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horror of giving existence to beings which he has not the means to support, and refuses that natural inclination for obedience to the great commandment of our Creator, crescite et multiplicameni. And when this self-restraint is not followed by a vicious indulgence of the passions in a promiscuous intercourse with those abandoned females too frequently to be met with, it may be considered as the least evil of the principle of population.

perfect freedom: or, in other words, to what extent, exercise of his reason, is led by many considerations procreation would be carried with an indefinite to avoid the distress which he sees produced in mean of support; and "what might be expected to others by pursuing the dictate of nature, in an early be the rate of the increase in the productions of the attachment and marriage. He sees the misery and earth under the most favorable circumstances.". With regard to the first question, we know of no country where all, circumstances have combined to give to population this freedom of exertion; but from a contemplation of its increase in those coun tries where the manners are the most simple, and where the fewest obstacles exist, we are induced to believe that the increase of the human species would very far exceed that of any other. In some of the back settlements of North-America the popu The positive checks to population include every lation has been found to double itself in fifteen cause which contributes to shorten the natural duyears; in other parts of the same country the ration of life; such as all unwholesome occupations, period of doubling has been fixed at little more severe labor, and exposure to the seasons; extreme than twelve years. Sir William Petty supposes it poverty, common diseases and epidemics; wars, possible for the population to double itself in ten plagues and famine. These obstacles, under the years. From the census which at different periods heads of preventive and positive checks, are all rehas been made by the direction of congress, it will solvable into moral restraint, vice and misery; and be seen, that the Uni ed States, since their first when taken conjunctively, form the immediate check settlement, have continued to double their popula to population as distinguished from the ultimate check tion in less than twenty-five years.3 This therefore as being the slowest rate at which any observer has calculated the increase of population, and as being far within the truth, our author has fixed upon as the standard rate of increase, and pronounces, that "population when unchecked, goes on doubling itself every twenty five years or increases in a geometrical ratio."

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produced by famine, or the want of food. The operation of these checks varies considerably in different countries, according to the naturally healthy or unhealthy state of the climate, the vicious or moral customs, and the peaceful or warlike manners of the inhabitants. But in every country the effects of population to excessive increase are constant, and as constantly tend to produce wretchedness and mi With respect to the productions of the earth, or sery among the lower classes of society. When the the means to support the population, it has not been food becomes inadequate to the support of the pofound so easy to determine the rate of increase: so pulation, the preventive and positive checks will much depends upon the fertility of the soil to be operate with great force, vicious habits will preeultivated, and the melioration of that already vail more generally, and all the causes of premature under cultivation, that we cannot fix it at the same death will continue to operate till population is reratio as the increase of population, which, with the duced to its proper level; comparative plenty must food necessary to support it, would go on to increase be the consequence, population will again increase, in the same proportion ad infinium. In order, and the same effects will again succeed. Some exhowever, to fix upon the most probable rate the cellent remarks upon this vibration of the populaaverage produce may be taken of those countries tion may be found in Sir James Steuart's Political in which agriculture is studied with the greatest Economy. He compares the generative faculty to assiduity, and in which industry may be supposed a spring loaded with a variable weight. Our author, to receive its best direction. If we admit the produc- however, without stopping to establish these protions of the earth to be doubled in the first twenty-gressive and retrograde movements, lays down the five years it would be contrary to all experience following propositions:

2nd. Population always increases where the means of subsistence increase.

