experienced daily, such as air, heat, food, light, &c., as soon as it is formed; but it is preserved by the Each application of stimuli produces motion in the affinity of new matter, the old gradually losing the various organs, which changes the form of the or principles of which it was first formed, until it be gan. Organization then is continually undergoing comes entirely clear of all original matter and has a change; in consequence of which, the organized acquired a fresh supply from the action of new body looses the matter of which it was first formed, matter. but the form and organization are still preserved by a new portion of exciting matter. Now if all exciting matter, which acts upon animal organization, could be withheld, it is evident, The blood which circulates in the veins and ar-that the animal would remain perfectly organized teries, is washed off by different glands; a process to all eternity; for there would be no cause whatsocalled secretion: this secreted fluid is thrown off by ever to destroy it and were it in our power to insensible perspiration and other outlets. The animal place an animal suddenly in a very low temperature is now obliged to resort to food, drink, &c. to supply so as not to destroy any organic part, the animal the loss of disengaged matter. From the great quan might remain frozen ten thousand years and at the tity of solid and fluid matter which is continually end of that period be resuscitated at pleasure, only by thrown off from the body by the animal economy, and admitting the ordinary portion of exciting matter, the daily application of a fresh supply, I infer, that which is necessary to the life of the animal. Frogs every part of the solid and fluid mass, of which an ani- have been resuscitated after they have been confined mal is composed, must be continually undergoing a in the hardest rock, perhaps for three, four, five or change. Composition and decomposition are con six hundred years, or as many thousand for aught i tinually taking place, not only in the most delicate know. fibre, but the hardest bone; so that all the princi A very remarkable phenomenon, of this kind, is ples, of which an animal was once formed, now related by Mr. Peters of Vermont, to Samuel Harexist in other animals, earth, atmosphere and plants; rison, Esq. His letter is as follows: "A rock, certain portions of it might have united to certain nearly twenty feet square on its superficies, and other portions of disengaging matter, which had an about ten feet thick, lay in the high road opposite to affinity for each other, and form worms, insects, my house, and as report said, had been growing frogs, &c. The component parts of which those higher for one hundred and fifty years, whereby it inferior animals were first formed, may now give had become a nuisance to carriages and travellers. them existence. To remove this inconvenience, I ordered my nePerspirable matter, urine, fœces, &c. which were groes to dig a ditch around the rock, three feet thrown off from every class of animals last year, wide, and to go down with the ditch to its bottom. may exist in a rose, pink, or orange this year. My This being done, I engaged a miner to perforate the present organization, no doubt, is composed of rock with an augur, near the middle of its surface. principles, which once organized ten thousand The augur was two inches wide, and with it he made different plants and animals, and it would not be ab a hole five feet deep. He then charged the rock surd to suppose, that some individual of the United with half a pound of gun power, and fired it off States possesses part of the matter, which once or with a match, while the spectators stood at a proper ganized Adam and Eve. If we imagine matter to distance, to shun the danger and to see the effect. be annihilated, this would be a very absurd suppo- The explosion was very great, the rock was rent sition; but it cannot be absurd, unless we suppose into eight or ten large pieces, besides many frag the matter of which our forefathers were formed, ments; we soon hoisted up the fragments; at last has gone to the moon or some other planet we came to the two centre and largest pieces, between which the augur had passed. Having taken up the smallest, the largest piece stood edgewise. I then went down and viewed the path of the augur, which had passed by a cavity as large as a goose egg, in which lay a frog, who completely filled the cavity, His thigh was bleeding by reason of a wound. The orifice was too small to pull him out; the miner soon enlarged, and I took out the frog, bound up the wound, and placed him on some mud near a puddle of water, which I enclosed with a board But if life is the continued application of new fence. The frog was alive and struggling for delimatter, which supplies the place of the old, how is it verance, when I first discovered him in his bed, that an animal dies? why