them, and fired off a six and twenty pounder; then, jump and braving the flames of the building. ing upon the gun, she made a solemn vow never to On the following day the French completed their quit it alive during the siege. Such a sight could batteries upon the right bank of the Guerva, withinënot but animate all who beheld it with fresh courage. pistol shot of the gate of St. Engracia, so called The Zaragozans rushed on the battery and renew-from a splendid church and convent of Jeronimites, ed their fire with greater vigor than ever, and the situated on one side of it. Their batteries soon deFrench were repulsed here, and at all other points, molished the mud walls, and on the 4th after a se with great slaughter.

vere contest and dreadful carnage they were in possession of one half of Zaragoza. Lefebvre now summoned Palafox to surrender, in these words:

After this destructive bombardment of the city, a variety of attempts were made by the besiegers to effect a lodgement, but through the spirited exer- Head Quarters, St. Engracia. Capitulation, tions of the inhabitants they were uniformly repuls The hero immediately returned this reply: "Head ed, with great loss. The military men in Zaragoza Quarters, Zaragoza. War at the knife's point." considered these attacks as extremely injudicious. The contest which was now carried on is unexLefebvre, probably, was so indignant at meeting with ampled in history. On the 5th, when the ammunition any opposition from a people whom he despised,and of the citizens began to fail, Don Francisco Palafox, a place which, according to the rules and pedantry the general's brother, entered the city with a conof war, was not tenable, that he lost his temper, and voy of arms, ammunition and a reinforcemnt of 3,000 thought to subdue them the shortest way, by mere men. The war was now continued from street to violence and superior force. But when he found street, from house to house, and from room to room his mistake, he proceeded to invest the city more-pride and indignation having wrought up the closely. In the beginning of the siege, the besieg French to a pitch of obstinate fury, little inferior to ed received some scanty succours; yet, however the devoted courage of the patriots. This most scanty, they were of importance. Four hundred obstinate and murderous contest was continued for soldiers from the regiment of Est amadura, small eleven successive days and nights. The hostile batparties from other corps, and a few artillery men teries were so near each other, that a Spaniard in entered the city. Two hundred of the militia of

Logrono were added to these artillery men, and * In military language, you always describe a soon learnt their new service, being in the presence country by the current of water, and speak as if you of an enemy whom they had such righteous reason were looking down the stream.

to abhor.-Two four and twenty pounders and a few +On this simple foundation, says Mr. Vaughan, shells which were much wanted, were procured" a regular manufactory of gunpowder was formed from Lerida. The enemy, meantime, were amply after the seige, which produced 3 arrobas of Cassupplied with stores from the magazine in the cita-tile per day, that is 325 lb. of 12 ounces.