of the nature of lands to suppose, that in the next "Ist. Population is necessarily limited by the twenty-five years, they would be quadrupled, even means of subsistence. under the most favorable circumstances o cultiva tion; it may be concluded, therefore, that the earth cannot be made to increase its productions faster 3rd. The checks which repress the superior powthan in an arithmetical ratio. To show the effects er of population, and keep its effects on a level with of these two d fferent rates of increase in their the means of subsistence, are all resolvable into mostrongest light, the whole earth may be supposed ral restraint, vice and misery." to contain a population equal to a thousand The first of these propositions is passed over as millions; the human species would increase as the needing no illustration. To establish the two last, numbers 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, and sub he conceives it sufficient to take a review of the im sistence as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. In two centuries mediate checks to population in the various states of the population would be to the means of subsistence society of the past and present time. as 256 to 9." This excessive force of population, In this review he begins with the lowest state of therefore, over the means of subsistence, must be society of which we have any knowledge. The inkept down by some still more powerful check.-habitants of Terra del Fuego are represented by The two first books of our author are taken up with captain Cook as being the outcasts of human nathe enquiry into the nature of these checks, and ture, their only food (said that celebrated voyager) their operation in different countries. He divides was shell fish, and they were destitute of every conthem into two general heads: viz. the preventive venience arising from the rudest art.4 There can and the positive checks. The first, as far as it is be no difficulty then in finding out the check to voluntary, operates only upon man, who in the population in a country so represented. The same

1 Vide Price's Observ. on Revers. Pay.

• Vide Polit. Arith.

* Vide a paper entitled "Facts and Calculations respecting the population of the United States."

may be said of the natives of Van Diemen's land, and the islands of Andaman in the East, who have

• Vid. Cook's first voyage to observe the transit of Venus over the sun's disk.

been sometimes found upon the shores in the last for med huts, or not unfrequently in the same hut, wretched state of famine's The savage inhabitants Perouse, Cook, Meares and some other voyagers, of New Holland are in a very little better situation have observed that at the Nootka sound, they have than those already described. The difficulty and seen more that eight hundred Indians collected in danger which every where attend their search after (one hut : the filth and stench of which far exceeded food, and the barbarous customs which precede what issues from the dens of any other known anitheir marriage ceremonies, leave us without sur-mals. It may readily be unagined what dreadful prise why so thin a population should be scattered havoc would be made by an epidemic seizing upon a over such an extent of territory. "The condition people under such circumstances; a whole tribe is of the women (says Mr. Collins) is so wretched, sometimes carried off to a single man; these fruitful that I have often on seeing a female child borne on sources of depopulation might be supposed to leave its mother's shoulders, anticipated the miseries to the means of support in abundance to the surviving which it was born, and thought it would be a mer-inhabitants, but destitute of the means and ignorant ey to destroy it." The same historian tells us that of the arts of agriculture, and having, since the inthe wife is generally selected from a tribe at enmity troduction of fice arms among them, considerably with that of her intended husband, who steals upon reduced the number of wild beasts and game upon her when alone, and after beating her to silence which they subsist, we find the population still in with a club or stone, drags her on the ground over proportion to the food. At the present day this every impediment, until he reaches his own party, equilibrium may be produced perhaps by another "where a most brutal scene ensues.' "9 This out cause; the Indians being driven from their former rage is resented only by retaliation whenever simi lands, by the more powerful whites, to a narrow Jar opportunities offer. Thus treated, many of the extent of territory, have been obliged to learn from females never bear children, and those who do, ex- their conquerors something of agriculture, which perience so many hardships and difficulties in rear-supplies to them those means of support which they ing them, that but a small portion arrives at the age had been accustomed to look for in a wider range of of puberty. Children who lose their mothers while uncultivated forests. This progress towards civili. at the breast are always buried alive in the same zation would naturally give a spur to procreation grave with the mother! Besides these causes of which, it might be inferred, would soon produce depopulation, the frequent and bloody wars among an excess of population; but a counter balance may these savages, and above all a fatal epidemic, re be found in the introduction of inebriating liquors sembling the small pox, which sometimes rages among them, of which they are extravagantly fond, among them with incredible desolation, tend to keep and by the enervating effects of which, vast numthe population down to a level with the very scanty bers of them annually perish. Thus is the average supply of the animal and vegetable productions of population of the American Indians kept upon a the country. level with the average means of subsistance.7 The American Indians, like most other savages, Among the islands of the South Sea, particularly are divided into tribes who subsist altogeter by fish in New Caledonia, the New Hebrides, and Newing and hunting. This mode of living necessarily Zealand, we meet with a savage race of beings who requires a large extent of territory to supply their live almost wholly upon fish, which are to be ob wants. Each tribe appears to entertain high no-tained only at certain seasons of the year, and who tions of the right of domain; infringements of are engaged in perpetual warfare among themwhich by the hunting parties, are always followed selves; in New Zealand, more especially, neither by the most bloody and revengeful wars. These man nor woman ever walks unarmed; they are inviolations of mutual sovereignty must take place cessantly on the watch for opportunities to surwhenever the numbers of a tribe increase beyond prise and destroy each other. So strongly does the means of support which the territory allotted to this jealousy and revengeful disposition appear, that' them affords. They will of course encroach upon if the humanity of Cook had not deterred him from the rights of their neighbors, and either be repulsed listening to the solicitation of the different tribes with considerable loss, or by destroying the proprie for hamlets, he might easily have exterminated the tors of the invaded land, secure to themselves the whole race, as each village by turns, invited him subsistence they sought. to assist in the destruction of some other. The