does it not exist to all eter- which was as smooth as the inside of a glass nity? For this plain reason, that it is a law of God, tumbler." that no generated being can always continue. Ano ther reason is, that exciting matter is withheld: the old not being capable of motion; without it, death necessarily follows: if the exciting matter be too great it destroys the organized body? death is likewise the consequence. Since the matter of which our earth is composed, is in continued motion and changing its situation continually is it not probable, that every part of it, at one period or other, may exist in an atmos phere, plants and animals? and the matter which now occupies the center exist on the surface forming an atmosphere and organizing plants and animals? Marine productions, found far below the surface, seem to prove that a considerable revolution of this kind has already taken place. a Now this frog must have been incrusted and confined when the rock was forming, for there is no way of accounting for his imprisonment any other way; and it is highly probable the rock has been formed several thousand years. In this case, light, heat, air, food, &c. were withdrawn, and the temperature was favorable to the preservation of the animal. As soon as air, light, heat, &c. acted upon quiescent organization,motion was produced and the frog was forced into existence by the continued application of exciting matter. Life, strictly speaking, seems to be nothing but variety of motion. Where is the animal or vegetable, in existence, that does not possess motion? believe it is ascertained beyond a doubt, that an animal may exist without thought, or sensation; but neither thought nor sensation can exist without Many classes of animals, in high latitudes, remotion; therefore it necessarily follows that thought main terpid in the winter months, but as soon as and sensation owe their existence to motion, which the genial warmth of spring begins to act upon is produced, as I have observed, by the continued them, they possess all the phenomena of life. The application of exciting matter on organized matter. continued application of exciting matter produces This application has a tendency to destroy the organ motion by the affinity it has for organized animal matter. May not all exciting matter, which produce, of knowledge, and his prompt and active imagina the great variety of diseases, act by lessened or in creased affinity which necessarily produces too little or too much motion in the animal on which it acts? Is it not the affinity which the food has for animal marter, that causes an increased action in all the fluids as well as the solids of the animal, that tikes it in? Is not the finity, which oxygen has for the blood, that keeps up a certain degree of heat necessary for the health of the animal that respices it? Are not all exciting matters variously meditien? Do they not act upon animal meter, producing effects friendly or uniriendly to the animal on which they act? ton seized instinctively on whatever was n ost beau tiul and engaging in nature or in art. His enthu siasm in parted a warm and vivid lu-tre to his thoughts, his comprehensive and critical know. ledge of language enabled him to convey the conceptions of his fancy with uncommon clearness and energy. In a word he always telt, and thought, and spoke hike a poet. A mind so happily informed as Paine's; so alive to feeling, so pregnant with invention, so fraught with sentiments, so blest with the divinity of genius, could not fail of success in the aetherial creations of poetry. All his efforts in this favorite purLife then depends entirely upon the affinity suit have received the highest praises of his counwhich exciting matter has for animal matter. I trymen; and the "Invention of letters," the "Ruling there is little or no affinity, there will be little or no Passions," the two " Prologues” in dedication of motion; if the affinity be considerable, motion will the Bo-ton theatre, the " Monody on Moore," the likewise be considerable. The union of one portion" Epilogue to the Clergyman's Daughter," and the of exciting matter with another portion of animal national song of "Adams and Liberty," may be matter, lessens the affinity for a second dose of the classed among the ablest specimens of English poformer; so that the old compound is obliged to give etry. The character of his poetical genius resemplace to the new, and by this means the old is en bled that of Pope, more than any other poet, partitirely displaced. This is the case with respect to cularly in the smoothness of his verse, the exactness perspiration, urine, faces, &c. The old compound of his rhymes, the richness of his language, and the is removed, in consequence of motion being pro condensation of his thoughts. His great fault was duced by the formation of new matter. The parts that of being sometimes too studiously classical.