Their women are, for the most part, treated more inhabitants are savage in the extreme, and for the like beasts of burden than human creatures like most part addicted to cannibalism, to which it ap themselves; being compelled to perform the most pears they are instigated as much by inclination menial offices, and execute all the laborious drudge as by the imperious call of hunger. They devour ry of their domestic economy. The men have been with voracious fury the enemies slain in battle, and represented by some travellers as naturally void of it is not uncommon for some of their chiefs to kill a all amorous or lustful affections; but the dissolute slave every moon to gratify his savage appetite.—— and libertine manners of some of the tribes, and the Captain Cook relates that they ate with considerable early prostitution of the females, would seem to con- greediness the train oil from some seal blubber tradiet the opinion. It is certain the women are by which his men were engaged in preparing on the no means prolific, having seldom more than two or shore: he says, "they relished the very skimmings three children, and of these few, all are put to death of the kettle, and dregs of the casks; but a little of who are born with any defect of form, which will the pure stinking oil was a delicious feast."9account for that exemption from deformity observed With such powerful and constantly operating among the American Indians, and ascribed by most writers to their peculiar mode of managing their 1 Consult Robertson's America-the Abbe Rayinfants. The people of a tribe generally reside toge-nal, and Jefferson's notes on the state of Virginia, ther, either in small villages, composed of a few ill in all of which are to be found strong arguments in support of our author's position.

SVid. Vancouver's voyage, and Syme's embassy

to Ava.

"Vid. Collins' account of New South Walesappendix.

Vid. Narrative of captain Cook's voyage to the Pacific ocean.

Vovage to the Pacific ocean by captains Cook, Clerke and Gore, Vol. 1, page 130.

causes of depopulation, it is not wonderful that the people do not increase beyond their precarious mode of support.

History

Of the Invasion of Spain by Bonaparte...

ABRIDGED FROM THE MOST AUTHENTIC SOURCES.

CHAPTER II.

(CONTINUED FROM PAGE 43.)

The Frenchman

On the beautiful and fertile shores of Otaheite, where there is a great comparative degree of civilization, we meet with a scene widely different. Every thing seems to conspire to favor the strongest exertions of population. The power of vegetation When Labrador presented his powers, and reis so strong, that the very rocks are described as quired the usual form in return, M. Champagny appearing luxuriantly productive. "The flat land replied, these things were mere matters of form, which bounds the hills towards the sea, and the and wholly unconnected with the essential object inte jacent vallies teem with various productions of the negociation. Bonaparte, indeed, had deterthat grow with the most exuberant vigor; and at mined to force from Ferdinand the form of a volunonce, fill the mind of the beholder with the idea, tary negociation, but he and his ministers consithat no place upon earth can out do this, in the dered all other forms as useless. strength and beauty of vegetation." Were there proceeded to talk of the propositions. Labrador not, then, some powerful checks to the population, declared he could discuss no subject whatever, till the island in little more than a century, would the previous formalities had been observed; and become insufficient to contain its inhabitants.asked, if the king were at liberty? The answer was, These checks are to be sought for in the habits there could be no doubt. Then, said he, he should and customs of the people. And first we are told be restored to his kingdom; but M. Champagny of strange societies formed of the higher classes of replied, that, with respect to his return to Spain, both sexes, called Eareeones or Erroes, the indivi it was necessary he should come to a right underduals of whom swear to perpetual celibacy, but far standing with the emperor, either personally or by from intending thereby to lead a life of cold and joyless virginity, they seem to form a mutual contract of shameless prostitution :

letter. Already Ferdinand had sufficient reason to feel himself a prisoner; this language was such as could leave no doubt. In order, however, that "What's fame with us by custom of our nation the whole might be apparent and notorious, "Is 'mongst you women styl'd your reputation ; Cevallos (April 28) addressed a note to the French "About them both why keep we such a pother? minister of state, saying, that the king had left Madrid with the intent on of meeting the emperor Part you with one, and I'll give up the other." at Burgos, on the assurances which the grand Their days are thus spent in promiscous inter duke of Berg, the ambassador, Beauharnois, and course, and in the constant invention of the most general Savary had given of his approach; that lascivious attitudes and libidinous exercises. If chil in consequence of the agitation of the public dren should unhappily at any time be the fruit of mind in Spain, it was impossible to answer longer this licentious intercourse, they are immediately for the tranquility of the people, especially as they smothered in the cruelest manner. It cannot be were apprized that their king had now been six doubted, as captain Cook has very justly observed, days at Bayonne. He had in the most solemn that these societies tend in a great measure to "pre manner, promised them on his departure, that he vent the increase of the superior classes of people of would speedily return. This, therefore, he was (which they are composed" Nor are their criminal about to do; and he now made known his intenand pernicious consequences confined to themselves tions, that they might be communicated to the emonly; under the influence of their example, the peror, whose approbation they would doubtless lower classes practice infanticide without remorse, meet; he should be ready to treat, in his dominions, governed rather by caprice or fashion than by any on all convenient subjects, with any person whom feeling of shame at their illegitimate connection.- it might please his imperial majesty to authorise. Wives are purchased from their fathers, who, if No answer was returned to this dispatch: but the not satisfied with the price paid by the husband, spies within the palace and the guards without were may at any time take his daughter away and dispose doubled.-A guard at the door even ordered the of her to some more generous candidate. If a wo-king and his brother one night to retire to their man in the higher ranks of society has children by apartments. Ferdinand's mind was not yet so a man of inferior grade, she is at liberty to put them subdued to his misfortunes as to brook this insuit. to death. To these great checks to population may He complained bitterly of it; and the governor in be added the frequent wars with the neighboring consequence soothed him with courteous language, islands, and the civil contentions among themselves, and expressed his disapprobation of such conduct. which are sometimes carried on in the most de The act, however, was repeated; and not choosing structive manner. Yet, powerfully as these checks, to expose himself a third time to insult, which he viz. promiscuous intercourse, infanticide and war, had no means of resenting, he abstained from going must operate, we find the population sometimes so out. overgrown as to produce the most distressing fa mines, which to judge from the great decrease of population since the last visit of captain Cook, must have been very frequent, notwithstanding the im mense fertility of the island. In the other islands of the South Sea, of which Europeans have acquired any knowledge, the same vices are observed to prevail, which must of course operate in a similar man (TO BE CONTINUED.)

ner,

10 lb. Vol. I. p. 144.