— thrown off or separated for want of affinity, unitele always felt proud of his learning, and would ocwith the first matter, for which it has an attraction.casionally display it at the expense of his poetry, Thus it is, that matter continues its journey, and by drawing his images and allusions from facts and it seems that it is no nearer a quiescent state now, cit cumstances too little known, to be understood than it was soon after it was formed and acted upon by the generality even of intelligent teaders. by repulsion. nor was he ever satisfied with what he had written, while, there was a fault to be rectified, a beauty to be added, or a grace to be heightened. O revision, he was therefore never impatient; on the contrary, he seemed to take delight in reviewing his first thoughts, and bestowing upon them such connection and improvement as they could receive from a cautious and deliberate criticism. His prose is, in the highest degree, stately and it is nothing, in fact, but a continued round of magnificent. It is the style of Doctor Johnson.— circulation, the relative situation of each individual He had a passion for the elegancies and refinements particle, continually changing places with each of composition. His sentiments are carefully ba other, and this motion must continue until the great lanced, and his periods diligently rounded. Every cause, which first produced it, thinks proper to word is selected with taste and di-posed with skill. remove repulsion. When that is the case, each In all his works,he strove after attainable perfection, particle will unite with its fellow; the atmo-phere, plants, avinials and minerals will return to the sun the sun will be a solid mass, kept together with affinity; and if the God of nature thinks proper to take away this power of attraction, matter will cease to exist. This idea, of the non-existence of matter, is a very singular one; perhaps it would lead to some very important di- coveries if we could race it properly. Can matter exist without attraction? Suppose all attraction to be suddenly removed from With the philosophy of the fine arts, no man matter, in what form would it exist? It could not was ever better acquainted than Mr. Paine. These possibly assume a solid, liquid, or ariform state.rts were the favorite and most frequent subjects of for each supposes some degree of attraction, I there his meditations. His mind dwelt on them with fore, cannot conceive of any possible form, underfondness, and delighted to ascend to their first which matter could exist, if its attraction should be entirely removed. Biographical. FROM THE NATIONAL EGIS. CEBES. Sketch of the Genius of ROBERT TREAT PAINE, principles As a critic, therefore, he stood on very high ground. But he was not like certain grave and austere critics, who make it their whole business to detect latent faults, and urge skilful objections. He was candid and liberal in all his de cisions. He had a soul to be pleased as well as to be effended; and although no man had quicker perdiscernment of excellence, and so great his pleaception of literary blemishes, yet so nice was his sure on its discovery, that he would readih paiden Of the genius of this great poet, whose labors two defects, for the sake of one beauty. To young have so largely contributed to the repuration of authors he ever manifested the kindest disposition. American literature, it would be ait cult to speakHe read their compositions with attention-he in terms of exaggerated praise. To the bounties of praised their merits with liberality, and pointed cut nature who had lavished on his intellect, her rich Their faults with delicacy and tenderness. It is greatest and proudest favors, were superidued tho e ac ly to the honor of Mr Paine, that he never felt the quired excellencies, which are the fruits of vigo envy of rivalship. He was among the first and rons study and ambitions cultivation. oudest in the applause of a brother author was this applause forced or hypocritical; wherever he saw genius it was impossible for him to repress the emotions of satisfaction. For the fame of As a poet, he ranks among the first of the first class The piercing keenness of his mind gave it an easy admission into the most secret and hidden sources Nor American literature, he always displayed a cordial solicitude, and frequently expressed his sorrow and indignation at the detestable expedients, employed by so many of our own countrymen, to bring it in to disgrace. History Of the Invasion of Spain by Bonaparte. ABRIDGED FROM THE MOST AUTHENTIC SOURCES, [CONTINUED FROM PAGE 288.] Some, there are, who have denied the solidity of Mr. Paine's critical abilities, on the ground that he too frequently decided by feeling rather than by judgment. This objection, thougn plausible, is, by no means, satisfactory. In some of the fine arts, the feeling so instanetanously follows the judgmen“, that it