Bonaparte had expected that Ferdinand would more easily he intimidated into compliance; in that case he would have recognized the validity of the father's abdication; which, in fact, he did virtually acknowledge, while treating with the son for his renunciation. He now found it necessary to alter his plan of proceedings, and ordered Murat to send off Charles and the queen as expeditiously as possible to Bayonne. There was no danger of exciting any popular commotion by these circumstances; but the deliverance of Godoy was also to be

Bougainville's voyage round the world, c. III. effected; and artifice must be employed for this,

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p. 217.

junless he resorted immediately to force, which it

was his purpose to avoid till the whole of the royal, was duped by the hopes of aggrandizement, now family were in his hands. The release of this fa- forwarded them with equal eagerness for the sake vorite had been requested of Ferdinand during his of vengeance. It was necessary that Charles should stay at Vittoria, He replied, that he had promised be prepared to treat his son as an enemy, a rebel to his people to publish the result of a process, on and a traitor; and that while he punished him as which the honor of many of his subjects, and the such, for having accepted his abdication, he should preservation of the rights of the crown depended. be made to resume the crown solely for the purpose Throughout the whole extent of Spain, he said, of transferring it to a stranger; and that stranger there was not a single district, however small, one from whose treacherous and unprovoked agwhich had not addressed complaints to the thronegressions he himself, but a few weeks before, atagainst that prisoner. The joy at his arrest had tempted to fly to America, abandoning his kingbeen general, and all eyes were fixed upon the pro-dom. To this resolution, monstrous as it was, ceedings. Nevertheless, he gave his royal word, the unhappy king was brought. Cevallos supposes that, if, after a full examination of the case, Godoy that he was compelled to it; it is more probable should be condemned to death, he would remit that that the ascendency of the favorite was suncient to punishment in consequence of the emperor's in- make him fancy it was his own act and deed. Fear terposition. At the time when Ferdinand returned might have extorted the renunciation, but the manthis answer to Bonaparte, he received advices from ner in which he personally treated his son sprung the junta of government that Murat had required evidently from his own feelings exasperated by Gothem to release Godoy; threatening, if they refused, doy. that he would deliver him by force. They were Ferdinand had now only to choose between deinformed in reply, of the answer which had been gradation and destruction. He made, however, sent to Bayonne, and instructed to tell the Grand one effort in behalf of himself and of Spain, and Duke, if he renewed his applications, that the busi addressed his father in a letter not less dignified than ness was in treaty between the two sovereigns, and respectful, in which he at the same time asserted that the result depended exclusively on the decision his right to the crown and his readiness to restore of the king. it. May 1.) The king, he said, had admitted The French have at all times had as little public that the proceedings at Aranjuez were in no defaith as any other nation in Europe; but whether gree influenced by him, and had told him, that under their old monarchy, their democracy, or the abdication had been voluntary, and that it their present absolute despotism, they have effectu was the happiest act of his life. He still declared ally protected their agents and partizans in other that it was an act of his own free will, but procountries. Godoy had been the creature of France fessed that it had been made with the mental reserand Bonaparte was resolved to save him: he treated, vation of a right to resume the throne whenever therefore the letter of Ferdinand with contempt; he thought proper, and now he reclaimed it, avow. and having recourse to direct falsehood, sent in- ing at the same time that he would neither return formation to Murat, that the prince of Asturias to the throne nor to Spain. The fundamental had put the prsioner entirely at his disposal, and laws of the kingdom conferred the crown upon ordered him to demand and obtain the surrender of himself, he said, upon his father's free resignahis person. A note was accordingly delivered to tion of it. His father had freely resigned; and the junta, in Murat's name, by general Bellaird, yet now reclaimed the crown, without any intention demanding the prisoner (April 20.) This he said, of retaining it. Here, then, he required an act of was only a new proof of the interest felt by the em-duty which the son could not perform, without peror for the welfare of Spain; for his impérial ma violating the duty which he owed to his subjects. jesty could not recognize as king any other than But both might be reconciled; and Ferdinand would Charles IV.; and by removing the prince de la Paz willingly return the crown to his father, on condi to a distance, he wished to deprive malevolence it-tion, 1. That they both return to Madrid. 2. That self of the possible belief, that that monarch would a Cortez should be assembled there; or, if Charles ever restore him to confidence and power. One objected to so numerous a body, that all the tribu member of the government, don Francisco Gil, nals and deputies of the kingdom should be conprotested against yielding to the tyrant, because it voked. 3. That the renunciation should be execut was not authorised by Ferdinand their king: the ed in due form, in the presence of the council, and others were intimidated by the threats of Murat, the motives stated which induced him to make it; and commanded the marquis de Castellar, to whose these, Ferdinand said, were the love which he bore custody Godoy had been committed, to deliver him up. That nobleman reluctantly obeyed; and he was removed, by night, under a strong guard to Bayonne.

In obtaining the release of this wretch, Bonaparte had probably no other view at the time, than of preserving that uniform system of protection to ward his agents, which pride as well as policy dictated. But when he found his design unexpectedly impeded by the firmness which Ferdinand and his counsellors then displayed, he perceived that Godoy might yet be useful; and when Charles arrived at Bayonne, the favorite was restored to him, and reinstated as minister, that he might, by a last act of office, consummate his own infamy, and com plete the destruction of that dynasty which had raised him and the country which had given him birth. Willing to be revenged on Ferdinand, and now also hating Spain, Godoy, who had hitherto seconded the projects of Bonaparte, because he

to his subjects, and his anxiety to secure their tranquility, and save them from the horrors of a civil war. 4. That the king should not be accompanied by individuals who had justly excited the hatred of the whole nation. 5. That, if the king persisted in his present intention neither to reign in person nor to return to Spain, Ferdinand should govern in his name. There is no one, said he, who can have a claim to be preferred before me. I am summoned thereto by the laws, the wishes and the love of my people, and no one can take more zealous and bounden interest in their welfare.

In the answer to the letter, the style as well as the purposes of Bonaparte, are apparent. (May 2.) Charles began by declaring that Spain could be saved by the Emperor alone. From the peace of Basle, he had seen that the essential interests of his people were inseperably connected with the preservation of a good understanding with France, and he had spared no sacrifices to preserve it. Forced

by the aggression of England into the war, Spain, proved against him and his party, was, that they had had suffered more by it than any other state, and attempted to form this alliance. For this very act, the consequent calamities had been unjustly attri- Bonaparte, in his letter to Vittoria, had censured buted to his ministers; nevertheless he had the hap him; and yet, one reason here assigned for deprivpiness of seeing the kingdom tranquil within, and ing him of the crown, is his hatred of France.was the only one among the kings of Europe, who There needs no reasoning to detect so gross an sustained himself amid the storms of these latter artifice. times. This tranquility Ferdinand had disturbed; Ferdinand's answer (May 4,) to this extraordimisled by the aversion of his first wife towards nary paper, is like his former letter, highly honoraFrance, he thoughtlessly participated in the preju ble to himself and his advisers. He calmly reminddices which prevailed against the minister of his ed his father of the inconsistencies of the charges parents. "It became necessary for me," said thus adduced against him. As for the affair of the Charles, "to recollect my own rights, as a father, Escurial, he said, eleven counsellors, chosen by and as a king. I caused you to be arrested; the King himself, were unanimously of opinion, found among your papers, the proof of your crime. that there was no ground for the accusation; nor But I melted at seeing my son on the scaffold of could opinion have been obtained by undue means, destruction. I forgave you, and from that moment wholly without influence as he was, at that time, and was compelled to add to the distresses I felt for the virtually a prisoner. The king spoke of the discalamities of my subjects, the afflictions occasioned trust occasioned by the entrance of so great a foby the dissentions in my own family." reign force into Spain: might he be told, that no