becomes identified with it; in others, as in music, the judgment follows the feeling and is de termined by it. The best reason we can give why! we approve of a piece of music, is because it pleases us. So it is with the highest flights of poetry, Whatever greatly interests our passions, so as to produce the effect intended by the poet, can with as much certainty, be pronounced good, as though it were actually proved to be so by a pedantic dis play of elaborate reasoning. Of what value then (it may be asked) are the works of Aristotle, and Quintilian, and Longinus besides a host of moderns who have written on the science of critici m? To this question I answer, that, to the poet, they are of no value. The art of poetry is not derived from the rules of the critics; but the rules of the critics are collected from the practice of the poets. Crit ics are not the legislators of poets, but are the mere expounders of those laws which the poets have promulgated. Every great poet is a critic by instinct, and in many cases, can decide more cor rectly by jeeling, than the mere critic can, with all his boasted rules to assist him. There are certain beauties of so high an order that they cannot be perceived but by those who are susceptible of the finest and most delicate emotions. In such cases, the mere critic drops to a level with the me chanic, and finds his square and compasses of criti cism of little use, except to show his impotency- On the 24th advice was received that the French But Mr. Paine did not decide by feeling, except in had defeated the army of the Cabrillas. The junta cases where getting is proper to be consulted as issued orders at four in the morning of the followthe test of the poet's skill. He was familiarly acing day through the Alcaydes of the different prequinted with criticism as a science, and could ap-cincts, that all the inhabitants, without exception, ply its reasonings with wonderful precision and ele- should repair to the citadel to provide themselves gance. with arms. So great was the number of applicants Marshal Moncey was not more successful in Valencia than general Dupont in Andalusia, though he escaped capture. When he arrived at Cuesta, he was at the head of 12,000 men besides cavalry, and he equally threatened Murcia and Valencia. The latte: kingdom is well fortified by nature, by means of the rivers Gabriel and Xuccar and by a chain of steep and rugged mountains. It was of great importance to Moncey to gain possession of Valencia, the most fertile and delightful province of Spain would then be at his mercy, and a communication secured with the French in Catalonia. The passes through the mountain, were defended by some troops of the line, but these guards were attacked by Moncey on the 21st of June and routed. Hav ing passed the mountains he marched straight on to Valencia; a city which to a mere soldier would appear as defenceless as Zaragoza. We are now to consider Mr. Paine as a cont at the quantity of muskets being insufficient to versationist. It was in conversation (confessedly arm them, all the English swords, of which there the most difficult of all arts) that he gave the most were a great stock in the arsenal, were delivered brillant displays of mind. It was here that his ge out, thongh many were without hilts. From the nius proudly triumphed in all its sovereignty. No citadel were conveyed a number of cannon, carrymatter what the subject-whether scientific or lite-ing from 18 to 20 pound shot, and from the Grau, rary, its discussion was in the highest degree mas- four 21 pounders, and many more of various cali terly and eloquent. His information was so extensive and so vitious-his imagination so splendid, his wit so enchanting, and his language so ele gant, that it was impossible to hear him without delight. bres. At the gate of Quaite, where the enemy were expected to make their attack, were planted one 20 pounder, and several 12 and 16 pounders; and the other gates were also fo: tified more or less, according to circumstances. A great quantity of timber, which had floated down the river, served Such was ROBERT TREAT PAINE, JUN. a man, to block up the entrances of the streets within the who, in genius and scholarship, has seldom been walls, and to form a breast work for the protection equalled-pe. haps has never been surpassed-Bos of the artillery posted without the city Trenches ton has the honor of claiming him as its native; and were cut across the roads to prevent the approach in justice to the Bostonians, it ought to be said, that of the cavalry, and to impede the advance of the by them his talents were duly appreciated and libe artilery. On the 26th, Moncey was attacked at rally patromzed. He has left an amiable widow. Bunolos, about a league from the city, by general and several promising children. For their benefit Caro, a nephew of the illustrious general Romanos. we hope his writing will now be collected and pub He was attacked again by the same general between lished. We doubt not the sale of such a volume Quarte and Mislata. In these attacks he suffered would be co extensive with its merit-and that the severely; but notwithstanding such impediments public would ejoice in an opportunity of testifying he continuded his march; and on the 28th he their regard for a work which will do so much ho- planted his cannon before the mud walls of the nor to their country. Itown. According to the usual custom, a flag of truce was sent in, with a message, that if a division of French, 1500 strong, assailed and took the French were permitted to enter peacably, possession of the bridge of Molinos del Rey, with persons and property should be respected; but if the three pieces that guarded the passage way; but not, they should enter with fire and sword. But not without a weil fought battle, in which the loss the patriots had had sufficient evidence of the sin- of the French was supposed to be equal to that of cerity of their good allies; they knew what would the Spanish. be the consequence of suffering the serpent to General Duhesme, in revenge for his repulse from warm himself, and they returned an answer express Gerona, burnt many houses in the towns and viling their resolution to defend the city to the last lages by which he passed; took many prisoners, extremity. A heavy fire was then opened on the some of whom he killed in cold blood, and laid waste city, and an attempt was made to force the gate of the whole plain or district within the jurisdiction of Quarte, which was precisely the one that had been the city of Barcelona, all the cultivated fields, vilput in the best state of defence. The enemy occu lages, convents and churches. On his return to pied a broad street which runs in front of this gate. Barcelona, he found his two forts in want of pow The gate was thrown open and a 24 pounder being der and provisions. During his absence, of about brought up, a dreadful havoc was made of the as- a month, the city had been cut off from a communisailants. The loss wa incalculable, for their dead cation with the neighboring country, and a vessel lay heaped on each other in the street. The pa loaded with powder and salted pork, had been tak triots, defended by the walls and their heavy artillen by the English. Duhesme, who had already ry, scarcely lost a dozen men. While they were thus mowing down these imperial marauders, Mon cey had to maintain a conflict with Caro, who had followed close at his heels, for the defence of Valen tia. An impetuous charge with the bayonet made such havoc among the ranks of the French that they retired to their camp between Quarte and Mis lata, which was fortified by strong intrenchments and formidable batteries. Their repulse had been so decisive that they did not attempt to renew it, but retreated towards Madrid, leaving part of their artillery, and suffering from Caro's detachment and the peasantry, that vengeance which the excesses they had committed on the march, so amply de In the mean time the affairs of the patriots in the served. Of 15,000 men, infantry, cavalry and ar north of Spain wore but an unfavorable aspect, and tillery, that marched with Moncey from Madrid, a battle was fought at Medina del Rio Seco, in the 10,000 returned. and 150 waggons carrying the province of Leon, which turned the tide of fortune, wounded; 1500 were made prisoners, and sent to and might have exceedingly damped, if not altoge Carthagena. Here again we have an opportunity ther quashed the insurrection, if this advantage on of paying a passing tribute to that sex, which adapts the side of the French had not been counterbalanced itself so admirably to every vicissitude of fortune-by the events in the south and east just related. At consoling in adversity and making the smiles of joy the same time that he sent a force against Zarago even more delightful. "It is impossible," says an za, marshal Bessieres pushed forward columns for eye-witness of these scenes of carnage," adequately to describe the heroism and enthusiasm of the fe males and the manner in which they contributed to the defence of their country." acquired the cognomen of the cruel, pointed the cantants, threatening them with death, if they did non of the citadel against the unfortunate inhabinot furnish him with 12,000 rations of provisions daily, and an excessive number of pipes of brandy and wine. Under the pretence of charges of an intention to rebel against the emperor, he was in the habit of carrying away from time to time, the husbands from their wives and parents from their most respectable persons in Barcelona, separating children, for the purpose of extorting ransoms for their liberation. the reduction of Logrono, Segovia, Valladolid and St. Andero. All these objects were easily accomplished. The raw and undisciplined levies of patriots did not