The part which followed must have been design-alarm need have been given by troops entering as ed by Bonaparte to conceal the manifest proofs of friends and allies. He said that his own troops his own hand, which appear in the rest of the letter. were collected at Aranju z to support the glory of The emperor of France, it was here said, believing the throne; might he be reminded that he had given that the Spaniards were disposed to renounce his orders for a journey to Seville, and the troops were alliance, and seeing the discord that prevailed in the to keep open that road. Every person believed royal family, inundated the Spanish provinces with there was an intention of emigrating to America, his troops, under various pretences. While they manifest as it was, that the royal family were going occupied the right bank of the Ebro, and appeared to the coast of Andalusia; and it was this universal to aim only at maintaining the communication with belief which occasioned the tumults at Aranjuez Portugal, the king was not alarmed; but when In those tumults, the king knew that his son took they advanced towards the capital, then he felt it no other part than by his own command, to protect necessary to collect his army round his person, from the people the object of their hatred, who was that he might present himself in a manner becom-believed to be the proposer of this journey. The ing his rank, before his august ally-all whose emperor in a letter to Ferdinand, had said his mo doubts he should have removed. For this purpose tive was to induce the king to make some reforms, his troops were ordered to leave Portugal and Ma and separate from his person the Prince de la Paz, drid, not that he might abandon his subjects, but whose influence was the cause of every calamity. that he might support with honor the glory of the The universal joy which his arrest produced throne. Extensive experience had also convinced throughout the whole nation, evidently proved that him that the emperor of the French might enter this was indeed the case. As to the rest, Charles tain wishes conformable to his particular interest, himself was the best witness that, in the tumults at and to the policy of the vast system of the continent, Aranjuez, not a word was whispered against him, which might be inconsistent with the interests of nor against any one of the royal family; on the the Spanish Bourbons. Ferdinand availed himself contrary, he was applauded with the greatest deof these circumstances, to accomplish the conspi-monstrations of joy, and heard the loudest profesracy of the Escurial. Old, and oppressed by in sions of fidelity to his august person. On this acfirmity, his father was not able to withstand this count the abdication surprised every one, and no new calamity he repaired, therefore to Bonaparte, person more than Ferdinand himself, no one expect not as a king, not at the head of his troops, noted or would have solicited it. It was entirely vo with the pomp of royalty, but as an unhappy and luntary on the part of the king, and he described his abandoned prince, who sought refuge and protec-signature of the abdication, as the happiest transaction in his camp. To that emperor he was indebt tion of his life. ed for his own life, and for the lives of the queen, He proceeded to comment upon the charge of and of the minister whom he had appointed and hatred towards France. In what had it appeared? adopted in his into family. Every thing now de- Were not the various letters which, immediately afpended upon that great monarch. ter the abdication, he addressed to the emperor, so However suspicious were the circumstances un many proofs that his principles, with respect to the der which the decree of abdication appeared, the relations of friendship and strict alliance happily probabilities that that decree was obtained by com-subsisting between the two countries, were those pulsion, are not in the slightest degree strengthen that the king had inspired him with? Had he not ed by the testimony of Charles at Bayonne,when he shewn his unlimited confidence in the emperor, by was in far stricter duress, and far greater danger going to Madrid the day after the grand duke of than at Aranjuez. But in every line of this letter Berg had entered that city with a great part of his the language of Bonaparte may be recognized: army, and garrisoned it; so that, in fact, to go there there is his dread and hatred of popular assemblies was to deliver himself into his hands? Had he not, -his affectation of philosophy-his perpetual refer in conformity to the principles of alliance, and to his ence to force as that to which all things must bow; father's wishes, written to request a princess of the and there is one of those direct, plain, palpable, de-house of Bonaparte in marriage? Had he not sent monstratable falsehoods, of which many men, affect a deputation to Bayonne to compliment the empe. ing greatness, so often and so imprudently avail ror in his name? then persuaded his brother, the themselves. If Ferdinand originally intended to infant Don Carlos, to set off, that he might pay his supplant his father, it was by the help of France that respects to him on the frontier? Lastly, had he he hoped to effect it. The only act of conspiracy not left Madrid for the same purpose himself, on

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