long sustain a conflict with the impeThe spirit of patriotism was also displayed, with tuous and well directed exertions of the veteran great glory, and not altogether without success, in and victorious French. On the 7th June, general the neighboring province of Catalonia. Duhesme, Frere, having arrived with his columns within a mile the French governor of Catalonia, had been direct of Segovia, sent an officer to the magistrates deed to reduce Gerona, at the same time when Lefeb.manding a parley. The insurgents, 5000 strong, vre was sent against Spain. He was not more sucwith 30 cannons, would not suffer the messenger cessful after spending upwards of a fortnight in the to approach, but fired on him with cannon. siege of Gerona, into which he threw, in one night, The place was taken, but not without some resistfour hundred bombs and grenades, he was forced ance a great number of wounded and others fell to retreat to Barcelona, leaving some pieces of ar into the hands of the French, with all their cannon, tillery and a considerable quantity of provisions and and the city submitted. On the 8th, the town and ammunition. In his retreat he sustained a great province of Palentia submitted to general la Salle loss both of men and baggage; for, by this time, and was disarmed. On the 12th, the same general the standard of liberty had been raised in every part of Catalonia. with general Merle, and continued his march to advanced to Duennas, where he formed a junction Valladolid, where the spirit of the insurrection had grown very strong,and which was a rendezvous for the patriots. On the 30th of June, the French, under the orders of general Goulles and brigadier general Bessieres marched from Barcelona, against a body of Catalo nian peasantry who had fortified themselves with Don Gregorio de la Cuesta, a general about 70 cannon, found on the coast of the river Llobrogate. years of age, with 7000 men and six pieces of artil. Proceeding to the mouth of the river, they forced lery, had taken post at Cabezon, a small town on the passage, and pushing up the right bank, took the Pisuerga, about nine miles to the north of several Catalonian posts in the rear. Undisciplined, Valladolid. General Sabalthier was ordered to without a commander of any authority, or none force a position, which had been reconnoitred, that could inspire any confidence; and surprised, while general Merle was directed to cut off his re perhaps by this manœuvre, though it might have treat to Valladolid. The firing, according to the been expected, the peasants submitted without much French accounts, lasted but half an hour, when resistance. At the same time general Leckie, with the Spanish were completely beaten,and scattered in every direction on the field of action, leaving their artillery, 4000 muskets, and about 1000 killed. Blake covered the re Contrary to his judgment a battle was cause. risked (14th July) near Medina del Rio Seco, The gazette of Madrid, that is, the French ga against a detachment of the French army under The peasantry and the new zette, states, that five or six hundred French beat general Laselles. fourteen or fifteen thousand rebels. The gazette of levies attacked the enemy's infantry with such arOviedo, on the contrary, says, that the number of dor that they forced them to retreat, won four of their cannon and spiked them. They had even set the French and Spaniards in this engagement, was nearly equal; but that the French had the advan up their shouts of victory; when the French cavaltage of a more numerous artillery, while the patri-ry charged their left wing, and by their great suots had only four cannon; yet that in spite of this periority, decided the day. disadvantage on the part of the Spaniards, the treat of the Spaniards with great skill, and the French had left seven hundred dead on the field of French were not able to pursue, so severely had battle, from which they carried off their wounded. they suffered. But they revenged themselves with their usual ferocity when they entered Medina del The bishop of Valladolid, with the principal Rio Seco some hours after wards; where having clergy of the city came to meet general la Salle, first satiated themselves with massacre, and then supplicating forgiveness for the city and its inhabi with plunder, they committed atrocities upon the tants, which was readily granted. The city and women scarcely equalled in the worst ages of miliprovince were, however, disarmed. Ten members tary barbarity-the nuns were violated and then of the council of Placentia, Segovia and Valladolid were deputed to go to his catholic majesty (Joseph Bonaparte) at Bayonne, there to supplicate his for giveness in the act of tendering their own fealty and that of their fellow citizens. murdered. Six hundred persons were massacred in the streets and houses.-A Spanish officer who had received three wounds was brought before one of the French generals, who ordered a dragorn to cut him down; he put up his hands to save himself, General Merle proceeded to the mountains of and they were neary severed with a sabre. Upon St. Andero, a canton or small province on the this he fell-but as the dragoon was going, the coast of Biscay between Austria de Santillanna, general called him back, and bad him shoot the Old Castile and Biscay. On the morning of the Black guard for he was not yet dead. The officer 21st of June he fell upon the patriots headed by knelt to receive his death-the ball passed between the bishop, drove them from all their positions, and his arm and body-he had presence of mind enough took from them two eighteen pounders, which, to fall-and, crawling away in the night, was loaded with grape shot they had fired only twice. brought to the Gallician army to tell his tale! When In other parts of the mountainous district, parties the French soldiers had pillaged every thing they of the insurgents were driven from post to post, could find, they carried off infants, and made their into St. Andero, by general Ducos. On the 23d parents redeem them! the generals Merle and Ducos entered St. Andero, on different sides of the town. The peasants every where returned to their homes. The city of St. Andero, one of the first commercial ports in Spain, having made its submission like Segovia, Placentia, and Valladolid, was obliged to swear fealty to the usurper. Thús quietness was restored, for the present, to Navarre, Guipusco, and Biscay. Blake had discovered such talents in this action, that Bessieres thought it of importance to win him over, if possible, to the intruder's party. He, therefore wrote to him, under the pretext of assuring that the Spanish prisoners should be well treated, and took that occasion to try his patriotism, by urging him to obey the act of abdication and acknowledge Joseph Bonaparte. The Spanish general Marshal Bessieres, with a strong force, had the made answer, (24th July) that he acknowledged no charge of keeping open the principal road between other sovereign than Ferdinand of Bourbon, or his Bayonne and Madrid It was of great importance legitimate heirs; and, if it happened that that unto the patriots that this communication should be fortunate family should be altogether extinguished, cut off. A number of patriots had been assembling his allegiance would then be due to the people of for some time at Benevento under, the command of Spain, lawfully represented in a general cortes.Cuesta. In this number were comprehended all These, he said, were the sentiments of the whole the Spanish prisoners who had been sent back to army and of the whole nation; and he warned Spain by the British government.* Cuesta had Bessierres against the error of mistaking the forced had the command of the force which belonged to submission of those towns which were occupied by Castile and Leon, having been nominated captain the French troops, for a real change of opinion in "Undeceive, therefore," said he, general of those provinces by the pusillanimous Fer the inhabitants. dinand during his short reign. The Galician army your emperor, and, if it be true that he has a phiwas commanded by don Joachim Blake, a younger lanthropic mind, he will renounce the project of officer of Irish parentage. The Juntas of the re subduing Spain. Whatever partial successes he spective provinces, being independent of each other may obtain, it is evident that his brother never can there seems to have been a want of good under-reign in this country, unless he reign over a desert, standing between the two generals. Blake was as covered with the blood of the Spaniards, and of the much superior to Cuesta in abilities as he was be troops employed in this unjust enterprize.” This answer did not satisfy the Frenchman, who, low him in rank, and unwillingly yielded the preference; beause it required the sacrifice of his own in a second letter told Blake, that it was his duty judgment, to the probable injury of the common to avoid the effusion of blood; for while France and the greatest part of Europe continued in their 66 Nearly 5000 Spanish prisoners who have been present state, it was impossible that the Bourbons released, sailed this day As they embarked, they could reign. He accompanied this reasoning by poured forth the warmest wishes for the happiness proposing a conference with him upon the subject, of this country. Many of them took up the sand a proposal which, Blake replied, it was not fitting from the beach, kissed it with reverence and affec tion as the sand of a free nation, and put it into their pockets to exhibit to their countrymen upon their return, London paper, 13th July. that he should address to a man of honor. Bessieres had set at liberty our or five hundred prisoners,under the name of peasants; this title the Spanish general disclaimed for them, maintaining that they were |